1, mackerel
Mackerel is one of China's freshwater aquaculture of the four major fish, also known as black carp, snail green, etc., for the carp family mackerel freshwater fish, distributed in China's major waterways, mainly in China's plains south of the Yangtze River, the Yangtze River north of the scarcer, as the Yangtze River, the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and along the river in the lakes in the important fishery resources and lakes, ponds, the main object of culture. As an important fishery resource in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and lakes along the river, and as the main object of culture in lakes and ponds, it inhabits the middle and lower strata, and feeds on snails, mussels, shrimps and aquatic insects.
2, grass carp
Grass carp is one of China's freshwater aquaculture of the four major fish, also known as oil grass carp, grass carp, white grass carp, Wuqing, etc., inhabiting the plains area of the rivers and lakes, generally like to live in the water in the lower and mid-water near the shore of the area with more aquatic grass. Sex lively, swim quickly, often in groups to forage for food, for the typical herbivorous fish, young fish eat larvae, algae, etc., but also eat some meat, such as earthworms, dragonflies and so on. Overwintering in deep water in dry streams or lakes, the parental fish have anadromous habits during the reproductive season, and have been transplanted to many countries in Asia, Europe, the United States and Africa.
3, silver carp
Chub is one of the four major fish in China's freshwater aquaculture, also known as white chub, water chub, jumping chub, chub, etc., like to live in the upper layers of the water, often inhabiting the rivers, lakes and their subsidiary bodies of water in the fertilization of the typical zooplankton-eating fish, the life-long plankton for food, spring, summer and autumn, the vast majority of the time in the waters of the pelagic swimming for food, in winter, they are submerged in deep water overwintering. In winter, it dives to deep water to overwinter.
4, bighead carp
Bighead carp is one of China's four major freshwater fish, also known as bighead carp, fathead carp, big head fish, black chub, etc., with "water scavenger" of the nickname, growing in freshwater lakes, rivers, reservoirs, ponds. It grows in freshwater lakes, rivers, reservoirs and ponds. It is mostly distributed in the middle and upper layers of the waters. Bighead carp is a filter-feeding fish, mainly eat rotifers, branchiostoma, copepods and other zooplankton, but also eat part of the phytoplankton (such as diatoms and cyanobacteria) and artificial feed, from the fry to the adult stage is to zooplankton as the main food and phytoplankton.
5, carp
Carp, also known as carp, carp, etc., native to Asia, and then introduced to Europe, North America and other regions, live alone or in small groups in calm and grassy muddy bottom of ponds, lakes, rivers, in the water is not big places have migratory habits. It has been used as an ornamental fish or food fish in China and Japan since a long time ago, and has been cultured as a food fish in Germany and other European countries. There are many artificially bred varieties, such as red carp, group carp, grass carp, koi carp, koi carp, fire carp, hibiscus carp, lotus carp and so on, and the color of their bodies varies with different varieties.
6, crucian carp
Carp, also known as crucian carp, moon crucian carp, earth crucian carp, etc., for the spoke-finned fish subclass carp carp order Carpidae crucian carp one of the fish, after artificial breeding and breeding, can produce many new species, such as goldfish is produced by a kind of ornamental fish. Carp is widely distributed, year-round production of waters throughout the country, mainly plant-feeding omnivorous fish, like to live in groups and choose to eat and live.
7, Wuchang fish
Wuchang fish, also known as bream, bream, etc., one of China's major freshwater fish, but the distribution range is narrow, the natural production is low, to the production of Liangzi Lake in Hubei Province is most famous, due to the fast-growing, disease-resistant, easy to feed, meat quality and other characteristics, since the 1990s has been introduced to the country as one of the country's major freshwater culture of excellent fish.
8, loach
Mud loach, also known as fish loach, loach fish, etc., living in the silt bottom of the static or slow-flowing water body, adaptability is strong, can be in a humus-rich environment to live in the distribution of China, the distribution of the south is more common in the north is not common, and more in the evening out to feed on zooplankton, aquatic insects, crustaceans, aquatic higher plant debris, and algae, etc., and sometimes also Sometimes it also ingests humus or mud residue under the water.
9, eel
Eel, also known as eel, snakefish, blood eel, often fish, for the gill fish family, eel fish, adaptability, in the rivers, lakes, ditches and rice paddies can survive, like more humus in the silt or in the embankment of the water in the stone gap in the burrow, daytime rarely active, out of the burrow at night to find food. Gills are not developed, but with the oral cavity and the laryngeal cavity of the inner wall of the epidermis as a respiratory auxiliary organs, can breathe air directly, in the water is very poor in oxygen can also survive, out of the water as long as the skin is kept moist, within a few days will not die.
Second, freshwater fish farming technology
1, according to the culture of water conditions and other classifications
According to the culture of water conditions, fish species and specifications, types of waters and breeding measures, freshwater fish farming is divided into the following ways:
(1) static water fish farming and fish farming in running water.
(2) Monoculture, mixed culture and set culture.
(3) Pond fish culture, rice field fish culture, river fish culture, lake fish culture, reservoir fish culture, net box fish culture, seine and fence fish culture and factory fish culture.
(4) Intensive, semi-intensive and rough culture, etc.
2, pond fish culture technology
Pond fish farming is a fish farming method used in most areas of China, and the current production accounts for more than 60% of the freshwater fish farming, with a small investment, large income, quick results, stable production and other characteristics.
(1) Area: the general area of adult fish ponds is 5-10 acres, which is easy to manage. Parent fish pool, fish fry pool, fish seed pool to 3-5 acres is appropriate.
(2) water depth: the general adult fish pool water depth of 2-3 meters. Wintering pools in the north to the coldest ice below 1.5-2 meters is appropriate. Fry pool, hatchery pool depth of 1.0-1.5 meters is appropriate. Fish breeding pool generally requires a water depth of 1.5-2.0 meters.
(3) water quality: abundant water, good water quality is the fundamental conditions of fish farming.
(4) the requirements of the substrate: pond substrate is best loam, sandy loam, followed by clay.
3, the preparatory work before stocking
Recuperation of the pond, remove the bottom of the pond weeds, impurities, leveling the pond.
(1) Pond cleaning and disinfection
①The local method of pond cleaning: i.e., draining the water in winter, removing hostile pests and improving the substrate by freezing, drying and exploding the bottom of the pond.
②Pharmaceuticals to clear the pond: lime or bleach can be used.
(2) water injection and cultivate water quality
After the pond disinfection, when the drug toxicity disappears, you can live in new water, 7-10 days before the stocking of fish species, both casting base fertilizer, cultivate water quality.
4, fish stocking
Stocking large-size fish species is a high-yield measures of pond fish. Large-size fish species have strong disease resistance, high survival rate, rapid growth. In the pond rearing conditions, grass carp are generally stocked with fish species weighing 0.25 kilograms, after four months of rearing to the fall up to specifications 0.5-0.75 kilograms, such as 0.5-0.75 kilograms can be stocked to grow to 1.0-1.5 kilograms. Silver and bighead carp are usually put one age species, 12-18 cm specifications, to out of the pond up to 0.5-0.75 kg. Other fish such as carp, crucian carp and group head bream are stocked with one year old species, the density is a little thinner, the specifications of 12-14 cm or so, after a few months of feeding, carp can reach the specifications of 0.5 kilograms, group head bream 150-350 grams, crucian carp more than 100 grams.
5, high-yield stocking mode
All over the world, according to many years of breeding experience, after the scientific summary, the development of a number of stocking mode, not listed here. Here we only introduce 80:20 stocking technology.
(1) Prepare the pond using the standard method described above.
(2) Put fish species of uniform size that can consume pellet feed (e.g., crucian carp) and filter-feeding fish species of relatively uniform size (e.g., silver carp)) into the prepared ponds, accounting for roughly 80% and 20% of the total production, respectively.
(3) Feed 80 percent of the fish with a pelleted feed that is nutritionally complete and has good physical properties according to a prescribed schedule and method.
(4) Maintain pond water quality at a level that does not cause fish stress at all times throughout the culture cycle.
(5) At the time of harvest, individuals of the main culture fish (80%) should be of uniform size and meet market specifications.
6. Stocking density
The stocking density used in each place should be adapted according to the pond conditions. For the first time to use 80:20 pond fish farming technology colonizers, the weight of the main fish at the time of harvest per acre of water surface does not exceed the following limits:
(1) in the oxygenation of the pond is restricted, can not flush, the weight of the fish is set at 167 kilograms.
(2) In ponds where oxygenation is not restricted and flushing is restricted, their fish weight is set at 267 kilograms.
(3) In ponds where oxygenation and flushing are not restricted, their fish weight is set at 400 kilograms.
(4) Together with 20% of the weight of the allotment fish, the total weight of fish produced by ponds in categories a, b and c is 209 kg, 333 kg and 400 kg respectively.
(5) If it is desired to have an average size of 500 grams out of the pond, the total number of fish stocked in the three types of ponds, a, b and c, will be 418, 666 and 800, respectively. Of these, 80 percent are primary fish and 20 percent are allotment fish.
7, pond fish feeding management
Good management is an important factor in the success of aquaculture. The ultimate goal of aquaculture is to maximize profit. Maximum profit is achieved by maintaining a balance between the cost of production and the quality and quantity of fish species, the quality and quantity of feed, and the quality of the environment. Scientific feeding management can be specifically summarized in the following seven aspects:
(1) frequent pond patrol, observe the dynamics of the fish in the pond, every day, morning, midday and evening pond patrol, pre-dawn observation of fish with or without floating head phenomenon, floating head of the degree of how; daytime can be combined with the work of baiting and measuring the water temperature, to check the fish activity and feeding. In the high-temperature season, when the weather changes suddenly, fish are prone to serious floating head, but also in the middle of the night before and after the pond patrol, in order to stop serious floating head in time to prevent flooding the pond.
(2) Weed removal and decontamination, to maintain fresh water and pond sanitation, timely prevention of disease.
(3) master the pond injection and drainage, maintain the appropriate amount of water, prevent flooding and drought, to prevent the escape of fish, according to the situation, 10-15 days of water injection to supplement the evaporation of consumption, so that the fish have plenty of comfortable space for activities and a good living environment.
(4) According to the day, water temperature, season, water quality, fish growth and feeding conditions, to determine the amount of bait, and timely prevention of disease.
(5) Make a good budget and distribution of feed and fertilizer requirements throughout the year.
(6) Reasonable use of oxygenators, baiting machines and other fishery machinery, good maintenance and electricity.
(7) Pay attention to the market situation, timely arrangement of the pond, the conditions of the place can be good rotation catch and release.