1902, R. Ross (UK) is engaged in malaria research.
In 1903, N.R. Finson (Danish) discovered the use of light radiation to treat lupus.
From 65438 to 0904, I.P. Pavlov (Russian) was engaged in the research of digestive system physiology.
From 65438 to 0905, R. robert koch (German) was engaged in the research of tuberculosis.
From 65438 to 0906, C. Gordi (Italian) and S. Ramon-Cahal (Spanish) worked on the fine structure of nervous system.
1907c.l.a. Laveran (France) discovered and expounded the role of protozoa in the pathogenesis.
1908 P. ehrlich (Germany) and E. Mechnikov (Russia) are engaged in research on immunity.
1909 E.T. Kocher (Swiss) is engaged in physiological, pathological and surgical research of thyroid.
19 10 A Kausel (German) is engaged in the research of protein and nucleic acid.
19 1 1 year A. Gullstrand (Swedish) engaged in the research of refractive optics of eyes.
19 12 A Karel (French) is engaged in the research of vascular suture and organ transplantation.
19 13 C.R. Richie (France) is engaged in the research of antigen allergy.
19 14 R. Barani (Austrian) is engaged in the physiological and pathological research of vestibular organ of inner ear.
1915 ——1918 did not win the prize.
19 19 J. Bourdette (Belgian) made a series of discoveries about immunity.
1920, S. A.S Crowe (Dane) discovered the regulation of body fluids and nerve factors on the mechanism of capillary movement.
192 1 year without prizes.
1922 A.V. Hill (UK) engaged in the research of muscle energy metabolism and substance metabolism; Meyerhof (Germany) is engaged in the research of muscle oxygen consumption and lactic acid metabolism.
Insulin was discovered by Wan Jin (Canada) and mcleod (Canada) in 1923.
1924 W. Eintoven (Dutchman) discovered the mechanism of electrocardiogram.
1925 There is no prize.
1926, J.A.G Fibiger (Danish) discovered Phoebe mouse cancer (experimental gastric cancer in mice).
1927 J Wagner-Yao (Austrian) discovered a fever treatment for paralysis.
1928c.j.h. Nicole (France) is engaged in the study of typhus.
1929 C. Aikman (a Dutchman) discovered a vitamin that can resist neuritis; F.G. Hopkins (UK) discovered vitamin B 1 deficiency and engaged in the chemical research of anti-neuritis drugs.
1930 K. Landstein (Austrian-American) found the blood type.
193 1 year, O.H. warburg (German) discovered the nature and mode of action of respiratory enzymes.
1932, C.S. Sherrington and E.D. Adrian (England) discovered the mechanism of nerve cell activity.
1933, T.H. Morgan (American) discovered the genetic mechanism of chromosomes and founded the theory of chromosome inheritance.
Minot, Murphy and whipple (USA) discovered the liver therapy for anemia in 1934.
1935 h spaemann (Germany) discovered the induction of dorsal lip in embryonic development.
1936, H.H. Dale (England) and O.Lewei (German-American) discovered the chemical transmission of nerve impulses.
1937 A. St. George (Hungarian) discovered the principle of muscle contraction.
1938 c hymans (Belgium) discovered the mechanism of carotid sinus and aorta in respiratory regulation.
1939 G. Domagk (Germany) discovered sulfonamides.
1940 —— 1942 did not win the prize.
Vitamin K was discovered in 1943 by C. P.H Dam (Danish); E.A. doisy (American) discovered the chemical properties of vitamin K.
1944 J. erlanger and H. S. Gasser (Americans) are engaged in the study of nerve fiber mechanism.
1945 A. Fleming, E.B. Ernst Borishain and H. W. Flory (UK) discovered epimycin and its therapeutic effect on infectious diseases.
1946, H.J. Mahler (American) discovered that X-rays can artificially induce gene mutation.
1947 C.F. Corey and G.T. Corey (Americans) discovered the enzymatic reaction in sugar metabolism; B.A. Jose (Argentine) discovered the effect of pituitary hormones on glucose metabolism.
1948 p.h. miller (Swiss) discovered and synthesized the highly effective organic pesticide DDT.
1949, W.R. Hess (Switzerland) discovered the regulation of diencephalon hypothalamus on internal organs.
1950 E.C. Kendall, P.S. Hench (USA) T. Reichstein (Switzerland) discovered adrenocortical hormone and its structural and biological effects.
195 1 year M Tiller (South Africa) discovered yellow fever vaccine.
Streptomycin was discovered by S.A. Wachsman (USA) in 1952.
1953 f.a.lippman (UK) discovered the importance of high-energy phosphate binding in metabolism and coenzyme A; H.A. krebs (England) discovered the krebs cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle).
1954 J.F. Enders, T.H. Weller and F.C. Robbins (Americans) studied the tissue culture of poliovirus and the application of tissue technology.
1955 A.H. Siorel (Swedish) is engaged in the research of peroxidase.
1956 A.F. Kunand, D.W. Richards (USA) and W. forssman (Germany) developed cardiac catheterization.
1957 D. Beauvet (Swiss, Italy) is engaged in the research on the synthesis of curculigine.
1958, G.W. Bedell and E.L. Tatum (Americans) found that biochemical reactions in all living things are gradually controlled by genes; J lederberg (USA) is engaged in the research of gene recombination and bacterial genetic material.
1959 S. ochoa and A. kornberg (American) are engaged in the research of synthesizing RNA and DNA.
F.M. Burnett (Australia) and P.B. Medawar (UK) confirmed acquired immune tolerance in 1960.
196 1 year, G.V. Bekasey (USA) established the "traveling wave theory" and discovered the physical mechanism of cochlear sound perception.
1962 J.D. Watson (USA), F.H.C Crick and M.H.F Wilkins (UK) discovered the molecular structure of nucleic acid and its importance for transmission and residence.
1963, J.C. Eickel (Australian), A.L. Hawking and A.F. Huxley (British) discovered the ionic mechanism related to nerve excitation and inhibition.
From 65438 to 0964, K.E. Bloch (USA) and F. Feodor Lynen (Germany) were engaged in the research of cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthesis.
1965 F. Jacob, J. L. Mono, A. M. Levov (France) studied the genetic regulation mechanism in enzyme and bacterial synthesis.
1966, F.P. Rouse (USA) discovered tumor-inducing virus; C.b. Huggins (USA) discovered the interference of endocrine on cancer.
1967 R.A. granit (Sweden), H.K. hartland, G. Wald (USA)
Discover the chemical and weight visual processes of the eyes.
1968 R.W. Holly, H.G. Horana and M.W. nirenberg (Americans) studied the decoding of genetic information and its role in protein synthesis.
1969 M delbruck, A D Hull and S E luria (Americans) discovered the replication mechanism and genetic structure of the virus.
1970 B. Katz (UK), U. S.V Ajler (Sweden) and J. Axelrod (USA) discovered the transmitting substances of nerve endings and the mechanism of their storage, release and inhibition.
197 1 year E.W. Sutherland (USA) discovered the action mechanism of hormones.
1972 G.M. edelman (USA) and R.R. Porter (UK) are engaged in the research on the chemical structure and function of antibodies.
1973 K.V. frisch, K.Lorenz (austria) and N.Timbergen (uk) discovered individual and social behavior patterns (comparative behavioral zoology).
1974 A. Claude, C.R. De Div (Belgium) and G.E. Paradi (USA) are engaged in the study of cell structure and function.
1975 D. Balmer, H. M. Teming (USA) and R. Dulbecco (USA) are engaged in the research of tumor viruses.
1976 B.S. Blumberg (American) discovered Australian antigen; D.C. Gajdusek (USA) is engaged in the research of chronic virus infection.
Hypothalamic hormone was discovered by R.C.L Gilman and A.V. Shari (American) in 1977; R.S. Yarrow (USA) developed the radioimmunoassay.
1978 W. Alber (Switzerland), H. O. Smith and D. Nathans (USA) discovered the restriction endonuclease and its application in molecular genetics.
1979, A.M. Cormac (USA) and G.N. Monsfield (UK) began to operate X-ray tomography (scanner for short) with computers.
1980 B. Benacerraf, G.D. snell (USA) and J. Dorset (France) are engaged in the research on the genetic structure of cell surface-regulated immune response.
198 1 year R.W. sperry (USA) engaged in the study of functional zoning of cerebral hemisphere; D.H. Huber (USA) and T.N. wiesel (Sweden) are engaged in the research of information processing of visual system.
1982, S.K. Beristallen, B.I. samuel Song (Swedish) and J.R. (British) discovered prostaglandin and engaged in research in this field.
1983 B. mcclintock (USA) discovered the mobile gene.
1984, N.K. Jenny (Danish), G. J.F Koehler (German) and C. milstein (British) established the theory of immunosuppression mechanism and developed monoclonal antibodies.
1985 M.S. Brown and J.L. goldstein (Americans) are engaged in the research of cholesterol metabolism and related diseases.
Nerve growth factor and epithelial cell growth factor were discovered in 1986 by R L Montal Sini (Italian) and S Cohen (American).
1987 susumu tonegawa (Japanese) expounded the genetic principle related to antibody production.
1988 J.W. Blake (UK), G.B. Elion and G.H. Hitchens (USA) made important contributions to the principles of drug research.
1989, J.M. Bishop and H.E. W. Mu Si (Americans) discovered that the oncogene of animal tumor virus originated from cell gene, which is the so-called protooncogene.
1990 J.E. Murray and E.D. Thomas (Americans) are engaged in the technology and research of human organ transplantation and cell transplantation.
199 1 year E. Nell and B. Sakerman (Germany) invented the patch clamp technology.
1992 E.H. Fisher and E.G. krebs (USA) discovered the reversible phosphorylation of protein.
1993 p.a. Sharp and R.J. Roberts (USA) discovered the broken gene.
1994 A.G. Gilman and M. Rodbell (American) discovered G protein and its function of transmitting information in cells.
1995, E.B. Lewis, E.F. Vishos (USA) and C.N. Forhad (Germany) discovered the important genetic mechanism controlling the development of early embryos. Using Drosophila as an experimental system, they found the genetic mechanism that is also applicable to higher proliferative organisms (including humans).
In 1996, P.C. Dougherty (Australia) and R.M. Zinkernagel (Switzerland) discovered the characteristics of cell-mediated immune protection.
1997, S.B. Prusiner (American) discovered a brand-new pathogenic factor in protein, prion, and made outstanding contributions to the study of its pathogenic mechanism.
1998 R. F. Volhogt, L. J. Ignaro and F. Mullaide found that nitric oxide is a signal molecule in cardiovascular system.
1999 Gunter Blobel discovered protein, an internal signal that controls cell transport and localization.
In 2000, Arvid karlsson (Swedish), Paul Greengard (American) and eric kandel (Austrian) made an important discovery on "the mutual transmission of signals between human brain nerve cells".
In 200 1 year, leland hartwell (USA), Timothy Hunter (UK) and paul nurse (UK) discovered the key molecular regulation mechanism of cell cycle.
In 2002, British scientists Sydney Bran, John Sulston and American scientist Robert Horvitz. They have made great contributions to the study of gene regulation of organ development and programmed cell death.
In 2003, American scientist paul lauterbur and British scientist peter Mansfield. They made a key discovery in nuclear magnetic resonance imaging technology, which eventually led to the appearance of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging machine.
In 2004, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Richard Axel and linda buck, American scientists, in recognition of their contributions to the study of odor receptors and olfactory system tissues.
In 2005, Barry Marshall and Robin Warren, two Australian scientists who have cooperated for many years, finally received a belated "gift" after discovering Helicobacter pylori and its cause of gastritis, gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer for more than 20 years, and shared the 2005 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
In 2006, Americans Andrew Fire and Craig Melo stood out on September 2nd and became the winners of this year's Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Although the name of the prize involves both physiology and medicine, both European and American media refer to this year's prize as the Nobel Prize in Medicine in recognition of the two winners and their achievements. Of course, as far as practical utility is concerned, Farr and Melo take the interference mechanism against ribonucleic acid (RNA) as the research topic and genetics as the breakthrough point, but medical application has the most practical significance and potential value.
In 2007, two Americans, mario capecchi and oliver smith, and an Englishman, Martin Evans, won the 2007 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. The communique issued by the Nobel Prize jury said that the three scientists "made a series of breakthrough discoveries in embryonic stem cells and mammalian DNA recombination", which laid the foundation for the development of "gene targeting" technology.
In 2008, harald Zulhausen, a German scientist, won this honor for discovering that human papillomavirus causes cervical cancer, and francoise Barr-Sinosi and Luc Montagni, two French scientists, won this honor for discovering human immunodeficiency virus.
Elizabeth in 2009. Blackburn, University of San Francisco, California. Grader and Jack from Johns Hopkins Medical College in Baltimore. Szostak of Harvard Medical School won this award for discovering the mechanism of telomere and telomerase protecting chromosomes.
In 20 10, British physiologist robert edwards won the 20 10 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his research on IVF.
20 1 1 year, American scientist Bruce Beutler, French scientist Jules Hoffmann and Canadian scientist ralph steinman won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their outstanding achievements in immunology.
20 12, Japanese scientist shinya yamanaka and British scientist John? John Gurdon won the 20 12 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his outstanding contribution in the field of nuclear reprogramming.
In 20 13, James E. Rothman, head of the Department of Cell Biology at Yale University and professor of biomedicine, Thomas C. Südhof, a German biochemist, and randy schekman, a cell biologist at the University of California, Berkeley, won prizes for "discovering the regulation mechanism of vesicle transport, the main transport system in cells".
In 20 14, Professor John O'Keefe of University College London and Norwegian scientists May-Britt Mo Ze and edvard moser won this year's Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
In 20 15, China pharmacist Tu Youyou, Irish scientist william campbell and Japanese scientist Satoshi Tamura shared the 20 15 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in recognition of their achievements in malaria treatment and research.
20 16 yoshinori ohsumi, a Japanese molecular cell biologist, won the 20 16 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in recognition of his contribution to the study of autolysate.
In 20 17, three American scientists, Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael Young, won the 20 17 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries in controlling circadian rhythm.
In 20 18, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to James Allison, a 70-year-old American immunologist, and Tasuku Honjo, a 76-year-old Japanese immunologist, in recognition of their contributions in the field of cancer treatment and suppression of negative immunomodulation.
In 20 19, William G. Kaelin (Jr.) of Dana-Farber Cancer Institute of Harvard University Medical School, Peter J. ratcliffe of Francis Crick Institute of Oxford University and Gregg L. Semenza of Johns Hopkins University Medical School won the prize for 20 19.
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was established according to the will of the late Swedish chemist alfred nobel, aiming at commending those who made outstanding discoveries in physiology or medicine in the previous year.
The front of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is a bust of Nobel, the right side is the year of Nobel's birth and death (Roman numerals), and the author's signature in the lower left corner is "E.LINDBERG 1902". The design on the back of the medal is Xu Guiya, the goddess of health in ancient Greek mythology, who is collecting spring water on the rock to quench the thirst of sick girls. The medal is engraved with a Latin sentence, which roughly translates as: New discoveries make life better.
190 1 The first prize was awarded by karolinska institutet of Stockholm Medical University, Sweden. The award ceremony was held on 12, the anniversary of Nobel's death.