2. Protoplasm and protoplasm: the living matter constituting the cell is called protoplasm. Protoplasm is the material basis of cellular life activities. Protoplasmic body is the living cell with all the life of the material of the general term, that is, the protoplasmic body by the protoplasm is composed of. Protoplasm is generally composed of cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus. Protoplasm is the main place where all kinds of metabolic activities of the cell are carried out. The term protoplast sometimes refers to a plant cell with its wall removed.
3. Organelles: scattered in the cytoplasm with a certain structure and function of subcellular structures called organelles. Such as a variety of plastids, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, microtubules and so on.
4. organization: in individual development, with the same source of the same type or different types of cell groups composed of structural and functional units called organizations.
5. Intercellular filaments: Intercellular filaments are protoplasmic filaments that pass through the cell wall and connect protoplasmic bodies between neighboring cells. It is a direct link between the cell protoplasmic substances and information bridge, is a multicellular plant body to become a structural and functional unity of the organism is an important guarantee.
6. cell differentiation: multicellular organism within the cell in the structure and function of specialization, known as cell differentiation. Cell differentiation is manifested in the internal physiological changes and morphological external changes in two aspects. Cellular differentiation leads to specialization of cellular functions in multicellular plants, which is conducive to the improvement of various physiological functions and efficiency. Therefore, differentiation is a manifestation of evolution.
7. Chromatin and chromosomes: when the cell is fixed staining, the part of the nucleoplasm that is stained darkly by alkaline dyes is called chromatin. Chromatin is the main form of genetic material present in the cell and its main components are DNA and proteins. Under the electron microscope chromatin shows a number of interwoven filaments in the form of a mesh. During mitosis and meiosis, the chromatin is highly spiralized and becomes thicker and shorter, and becomes a thick thread or rod that can be easily colored by alkaline dyes, which are called chromosomes.
8. Streak: In the process of cell wall formation, localized secondary thickening does not take place, resulting in the formation of a thin-walled recessed area, which is known as the streak.
9. Transmitter cells: transmitter cells are specialized thin-walled cells with inward growth of the cell wall to exercise the physiological function of short-distance transport of substances.
10. cell cycle: mitosis from the end of one division to the end of another division between the period, called the cell cycle. A cell cycle includes G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase and M phase.
11. Perforation: refers to the formation of straight and straight holes by localized dissolution and disappearance of the cell wall.
Two
1. organs: organs are structural units of an organism composed of a variety of tissues that can perform certain functions. Plant body, to nutrient growth as the main function of the organ is called nutrient organs, such as roots, stems and leaves; and reproduction has a close relationship with the organ is called reproductive organs, such as flowers, fruits and seeds.
2. Seed: Seed is the reproductive organ of the seed plant, is the ovule through fertilization and the development of the structure. Seeds are generally composed of three parts: the embryo, endosperm and testa. In angiosperms, some plant seeds in the endosperm in the development process is absorbed by the cotyledons, mature seeds without endosperm, called endosperm-free seeds, such as soybeans, cucumber seeds; mature seeds with endosperm called endosperm seeds, such as wheat, maize, castor seeds.
3. Seedling: seed germination from the embryo into an independent life of young plants, that is, the seedling. Seed germination of different plant species, due to the embryo parts, especially the embryonic axis part of the growth rate is different, grow into seedlings in the form of different, can be divided into two categories: cotyledons out of the seedling and cotyledons to stay in the soil of the seedling.
Three
1. Fixed and adventitious roots: Any root with a certain growth site is called a fixed root, including the two kinds of primary roots and lateral roots. In the main root and the main root produced by the lateral roots outside the part, such as stems, leaves, old roots or embryonic axis of the root, because of its bearing position is not fixed, so it is called adventitious roots.
2. Taproot and fibrous root system: there is a clear distinction between the main root and the lateral roots of the root system is called taproot system, such as pine, cotton, oilseed rape and other plants root system. There is no obvious distinction between the main root and lateral roots of the root system, or the root system consists of all the adventitious roots and its branches, similar thickness, no distinction between primary and secondary, and the root system is whisker-like, called the whisker system, such as graminaceous plants, rice, wheat, the root system.
3. xylem ridge: in the cross-section of the root, the whole outline of the primary xylem is radial, the primary xylem constitutes a radial angle, that is, the xylem ridge. The xylem ridges are relatively stable in the roots of each plant species. Plant anatomy in accordance with the number of xylem ridges within the root, the roots were divided into two prototypes, three prototypes, and so on.
4. Pericyclic division and pericyclic division: Pericyclic division, that is, tangential division, is the cell division of the new wall and the surface of the organ at the nearest tangent parallel to the new wall of the daughter cells for tangential wall. Pericycle division thickens the organ. Pericyclic division refers to cell division in which the newly formed wall is perpendicular to the surface of the organ. The narrower sense of perpendicular division generally refers to radial division, where the new wall is radial. The division results in thickening of the organ. Broad pericycle division also includes transverse division. Transverse division produces a new wall that is a transverse wall, and the division results in organ elongation.
5. Primary growth, primary tissue and primary structure The terminal meristem undergoes three stages of division, growth and differentiation to produce various mature tissues. This whole growth process is called primary growth. Primary growth in the process of producing various mature tissues belong to the primary organization, by the primary organization **** with the composition of the structure that the primary structure, such as the root primary structure by the epidermis, cortex and vascular column of the three parts of the composition.
6. Kjeldahl's band: gymnosperms and dicotyledonous plants root cortex cells in part of the primary wall, there is often embolization and lignification of thickened into a band of wall structures, around the radial wall of the cell and the transverse wall, into a whole circle, called Kjeldahl's band. Kjeldahl's band is a structure that plays an important role in water and solute transport within the root. Kay's band was discovered by Kesbury in 1865.
7. Channel cells: monocotyledonous plants endothelial cells are mostly thickened on all five sides, only a few endothelial cells located in the xylem ridges, to maintain the structure of the early developmental stage, that is, the cells with Kjeldahl's bands, but the wall is not thickened, these cells are known as channel cells. These cells are called channel cells. Channel cells play a role in the exchange of material between the cortex and the vascular column.
8. Endogenous: The way it occurs in the internal organization of the organ is called endogenous or endogenous. For example, lateral roots originate from the mid-column sheath of the parent root.
9. Rhizoma and mycorrhiza: Rhizoma and mycorrhiza are phenomena of ****biotic relationship between seed plants and microorganisms. Rhizoma is a legume (or legume) plants and some other plants (such as alder genus, genus Xylopia, etc.) roots of the tumor-like protrusions. It is formed due to the invasion of rhizobacteria in the soil into the cortex of the root, causing cell division and growth. Rhizobium has a nitrogen-fixing effect and has a **** biological relationship with rhizomatous plants. Mycorrhiza is a ****-biotic union of certain soil fungi with the roots of seed plants. Due to the different situations of mycelial invasion are divided into exogenous mycorrhiza (mycelium distributed in the interstices of root cells and forming a sleeve structure on the surface of the root) and endogenous mycorrhiza (mycelium invades into the root cells). The ****biotic relationship between mycorrhizae and seed plants is that the fungus supplies water, inorganic salts, and converted organic matter it absorbs, to the seed plant, and the seed plant supplies organic nutrients it makes and stores to the fungus.
10. Inactive center: the apical meristem of the root is the most anterior region of a weak cell division activity, called the inactive center. Inactive center of the cell, the rate of synthesis of nucleic acids, proteins is very low, the nucleus, nucleolus, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus are smaller, mitochondria are also less.
11. ****plasmodesmata: the whole of protoplasm connected between cells by intercellular connecting filaments.
Four
1. Bud: A bud is a branch, flower or inflorescence that is in a young and unexpanded state, i.e., it is a fledgling before the branch, flower or inflorescence has developed. There are various types of buds. For example, according to the location of its bearing is divided into fixed buds (including terminal buds and axillary buds) and indeterminate buds; according to the presence or absence of bud scales are divided into scaly buds and bare buds; according to the nature of its branch buds, buds and buds and mixed buds; according to the physiological state of its activity is divided into buds and buds and dormant buds.
2. Bud scale marks: when the scale buds to develop, the peripheral bud scales fall off the traces left on the stem, known as bud scale marks. The shape and number of bud scale marks vary from plant to plant, is one of the basis for plant identification and plant classification.
3. Lianas: Plants with twining stems and climbing stems are collectively called lianas. According to the traits of the stem, vine plants are divided into woody vines (such as grapes, Lonicera) and herbaceous vines (such as beans, aronia).
4. Tiller and tiller position: graminaceous plants on the ground or near the ground on the tiller node (rhizome node) to produce axillary buds, the axillary buds later formed with an adventitious root of the branch, this way of branching is called tiller. The tiller can continue to form tillers, the formation of primary tillers, secondary tillers, and so on, tillers have a high tiller position and low tiller position. The so-called tiller position, that is, the tiller is born in the first node, this node is the tiller position. The lower the tiller position, the earlier the tiller occurs, the longer the growth period, the greater the possibility of fruiting.
5. External and internal initiation: the process of maturation of a structure is centripetal, i.e., from the outside to the inside gradually develops and matures, this way is called external initiation. For example, the developmental sequence of the primary xylem of roots and the primary phloem of roots and stems is exogenous. On the contrary, the maturation process is centrifugal order, that is, from the inside to the outside gradually develops and matures, this way is endogenous, such as the developmental order of the primary xylem of the stem is endogenous.
6. Pith rays: Pith rays are thin-walled tissues between vascular bundles in the stem, also called primary rays, produced by the basic meristematic tissue. In secondary growth, their length is lengthened to form part of the secondary structure. The medullary rays are located between the cortex and the pith, and have a role in lateral transport, as well as the tissue that stores nutrients within the stem.
7. Bundle formation layer: in the vascular bundle of the stem, between the primary phloem and the primary xylem, there is a layer of potential meristematic ability of the organization, known as the bundle formation layer. The formation layer in the bundle and the inter-bundle formation layer located between the vascular bundles together to form a ring-shaped formation layer.
8. Annual rings and pseudo-annual rings: annual rings are also called growth rings or growth layers. In a cross-section of wood, secondary xylem in a number of concentric rings, each ring represents the formation of secondary xylem during the year. In areas with significant seasonal climates, the secondary xylem of many plants normally forms one ring per year, and is therefore customarily referred to as an annual ring. Each annual cycle consists of two parts: earlywood and latewood. Due to the external climate anomalies or the influence of pests, there are many times the alternation of cold and warmth or leaf fall, resulting in trees within the formation of the layer of activity of the ups and downs, so that the growth of trees is sometimes blocked, and sometimes recovered, and therefore in a growing season, more than just a growth wheel, which is false annual rounds.
9. Bark: Bark is a woody plant stem outside the formation layer of the part. In older woody stems, the bark consists of the cork and the dead tissue outside of it (collectively referred to as the outer bark) and the corky layer, the inner layer of the cork (if present) and the bast (collectively referred to as the inner bark)
10. Supplementary tissues: on the branches and trunks of trees, the lenticels are generally produced in the original location of the stomatal pores, and the corky layer of the stomatal pores inside the cork does not form corky cells, and the formation of a number of loosely arranged, with a well-developed cytosolic interstice Instead of forming cork cells, some loosely arranged, well-developed intercellular space, nearly spherical thin-walled tissue cells are formed, which are later embolized or non-embolized, and are called supplementary tissues. With the gradual increase of supplementary tissue, protruding outward, forming fissures, that is, lenticels.
11. Invaginations: in old perennial stems of woody plants, early secondary xylem (i.e., heartwood) conduits and tubular cells lose their transport role. One of the reasons for this, is because they are near the thin-walled tissue cells from the grain hole into the conduit or tubular lumen, expansion and deposition of resins, tannins, oils and other substances, the formation of partially or completely blocking the conduit or tubular lumen of the protruding structure, the protrusion that is the infiltration of the body.
12. Circum-medullary zone: the pith of some plants (such as linden), it has small walled cells on the outer side, around the large cells on the inner side, and the two are clearly demarcated, the peripheral zone, called the circum-medullary zone, also known as the myelin sheath.
13. Starch sheath: some plants such as araliaceae, pumpkin and other stems of the cortex of the innermost layer, that is, equivalent to the endothelial layer of cells, rich in starch granules, so called starch sheath. Starch sheath wrapped around the periphery of the vascular column, can be used as the cortex and vascular column of the "demarcation line".
14. apical dominance: the apical buds on the plant branches have inhibited the growth of axillary buds, so many plants only stem apical buds develop well, the trunk grows fast, while the axillary buds are inhibited, slower development or in a dormant state. This phenomenon is called apical dominance.
Five
1. complete leaves: leaves with blade, petiole and stipule three parts, called complete leaves. Examples are the leaves of plants such as moonflower and pea.
2. Leaf pillows: botanically known as the leaf pillows, generally refers to the plant petiole or leaf blade base of the significantly protruding or flattened inflated portion, such as mimosa compound leaves of the petiole, the primary pinnae, as well as the leaflet base of the inflated portion. A leaf cushion is a structure that enables a leaf to undergo movement.
3. Compound leaves: each petiole has more than two leaves called compound leaves. The petiole of a compound leaf is called the rachis or total petiole, the leaves on the rachis are called leaflets, and the petioles of the leaflets are called petiolules. Due to the different arrangement of leaves, compound leaves can be categorized into three types: pinnately compound leaves, palmately compound leaves and ternately compound leaves.
4. Single compound leaf: Single compound leaf is a special form of compound leaf. There is also a leaf axis in its compound leaves, but there is only one leaf blade, the leaf axis and leaflets with joints between. Such as citrus, orange and other plant leaves. A single compound leaf may be formed by the degeneration of the two lateral leaflets in a ternate compound leaf, leaving only one terminal leaflet.
5. Leaf sequence: Leaves are arranged on the stem in a certain regular manner called leaf sequence. There are basically three types of inflorescence, namely alternate, opposite and whorled.
6. Leaf mosaic: the arrangement of leaves on the stem, regardless of which leaf sequence, the adjacent two sections of the leaf, always do not overlap into the mosaic state, this same branch of the leaf, the arrangement of the mosaic state without overlapping the phenomenon, known as leaf mosaic.
7. Heteromorphic foliage: the same plant on the leaves, by the influence of different environments, or the same plant in different stages of development, the emergence of different shapes of leaves. This phenomenon of the same plant with different shapes of leaves, known as heteromorphic foliage. For example, the aerial leaves of the water mullein are flattened and broad; and the submerged leaves are finely lobed and filiform.
8. Vesicular cells: graminaceous plants and other monocotyledonous plants have some special large water-containing cells on the upper epidermis of the leaf, with larger vesicles, no chlorophyll or a small amount of chlorophyll, radial cell wall thin, thicker outer wall, called vesicular cells. Vesicular cells are usually located in the area between two vascular bundles, and are arranged in several longitudinal rows on the leaf, and in the transverse section, the vesicular cells are arranged in a fan shape.
9. Departure: in the plant before the leaf drop, the base of the petiole or near the base of the part, there is a region of thin-walled tissue cells began to divide, resulting in a group of small cells, later this group of cells, the outer cell wall gelatinization, the cells become free, so that the leaf is easy to fall off from the stem, the region is known as the departure.
10. Leaf gap: leaf traces from the stem of the vascular column to bend outward, the vascular column in the upper part of the leaf traces appeared in a gap, and by the thin-walled tissue to fill the region is called leaf gap.
11. "Wreath" structure: maize and other plants have a well-developed vascular sheath of the leaf, containing most of the larger chloroplasts, the outer side of the tightly contiguous with a ring of chloroplasts, composed of "wreath-shaped" structure.
Six
1. metamorphosis: plant body due to the change of function caused by the general morphology and structure of the organ is called metamorphosis. For example, the stipes of Robinia pseudoacacia change into thorns.
2. Bracts and involucres: Metamorphosis of the leaves borne below the flowers, called bracts. Bracts are generally small, green, but there are also large, in a variety of colors. Bracts more than one aggregated on the periphery of the inflorescence, known as the involucre. The bracts and involucres serve to protect the flower buds or fruits.
3. homologous organs: with the same source, but in the morphology and function of the organs have significant differences is called homologous organs. For example, the tuber of potato, bamboo rhizome, grape tendrils, etc., their morphology and function are different, but are derived from the stem metamorphosis.
4. homologous organ: organ morphology is similar, function is the same, but its structure and source is different, called homologous organ. Such as hawthorn's thorns for stem thorns, is the stem of metamorphosis, acacia's thorns for leaf thorns, is the metamorphosis of the stipule, the two are the same function organ.
Seven
1. Reproduction: the plant body development to a certain stage, it is necessary through a certain way, by itself to produce new individuals to continue the offspring, this phenomenon is called reproduction. There are three main types of reproduction, namely, nutrient reproduction, asexual reproduction (also known as asexual reproduction) and sexual reproduction.
2. Nutritional reproduction: Nutritional reproduction is the nutritive organs of the plant body - roots, stems, leaves of a part of the parent body and separation (sometimes not immediately separated), and the direct formation of new individuals of the mode of reproduction. Such as potato tubers develop into a new plant body that is nutritional reproduction. Nutritional reproduction can be divided into natural and artificial nutritional reproduction.
3. asexual reproduction: asexual reproduction is through a class of asexual reproduction cells called spores, separated from the mother, and then directly develop into new individuals reproduction.
4. Sexual Reproduction: Sexual reproduction is the reproduction of two sexual reproductive cells (gametes), which fuse with each other to form a syncytium or fertilized egg, and then the syncytium (or fertilized egg) develops into a new individual.
5. Root tiller plant: acacia, aspen and other woody plants on the roots often produce many indeterminate buds, these indeterminate buds can grow into young branches, reproduction. This type of plant is called the root tiller plant.
6. mono-stamens: a flower in the majority of stamens, anthers separate, filaments with each other into a bundle or tubular, such a stamen is called a mono-stamen, such as the stamens of cotton.
7. Four strong stamens: a flower with six free stamens, two rounds of attachment. The outer two filaments are shorter, and the inner four filaments are longer. This four long and two short stamens called four strong stamens. Such as the stamens of cruciferous plants.
8. Flower program: symbols and numbers to indicate the composition of the various parts of the flower, the arrangement of position and interrelationships, known as the flower program (also known as the flower formula), such as *K2 + 2C2 + 2A2 + 4G (2:1) that is, for the Cruciferae flower program.
9. Flower pattern: flower pattern refers to the graphic representation of a flower cross-section sketch, to illustrate the composition of the parts of the flower, arrangement and interrelationships, but also by comparing the morphology of the plant flower similarities and differences. Flower schema is also the projection of the various parts of the flower in the plane perpendicular to the axis of the flower.
10. infinite and limited inflorescences: infinite inflorescences, also known as racemose inflorescences or centripetal inflorescences, the order of flowering is the lower part of the flower axis flowers first, and gradually and the upper part of the flower axis, or by the edge of the open to the center, such as rape racemes. Finite inflorescences, also known as cymose inflorescences or centrifugal inflorescences, are characterized by the opposite of infinite inflorescences, in which the flowers at the apex or center of the inflorescence bloom first, and then progressively move to the lower edges or the surrounding area, such as the cymose inflorescences of tomatoes.
11. Ovary: the ovary is the main component of the pistil in angiosperm flowers, the ovary consists of the ovary wall and ovules. When pollinated and fertilized, the ovary develops into a fruit.
12. Carpels: the carpels are the unit of the pistil, is a reproductive role of the metamorphosis of the leaf. A pistil consists of a carpel, called mono-pistil, a pistil by several carpels united, called compound pistil (gynoecium).
VIII
1. Flower bud differentiation: flowers or inflorescences are developed from flower buds. When the plant growth and development to a certain stage, in the appropriate environmental conditions, it is transferred to reproductive growth, the stem tip of the meristematic tissue no longer produces leaf primordia and axillary buds primordia, and the differentiation of the formation of flowers or inflorescences, this process is called bud differentiation. Flower bud differentiation in graminaceous plants is generally referred to as young spike differentiation.
2. Pollen abortion: due to the influence of various internal and external factors, some plants scattered pollen did not go through normal development, and could not play a reproductive role, this phenomenon is called pollen abortion.
3. Male sterility: plants due to intrinsic physiology, genetic reasons, under normal natural conditions, will also produce anthers or pollen can not develop normally, become deformed or completely degraded, this phenomenon is called male sterility. Male sterility can have three manifestations: one is the anther degeneration; two is no pollen in the anther; three is pollen abortion.
4. Filamentous apparatus: angiosperm embryo sac in the auxiliary cells, some reach to the middle of the cell irregular sheet or finger-like protrusions, known as filamentous apparatus. Filamentous apparatus is formed through the inward growth of the cell wall, and their role makes the helper cells as if they were passing cells. Filamentous organelles are the most prominent structural feature of helper cells.
5. Double fertilization: After the pollen tube reaches the embryo sac, its end ruptures, releasing two spermatozoa, one of which fuses with the oocyte to become the diploid fertilized egg (syncytium), and the other fuses with the two polar nuclei (or secondary nuclei) to form the triploid primordial endosperm nucleus. The process in which the fusion of the egg cell, the polar nuclei and the secondary spermatozoa is accomplished simultaneously and separately is called double fertilization. Double fertilization is unique to sexual reproduction in angiosperms.
6. Anaphase reproduction: In angiosperms, it is a normal phenomenon that the egg in the embryo sac develops into an embryo through fertilization. But there are also eggs in the embryo sac without fertilization, or helper cells, antipodal cells, or even bead heart cells or bead cells directly into the embryo, this phenomenon is called fusionless reproduction. Asexual reproduction can be categorized into three types: solitary reproduction, gametophyte-free reproduction and sporeless reproduction.
7. Polyembryonic phenomenon: a seed with more than one embryo, called polyembryonic phenomenon. Polyembryony is common in gymnosperms. In angiosperms, polyembryony also occurs as a result of fusionless reproduction or splitting of the fertilized egg into several embryos during its development into an embryo, and for other reasons.
8. Pollination: the process by which pollen grains are dispersed from the pollen sac and transported to the stigma by the action of a medium.
9
1. Unisexual Fruiting: The development of the ovary into a fruit without fertilization, a phenomenon known as unisexual fruiting. Unisexual fruiting process, the ovary does not undergo pollination or any other stimulus, can form a seedless fruit, known as nutritional unisexual fruit, such as bananas; if the ovary must be induced by the role of the formation of seedless fruits, it is called induced unisexual fruiting (or stimulate unisexual fruiting), such as potato pollen stimulation of the stigma of the tomato can be obtained from the seedless fruit.
2. Aggregate fruit and polyfloral fruit: a flower has many free pistils, and then each pistil to form a small fruit, gathered in the same receptacle on top of the called aggregate fruit, such as magnolia, lotus, strawberry fruit. If the fruit develops from the whole inflorescence, and the inflorescence also participates in the components of the fruit, this is known as the polyfloral fruit or known as the inflorescence fruit, the compound fruit, such as the fruit of mulberry, bromeliads, figs and other plants.
3. caryopsis: caryopsis pericarp is thin, leathery, non-cracking, containing a seed, pericarp and seed coat tightly fused is not easy to separate. Caryopsis is small, generally easy to mistake for seed, is a unique type of fruit of rice, corn and wheat and other grass plants.
4. hornbeam: hornbeam is a fruit that develops from a pistil consisting of two carpels. When the fruit is ripe, the pericarp from the base upward along the bicarpal suture line split, into 2 pieces off, leaving only the false septum, the seeds attached to the false septum. The angular fruit is an important feature of cruciferous plants. According to the length of the fruit, the hornbeam is divided into two categories: long hornbeam and short hornbeam.
5. Alternation of generations: In the life history of plants, the phenomenon of regular alternation of spore-producing diploid sporophyte generations (asexual generations) and gametophyte-producing haploid gametophyte generations (sexual generations) is called alternation of generations.
Ten
1. Kjeldahl's band: most dicotyledonous plants and gymnosperms root (0.5 points) endodermal cells (0.5 points) on some of the primary wall, there is often embolization and lignification thickened into a band of wall structures (0.5 points), around the radial wall of the cell and the transverse wall into a whole circle (1 points), called Kjeldahl's band. Kjeldahl band is closely related to the water and solute transport in the root (0.5)
2. Organelles: scattered in the cytoplasm (0.5 points) with a certain structure (0.75 points) and function (0.75 points) of the microstructure or organ (or: protoplasmic structure) (0.5 points), known as organelles. For example, chloroplasts, mitochondria, ribosomes, etc. (0.5 points)
3. Heteromorphic foliage: the same plant (1 points) on the phenomenon of different leaf shape (1 points), known as heteromorphic foliage. Heteromorphic leaves either appear in different stages of development on the branch, or born in different environments (0.5 points). For example, (0.5 points) the aerial leaves of water hyacinth are flattened and broad, while the submerged leaves are finely lobed and filiform.
4. Fusionless reproduction: Under normal circumstances, sexual reproduction in angiosperms occurs through the fusion of egg cells and spermatozoa, which later develop into embryos (0.5 points). However, in some plants (0.5 points), not through the fusion of sperm and egg, directly into an embryo (1 point), this phenomenon is called fusionless reproduction. Asexual reproduction consists of three types: solitary reproduction, gametophyte-free reproduction and sporeless reproduction (1 point).
5. Double fertilization: after the pollen tube reaches the embryo sac, two spermatozoa are released, one of which fuses with the egg cell to become a diploid fertilized egg (syncytium) (1 point), and the other fuses with the two polar nuclei (or secondary nuclei) to form the triploid primordial endosperm nucleus (1 point). The process in which the oocyte and polar nucleus complete fusion with each of the two spermatozoa at the same time is called double fertilization (note: 2 points may be awarded for this sentence alone without the preceding narrative). Double fertilization is unique to sexual reproduction in angiosperms (1 point).
XI
1. Ectospores: some cyanobacterial plant cells in the protoplast undergoes transverse division, forming two pieces of protoplasts of unequal sizes, the smaller piece at the upper end of the formation of a spore, the base of a larger piece of the spore still maintains the ability to divide, continue to divide, and constantly form spores.
Endospores: some cyanobacteria, due to the increase in size of the mother cell, the protoplasm undergoes many divisions, forming many thin-walled daughter cells, all of which are released after the wall of the mother cell is ruptured.
2. Spores: asexual reproduction of germ cells. Gametes: reproductive cells of sexual reproduction.
3. Chromatophore also called pigment body: the plastid containing pigment in plant cells. There are also large and complex structures containing chlorophyll in algal plant cells only. Protein nucleus also called pollen nucleus or starch nucleus: a special structure on the color carrier of some algal plants. There is a protein core part, surrounded by a number of starch blobs, which is a storage form of algae plant protein and starch.
4. Fuzzy-flagellated flagellum: flagellum with transverse feathery flagellum.
Tail-flagellate type flagellum: no transverse plumose flagellum on the flagellum.
5. Alternate nuclear phases: throughout the life history of the plant, there is an alternation of haploid and diploid nuclear phases.
Generational alternation: the phenomenon of alternating diploid sporophyte generations and haploid gametophyte generations throughout the life history of a plant.
6. isomorphic alternation of generations: the life history of two plant bodies that are basically the same in morphology and structure that alternate cycles with each other.
Homomozygous alternation: the life history of two plants that are significantly different in morphology and structure alternating with each other.
7. asexual generation (or sporophyte generation): the period in a plant's life history that begins with the fertilization of an egg or syncytium, develops and grows from the syncytium or fertilization of the egg into a sporophyte, and ends when the sporophyte gives rise to a sporoblast, which, in terms of the nuclear phase, is the period of time when the chromosomes are diploid.
Sexual generation (or gametophytic generation): In the life history of plants, starting from the meiotic division of spores, the spores develop and grow into gametophytes, and the gametophytes produce hermaphroditic gametes. In terms of nuclear phase, it is the period with haploid chromosomes.
8. Sporangium: A plant body that produces spores and diploid chromosomes in the asexual generation of plants.
Gametophyte: a plant body that produces gametes and has haploid chromosomes in the sexual generation of a plant.
9. Asexual Reproduction: reproduction by means of a class of asexually reproducing cells called spores, which separate from the mother and develop directly into new individuals.
Sexual Reproduction: A mode of reproduction in which two sexually reproducing cells, called gametes, undergo a process of fusion with each other to form a conjugate or fertilized egg, which then develops into a new individual.
10. Homogamy: The union of two gametes that are identical in shape, structure, size and motility.
Heterogamy: the union of two gametes that are identical in shape and structure but differ in size and motility, the large and slow-moving female gamete and the small and strong-moving male gamete.
Oviparous reproduction: gametes that are different in shape, size and structure, large, non-flagellated and immotile are eggs, small, flagellated and motile are sperm, sperm-egg unions.
11. unicompartmental sporangium: a unicellular structure that produces haploid spores after meiosis.
Multicompartmental sporangia: a multicellular structure that develops from 1 cell and undergoes mitosis to produce diploid spores.
12. Sporangium: the mother cell or organ that produces spores.
Gametocyst: the parent cell or organ that produces gametes.
13. Fructosporangium: also known as the fruit of the sac, it is the female gametophyte fruit cells produced after fertilization of a diploid plant body, can not live independently, parasitic on the female gametophyte. It is a stage in the life history of the True Red Algae phyla that produces fruiting spores within it.
Tetrasporangium: a diploid phyllosome produced by the germination of fruiting spores in the True Red Algae, a stage in its life history. The tetrasporangium produces tetrasporangiospores on the tetrasporangium, which undergo meiosis to produce haploid tetraspores.