(1) Planting season and seedling raising: Cauliflower is not as cold-resistant and heat-resistant as cabbage. The suitable temperature for the growth of flower bulbs is 10-20℃. When the temperature drops below 8℃, the flower bulbs will grow slowly, and if the temperature is below 1℃, the bulbs will freeze and rot; if the temperature exceeds 20℃, but below 25℃, although the bulbs can be formed, the flower branches will be loose. , the quality deteriorates. The 1-year-old cauliflower sown in summer and autumn and harvested in autumn and winter is called autumn cauliflower; the 2-year-old cauliflower sown in autumn and winter and harvested in spring and summer is called spring cauliflower. In terms of production, early-maturing and mid-maturing varieties are selected for autumn cauliflower cultivation; late-maturing varieties are selected for spring cauliflower. Generally, the time from planting to harvest for early-maturing varieties does not exceed 70 days; for mid-maturing varieties, it does not exceed 100 days; and for late-maturing varieties, it takes more than 100 days. (2) Field selection and base fertilizer application: The root system of cauliflower is shallowly distributed, and the main root group is densely concentrated in the 12-15 cm soil layer. The root system is weak and cannot tolerate waterlogging. During the growth period, it is necessary to prevent both drought and waterlogging. In areas with heavy rain and high groundwater levels, deep ditch and high border cultivation should be used. Cauliflower requires a large amount of fertilizer. You must choose loam or clay loam that is fertile, loose, rich in organic matter, and good at retaining fertilizer and water. You must also apply sufficient base fertilizer. Early maturing varieties have a short growth period and grow rapidly, so the base fertilizer should be mainly quick-acting fertilizer. Generally, 1,500 kilograms of human excrement and 20-25 kilograms of ternary compound fertilizer are applied per mu. Medium and late-maturing varieties have a longer growth period, and the base fertilizer is mainly manure with additional phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. Generally, 2,000 to 3,000 kilograms of decomposed pig and cow dung per mu are applied, with 15 to 20 kilograms of superphosphate and 100 kilograms of plant ash added. (3) Planting and field management: The planting density of cauliflower is determined according to the growth period of the variety and the degree of expansion of the outer leaves. When the maturity period is the same, varieties with large development should be planted sparsely, and vice versa. Generally, the spacing between early-maturing varieties is 33-40 cm × 50 cm; 3300-4000 plants per acre; medium-maturing varieties are 40-50 cm × 60 cm, 2200-2800 plants per acre; late-maturing varieties are 50-60 cm × 70 cm/each There are 1,600-1,900 plants per mu. The planting period of Qiu Hua Lai is during the high temperature season. Before transplanting, make a hole and water the hole thoroughly. The seedlings should be raised and planted in the evening. If it is sunny the next day, the seedlings should be shaded. Generally, it is covered early and uncovered late, and can be removed after the seedlings have slowed down. The field management of cauliflower is mainly divided into three stages. The first period is the rooting period, which takes about 15 days for early-maturing varieties and about 30 days for mid- to late-maturing varieties. Fertilizer and water control measures were adopted during this period of cultivation. After slowing down the seedlings, apply a small amount of fresh fertilizer and water, and start the first cultivating about 10 days after planting to promote root growth and development. Watering of autumn flowers should be carried out in the evening, the amount of water should be small, and the leaves will not wilt at noon the next day. During the rainy season, timely drainage is required to prevent waterlogging; the second period is the vigorous period, which is the growth stage of rosette leaves and flower bud development. It takes about 20 days for early-maturing varieties and 30 to 35 days for medium- and late-maturing varieties. In cultivation, appropriate fertilizer and water measures should be adopted. Apply 6-8 kg of ammonium sulfate per acre of water, once every 8-10 days. When fertilizing, you must master the scale. Apply more fertilizer close to small plants, and apply less fertilizer far away to large plants. Apply light on sunny days and thick on rainy days to keep the plants growing evenly. Cultivating still needs to be carried out in this period, and the depth should not damage the roots. Before the row is closed, open a shallow trench about 15 cm away from the plants and apply fertilizer. For early-maturing varieties, apply 1500 kg of manure per mu, 8 kg of ammonium sulfate; for medium-maturing varieties, 2000 kg of manure, 15 kg of ammonium sulfate, and 50 kg of plant ash; for late-maturing varieties, 2000 kg of manure kg, 20 kg of ammonium sulfate, 50 kg of plant ash. Combined with soil cultivation, the water is again controlled and the seedlings are squatted. When the wax powder on the leaves of the plant is obvious, the leaf edges are upturned, and the leaves become spoon-shaped, small flower bulbs will begin to form in the center of the leaf clusters of the plant. When the flower bulbs are 2 cm in size, the seedlings will end. The third stage is the bulbing stage. During this period of cultivation, sufficient fertilizer and water should be ensured to promote the expansion and firmness of the flower bulbs. Generally, early-maturing varieties take 20 to 25 days; mid-maturing varieties take 25-30 days; and late-maturing varieties take more than 40 days. Use irrigation water to apply 500-600 kilograms of human excrement or 25 kilograms of ammonium sulfate per acre, and topdress once every 8-10 days. Water once every 4-5 days until the flower bulbs are fully grown. Start harvesting when the surface of the flower bulb is round and the flower branches around the edges are about to loosen.

4) Preventive measures for hairy, heterochromatic, scattered flowers, and discoloration of cauliflower: Hairy cauliflower is caused by insufficient seed maturity and has nothing to do with climatic conditions. When sowing, seeds that are full, dark brown, and have no obvious net pattern should be selected. species; the appearance of green flowers on the curd is caused by the greening of the flower bracts, which is mainly caused by the instability of the species, and excellent varieties should be used for cultivation; the appearance of purple flowers on the curd is caused by low temperatures during the condensation period , as long as you sow the seeds at the right time and arrange the curd development period within the growth temperature range, heterochromia will occur; early-maturing varieties will have early and scattered flowers if the temperature is higher during the bulbing period, the fertilizer and water cannot keep up, or the harvest is not timely. Phenomenon, it is necessary to strengthen fertilizer management and timely harvesting in cultivation. The discoloration of the curd is caused by direct sunlight. When the curd grows to a size of 10 cm, pick the outer leaves to cover the sphere or bunch the leaves to block the light to keep the color of the curd unchanged. (5) Prevention and control of pests and diseases: The main diseases include downy mildew, black rot, and sclerotinia; pests include diamondback moth, cabbage borer, aphids, mice, etc. ① Sclerotinia. Also known as sclerotia soft rot or white rot, water-soaked lesions appear on the stems of seedlings after infection, which quickly causes quenching. In the pericarp stage, water-soaked, sunken lesions appear on the sides and base of the vegetable near the ground. They begin to be light brown, then turn brown or gray-white, and the diseased parts rot. The damage is more serious during the reproductive growth period. The seeds cannot set seeds normally. When the climate is humid, the disease grows white fuzz and dark brown sclerotia. Prevention and control measures include pre-sowing treatment, rinsing the seeds with 10% salt water or 20% ammonium sulfate water to remove mixed sclerotia, then rinsing with clean water, drying in the sun and sowing; adopting flood-drought rotation to reduce the incidence of sclerotinia ; In the early stage of the disease, use 1000-1500 times of 40% Sclerotinia wettable powder or 2000 times of 50% Sukelin wettable powder, spray once every 7-10 days, and apply 2-3 times continuously. ② Diamondback moth. Control of diamondback moth, cabbage caterpillar, and melon borer: 1.8% insect mite emulsifiable concentrate 2000 to 3000 times, 25% Vernon EC 1000 times, 40% Gosben emulsifiable concentrate, 5% paclitaxel, and 5% kasike 1000 to 1500 times times, 5% Figente 1500~2000 times, 1