Festivals and social fires in Guanzhong area
The social fire in Guanzhong is simple and generous, rich and colorful, with various categories and broad spirit. The performance of social fire is different during the day and at night, and the plains and mountains are different. Generally speaking, there are two categories: Gaotai social fire and local social fire. There are stilts, cores, horse fires (including cattle fires), car fires, mountain fires, blood fires, etc. There are lions, dragon lanterns, bamboo horses, dry boats, ground wanderers, back fires, walking fires, big-head monk dance opera Liu Cui, carts, pulling donkeys, etc. In addition, there are some special artistic categories, such as "playing crooked officials", "He Chunguan", "Master Niu", "Playing lazy women", "Match the board", "Ancient warships", "Celadon boats" and "Fighting between bulls and tigers". Social fire is inseparable from gongs and drums. In some places, beating gongs and drums alone is also a kind of performance, such as the "Shang Gong and Drum" in Heyang and the Gong and Drum Competition in folk temple fairs.
Temple Fair in Guanzhong
The sources of the temple fairs in Guanzhong mainly include the following aspects:
1. The legacy of primitive beliefs and totem worship. Such as mountain gods, land, ox kings, horse kings, water gods, dragon kings, Tai Sui, tree gods, tiger lords and fox spirits.
2. The development of ancestor worship. Such as Nuwa, Huangdi, Yandi, Jiangyuan, Hou Ji, King Wen, Duke Zhou and Zhao Gong.
3. Deification of historical figures. Such as Ziya Temple, Wuhou Temple, Guandi Temple, Zhangye Temple, Zixu Temple, Fu Su Temple and Chenghuang Temple. Most of the city gods of prefectures and counties are transformed into historical figures, and Huxian county has the saying that "three city gods make Huxian county", and one of the big city gods is Ji Xin, a general of Han Dynasty. Even a small god like Master Si Su, who reported quickly in the Town God Temple of Fengxiang Prefecture, was deified after the death of a famous official with a clean and just surname. In this area, Su Ye's influence is great, even surpassing the city god.
4. Belief of the founder of the industry. Such as the word Saint Cang Xie, the immortal teacher Lu Ban, the imperial doctor Hua Tuo, the drug king Sun Simiao, Brewmaster Du Kang, the originator of Liyuan Tang Xuanzong and so on.
5. Taoist gods. Shaanxi is one of the birthplaces of Wudou Road in early folk Taoism. Guanzhong has the Louguantai where Laozi lectured, the Longmen Cave where Changchun's real Qiu Chu cultivated himself, the Jintai Temple where Zhang Sanfeng was active, and Temple of the Eight Immortals, the sacred place of the Eight Immortals. Wang Zhongyang, the founder of Quanzhen Sect, is a native of Xianyang. His disciple Quanzhen Qizi was active in Guanzhong. Besides Qiu Changchun, another Hao Datong was the founder of the Huashan Sect of Quanzhen Sect. When Louguantai was in the Northern Wei Dynasty, there were 10,000 Taoist priests, forming a famous Louguantai school. In the Tang Dynasty, the ruling class worshiped Taoism and greatly worshipped Laozi by Li's surname, especially Taoism. Even Wu Zetian, the first female emperor in China, was once cited as a Taoist priest, and there were many princesses who were immortalized by Taoism.
6. Buddhist gods. Xuanzang became famous in ancient India by learning from the scriptures, and also prospered and developed the Buddhist culture in China. Even the Buddhist bones were treasured in Famen Temple, which helped the wind, and the "Wild Goose Pagoda Morning Bell" became one of the eight scenic spots in Chang 'an. Such as Buddhas, Bodhisattvas, King Kong, Wei Tuo, and Eighteen Arhats. Up to now, many famous temples are well preserved, and even Tibetan Buddhism Lamaism has the largest temple in the ancient capital Xi 'an. The old people in the countryside take chanting "Amitabha" as a popular warning to persuade the good, and spread it widely among the people through classics and songs.
In the past, the scale of temple fairs was so large that they even developed across counties and provinces. Although many contemporary temple fairs have become cultural entertainment and material exchange conferences, they are still named after temple fairs. For example, the temple fair in Grain Rain, Cang Xie, even the agreed date has not changed. Famous temple fairs, such as Yaoshan Temple Fair, Lishan Old Mother Temple Fair, Huashan Temple Fair, Big Wild Goose Pagoda Temple Fair, Taibai Mountain Temple Fair, Tiantai Mountain Temple Fair, Longmen Cave Temple Fair, Diaoyutai Temple Fair, Zhougong Temple Fair, Louguantai Temple Fair, Nanwutai Temple Fair, Yaowang Temple Fair, Wuhou Temple Fair, etc. Others, such as Master Temple Fair, Huatuo Temple Fair, Jade Master Temple Fair, City God Temple Fair, Big Buddha Temple Fair and so on, are hard to count.
Guanzhong's diet
The general diet includes tea, wine, rice, vegetables, soup and fruit.
Tea has a long tradition of folk custom in Guanzhong people's daily drinks. As the common saying goes, "Open the door to seven things: firewood, rice, oil, salt, sauce, vinegar and tea." Visitors must have tobacco, alcohol and tea. Tea rice, tea rice, Guanzhong rural areas to date on the advantages and disadvantages of food, often say: "whoever has a good tea rice, who has a bad tea rice." Tea and Guanzhong people's diet are closely related to this. Although Guanzhong does not produce tea, it is common for people to drink tea, which is common in both urban and rural areas. In addition to brewing and drinking, there is also a kind of pot tea in Xifu Mountain area, which belongs to the Qiang people's legacy. According to folklore, tea was discovered by Shennong when he tasted a hundred herbs. As soon as this Shennong was born, it was a crystal belly, bright and bright, and the liver and heart could be seen clearly. He is the ancestor of human farming and the earliest inventor of traditional Chinese medicine. "Shennong, who distinguishes medicine, is a counselor of Tiandi Chemical Industry." (Huang Zhuzhai's Song of the Origin of Medicine) Once, he tasted a small green leaf with tender tips. When this leaf goes down, I can only see that it washes from the top to the bottom and from the bottom to the top in the belly, wiping all parts of the belly clean and refreshing. Just like going up and down to inspect, Shennong called it "check". Later generations called it white and called it "tea". Shennong tasted a hundred herbs and was poisoned every day, so he used tea to detoxify. Later, he accidentally ate Herba Lysimachiae, and before he had time to eat tea, his stomach was broken one by one, and he died.
Wine is one of the earliest drinks invented by our ancestors. Guanzhong people can't do anything without wine in their daily manners and customs. There are many kinds of wine and many stories about it. The legend of famous wine is permeated with refreshing wine aroma and spread all over the world. Baishui County is the hometown of Du Kang Xianshi, where the legend of Du Kang's drunken Liu Ling is circulated. Xifeng liquor, a national famous wine, is known as "drunken bees and butterflies". Today, the wines popular in markets and rural towns include Xifeng, Du Kang, Taibai, Chenggu Tequ, Xi 'an Liquor, Schisandra chinensis, Wine, Black Rice Wine, Huanggui Thick Wine and Yellow Rice Wine. Among them, Huanggui thick wine, which enjoys an international reputation, has long been famous as far back as the Tang Dynasty. Li Bai, the poet of "Hundred Poems on Fighting Wine", and his drinking buddy "Eight Immortals in Wine" often went to Chang 'an wine shop to drink Huanggui thick wine and write poems and papers. From ancient times to the present, wine has been indispensable in rituals, festivals, sacrifices, marriage and social activities of Guanzhong people. When people talk about wine, the most easily overlooked thing is yellow rice wine. Yellow rice wine is not only a drink, but also a good seasoning and medicine, so Guanzhong people are also called "cooking wine". Among the famous wines in yellow rice wine, there is xie cun wine in Yangxian County, southern Shaanxi Province.
Famous dishes with Shaanxi flavor have a long history and a wide variety. There are 20 1 species included in China cookbook (Shaanxi volume). Therefore, it is known as "Chang 'an delicious food, ancient Chinese cuisine". Shaanxi cuisine is represented by Guanzhong cuisine. Pig and mutton are the main raw materials, which have the characteristics of heavy taste, rich aroma, fat and sour, while single raw materials and pure taste are its unique style. Traditional famous dishes include elbow with handle, cucurbit chicken, stewed tremella with Lycium barbarum, shredded pork skin (pigskin, chicken skin and jellyfish skin), boiled fish in milk soup, crispy mushrooms, shredded squid, stewed three fresh vegetables, and Phnom Penh cabbage. Soups include spinach tofu soup, Sour and Hot Belly Shredded Soup, Golden Needle and Ear Soup, Shredded Pork Soup, Shredded Chicken Soup and Egg Soup. The first bowl of mutton and bread in soup in the world is promoted in meals. In recent years, the combination of food and rice has also developed "imitation Tang banquet", "Chang 'an eight-view banquet", "dumpling banquet", "soup-stuffed bun banquet" and "mutton bread-soaked banquet". Xi 'an is the snack kingdom of China. Preserved beef and mutton, rice noodles, bubble oil cake, golden thread oil tower, Huanggui persimmon cake and Qishan whistle noodle are all well-known famous foods for all ages. Adapting to the western development, Guanzhong cuisine is still innovating.
When it comes to diet, it is inseparable from dried and fresh fruits. The pomegranate and fire crystal persimmon in Lintong are the first to be promoted in Guanzhong area, while others such as Guanzhong Hongxing, Binxian Jinzao, Sanyuan Jixin Yellow Persimmon, Fuping Zhuangli Heer Cake, Huaxian Strawberry, Tongzhou Watermelon, Zhouzhi Kiwi Fruit and Dali Peanut are all famous traditional fruits in history.
Oral culture in Guanzhong
Guanzhong has a long history, profound cultural accumulation, and extremely rich oral culture, with extremely rich ballads, proverbs and stories. The following single story as an example to briefly elaborate. People's oral stories in Guanzhong area are relatively complete, and they have been selected from China Folk Tales Integration? From the story of Shaanxi Volume (2), there are six groups of myths, legends of characters, local legends, customs legends, fantasy stories and life stories. At the same time, there are also a certain number of animal and plant legends, local legends, animal stories, witty character stories, fables and jokes. The main body is prominent and the structure is symmetrical, which embodies the unique personality of Guanzhong folk culture.
Although all kinds of folk stories are circulated in southern Shaanxi, Guanzhong and northern Shaanxi to varying degrees, they all have their own advantages. Relatively speaking, because of the profound primitive culture in Guanzhong Plain, myths are particularly rich, which naturally forms a radiation center for myth circulation. There are more than 900 primitive cultural sites of Paleolithic and Neolithic Age found in the whole province, among which "Lantian Ape Man", "Jiangzhai Site" and "Banpo Civilization", which occupy a very prominent position in the archaeological history of China, are all in the heart of Qinchuan. Although the myths that came with them have gone through the process of historicization, religiousization and secularization of class society, the myths that retain the core of primitive culture still have more circulation. In ancient mythology, the hometown of Nu Wa, Yan Di, Huang Di, Jiang Yuan and Hou Ji are all here, and the activities of djinn breaking mountains, Kuafu creating characters day by day, and Yu chiseling Longmen are also here. As the saying goes, "Since Pangu opened the world, three emperors and five emperors have come to this day". The Three Emperors and Five Emperors have long been historical. However, Pangu still retains its original form among the people in Guanzhong. The story of Creation is different from the philosophical abstract records in Calendar of May 35 and Calendar of May 5, and still retains the heroic image of an ancient pioneer. In the old days, there was a social fire among the people in Guanzhong. Pangu was dressed as a long-lived old man riding on an old cow in sheepskin, holding the ball in one hand and the axe in the other. This is a vivid explanation for the creation of the world. The myth that the rooster calls the sun is common among ethnic minorities. In the past, people always thought it belonged to the inherent cultural concept of southern ethnic minorities. However, in Guanzhong, people think that this chicken is located in Baoji, Western Qin Dynasty. Up to now, a pair of tall iron chickens stand on the peak of Qinling Mountain in Baoji City. Huangdi, the "ancestor of humanity", has been circulated among the people as a primitive myth for a long time because of its historicization and immortalization, and The Wind Queen and His Compass are still quite influential among the people. Most myths about the origin of plants are attached to Yan Di Shennong and Hou Ji, but they are like The Origin of Bean, The Origin of Wheat and Maotao? Shoutao? These representative works, such as Kiwifruit and Shennong Apricot, have long been turned into legends. As the god of the sun, the god of farming and the god of medicine, Yandi Shennong is believed by the people to have been born in Jiangcheng Castle on the outskirts of Baoji, leaving a lot of scenic sites and legends about him in Tiantai Mountain. In Jinjiang Castle and Tiantai Mountain, there are grand temple fairs to commemorate this "bull head" human ancestor. The myth of flood and human reproduction has the greatest influence in Guanzhong, which is the story of Nu Wa creating human beings and Fuxi's brother and sister getting married, with its primitive cultural background. In particular, Nu Wa created man with Lintong as the center, forming a series of legends and rich folk customs. In China, there has been a legacy of the "Day of Wearing Heaven" since ancient times, but it is still inherited by folk customs. The masses say that the 20th day of the first month is the "Day of mending the sky and the land".
. On this day, steamed cakes are spread in some places, and pancakes are spread in some places. Before eating, one piece is covered on the seepage well (or water crossing) and the other piece is thrown on the roof, which is called "mending the sky and the land". Especially the rural old lady with a very pious psychology. Expanded to a larger scale, "steamed cakes" and "pancakes" have become one of the unique foods of Guanzhong people in summer. In ancient mythology, her spread and influence are unparalleled. Lintong people have proudly said: "Mount Li is not Zhoushan, and Nu Wa Niangniang is from here, and she is here to make up the sky and make man." For a long time, the old mother Lishan and the Notre Dame Kangwon have formed an old grandmother and a godsend in the eastern and western parts of Guanzhong, and the temple fairs in both places have the remains of ancient sorghum. Such myths provide valuable cultural historical materials for the mutual influence and integration of southern and northern cultures. Myths such as Kuafu Day by Day, Yu Chisel the Dragon Gate, and djinn Broke the Mountain all have obvious relics. Djinn's immortal palm and footprints were left in Huashan Mountain, and Kuafu's daily sacrifice transformed the peach forest into today's ancient Tongguan area, and Yu chiseled the Longmen Gate in hancheng city. The plots of these oral works are different from those recorded in ancient books and records, and they exude attractive local flavor. The myth of word creation exists in all ethnic groups, and the word Saint Cang Xie is recognized in the vast Han areas of China. The legend of Cang Xie is that Baishui people in Shaanxi have tombs and shrines. There are a series of works by Cang Xie circulating in Baishui, the most representative of which is "Cang Jie Zao Zi". Cang Sheng became the greatest god in local people's belief, and formed a strong cultural atmosphere and folk customs under certain norms.
Myth is a reminiscence about ancient times left in people's impressions. Because the time is too long, it is naturally flooded. Legends, on the other hand, are different. Because they lead to literature at one end and history at the other, and complement historical classics, they have great vitality. And with the pace of historical development, new legends are still being produced. If the ancient Chinese civilization is a legendary country, Guanzhong has a long history and culture, and the richness of its legends and stories has reached an amazing level. There is its shadow in myth, its blood in history, its seeds in science, its image in geographical features and its footsteps in the pace of human social and cultural progress. Among many kinds of legends, the legends of historical figures occupy a leading position. Because of the large number of people, the people are used to telling people's stories, and it seems difficult to separate independent historical legends from historical figures and major historical events, but often form a series of stories of legends. Among them, the legends of emperors and generals, sages and honest officials, military commanders, literati and famous doctors are the most numerous in Guanzhong. Because the imperial capital is in Guanzhong, the ancient tombs are in Guanzhong, and many people's hometowns are also in Guanzhong. For example, the legends of Emperor Qin Hanwu and Emperor Zong Songzu are mostly centered on Xi 'an and Xianyang in Guanzhong, and the people have given positive comments on the generations of Ming emperors such as "Top Wife and Back Mother Han Wendi" and "Emperor Taizong Admitting Mistakes and Honoring Virtue" with their simple historical materialism. Many emperors' empresses with different merits and demerits and different birth experiences have also been portrayed in many aspects. Some excellent legends fill the gaps in the history books. The Legend of Jiang Ziya took root and sprouted in Xiqi, and spread all over the world through The Romance of the Gods. With the Diaoyutai in Panxi, where he fished, there were temples and temples with a long history. Liu Yinshu, a native of Hancheng, was a scholar in the Qing Dynasty. He lived in the court and had outstanding achievements. He had a great influence among the ethnic minorities in southwest China. During the period of the China People's Party Guangxi Army stationed in Hancheng in the Liberation War, the chief executive ordered that it was strictly forbidden to disturb the people, because it was the hometown of "Liu Gong and Liu Po". "Liu Fu Yuan Selling Bridges" has been going on for more than 300 years, and local people always like to mention that he benefits the people and does not leave privileges for future generations. Dang Chongya's hometown is in Baoji county, and there are many legends about Dangge's old age circulating in Baoji area. Legends that care about the sufferings of the lower classes, such as "The Party Pavilion always sells wooden sticks", are almost household names. With their own lives and wishes, the working people have created a large number of images of honest officials, such as Kou Zhun's Banquet Strike, Legend of Master Yang Jiao, Tibetan Palace Lantern and Yan Dan's Early Resting Shop. Among the legends of military commanders, the legends about Wei Chijingde, Feng Yuxiang and Yang Hucheng are quite widespread. Sun Simiao, a famous doctor, was born in Huayuan, Jingzhao, Tang Dynasty (now Yaoxian). He is a master of medicine and pharmacology in China after Zhang Zhongjing, a medical sage in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and his influence is far-reaching and transcends the territory of China. Sun Simiao's noble medical ethics, sincere and realistic style of study, innovative academic spirit and superb medical skills have made him a banner and a model for people in the field of traditional Chinese medicine. Later generations of people worshipped him as the "King of Medicine". In his hometown, there are many touching legends about him saving lives and saving people's suffering, which add a lot of color to the long-established Yaowangshan Temple Fair in Eryao County in February.
Guanzhong is one of the holy places of Taoism and the center of the peak period of Buddhism development in China. In addition to the advocacy of the feudal ruling class in history, Taoism and Buddhism have far-reaching influences, especially Taoism. Besides the legend of the Eight Immortals, Qiu Chuji, known as Changchun Zhenren, is the founder of the Longmen Sect of Taoism, so there are many legends about him in Longmen Cave and other places in Longxian County. There is a common saying in Guozhen that "after ten years of drought, Gaolongwan can't be drought." This area is located at the foot of the "grinding mountain" where Qiu Zhenren practiced. There are many mountain springs and crops are not short of water. Legend has it that these water springs were sprinkled by Qiu Zu with a Taoist robe. Zhang Sanfeng, a famous Taoist in Ming Dynasty, once lived in Jintai Temple in Baoji City, so many miraculous legends were formed, and his image resembled that of Jigong. Louguantai is the lecture place of Laozi and the Taoist holy land of Louguanpai in the Northern Wei Dynasty. Huashan is a representative cave of Taoism, so it has more legends of Taoist figures. Chang 'an is the starting point for Master Xuanzang to learn from the scriptures and translate the scriptures. There are many legends about the journey to the west with outstanding features among the people, which are similar to The Journey to the West but not The Journey to the West. Toad calf to learn from the scriptures has created a special image for Tang Priest.
The ancient capital is a culture step by step, and the scenery in Guanzhong is spread all over the world. Here, the mountains, rivers and waters are full of affection, and it is almost a legend that there is no mountain, no water and no scenery. In local legends, many of them intersect with myths, fairy tales, character legends, life stories and fantasy stories. The most representative story is "Why Guanzhong is called Qinchuan". The formation of mountains and rivers in Guanzhong is mainly the product of the long-term evolution of natural topography. However, there are different opinions among the people. Some say it has something to do with djinn breaking the mountain, while others say it has something to do with subduing the demon dragon. This legend also links it with Qin Shihuang's governance of Qin State. These different views not only reflect the changing process of Guanzhong landform in twists and turns, but also reflect the historical accumulation in human memory of overcoming nature, which is not only oral literature, but also has certain scientific value. The most amazing thing is "Lumu Temple", which records the activities of the ancient Qiang people in the west of Guanzhong with the love story of the prince and deer girl of the Qiang people. Others, such as "Saving Mother by Cutting a Mountain" and "Burning Thirteen Villages", are all moving legends with strong fantasy. "Dedicating the Head" explains the origin of place names by mistake Bao Mian, but it is different from novels and operas. It is quite thought-provoking to say that Master Bao did not observe the truth for a while and killed the nephew of an honest and honest official.
Customs and legends are legends that people tell about customs and customs such as food, clothing, housing, weddings, funerals, festivals and religious beliefs in the form of oral plots. Guanzhong customs and legends are extremely rich, and their historical characteristics are also outstanding. Sima Qian, the author of Historical Records, was born in Hancheng, and now there is Sima Temple. The local people revere Sima Qian as "Shi Sheng", and there are many legends about his hardships and persecution in writing Historical Records, which caused his descendants to change their surnames to Feng and Tong to escape the disaster of genocide, and the local people also left a special custom of "Runtai Opera". "Hancheng Runway Opera" is a record of people's oral tradition. Others, such as Running on a Dry Boat, commemorate Dayu's flood control, The Legend of the Door-sticking God deifies Wei Zhi, a famous figure in the Tang Dynasty, and Taigong is a legend of the gods.
There are few fantasy stories in Guanzhong, but there are many life stories, which are wide in content, diverse in forms and most realistic. They include the stories of long-term landlords, love and marriage, stepmother, filial piety to the elderly, making friends, production experience and so on. The stories of witty characters also have prominent characteristics in Guanzhong. Since the pre-Qin philosophers, the folk fables and jokes of the Han nationality have entered a large number of historical classics and note novels, but there are still a large number of folk jokes in Guanzhong, and new jokes are still being produced.
Guanzhong people artistically completed the casting of all kinds of folk stories with their high imagination, rich social life, strong struggle thoughts, special regional style, astute wisdom and creative spirit.
Folk arts and crafts in Guanzhong
Among the folk cultural events, folk arts and crafts are an important category with the greatest development potential and easy industrialization. It also occupies a very important position in international cultural exchanges. There are many kinds of folk arts and crafts in Guanzhong, with outstanding regional characteristics. Generally speaking, there are three central points. Xifu is the hometown of folk arts and crafts. Woodblock New Year pictures, clay paintings, colored sculptures, knitting embroidery, paper-cutting with window grilles, and social fire masks all have historical inheritance and representativeness. Dongfu is the hometown of noodles and horses. Flour is steamed bread. Tiger culture flowers in Huaxian County, temple fair flowers in Dali, festival flowers in Heyang and sacrificial flowers in Chengcheng enjoy high reputation both inside and outside the province. As for this horse-tied pile, it is an outdoor accessory decoration of residential buildings in history, which is found all over the province, but Dongfu is the most famous. It is mainly distributed in Chengcheng, Pucheng, Hancheng, Dali, Heyang and Fuping counties north of Weihe River. Its practical value lies in the pile body and its artistic value lies in the pile head. The pile head is carved with animals, figures and plants. The most common is squatting lion, and its outstanding feature is "stability". It makes the majesty of the lion attract without hair, and the "movement" condenses into "purity", which has folk culture connotation. "Stability" makes the horse-tied pile have a sense of stability, standing there, "town" living in the courtyard, "tied" living in wealth, and "stability" also greatly enhances the decoration, which has the stylized characteristics formed by folk craftsmen in the inheritance of art from generation to generation. This horse-tied pile, which is rich in artistic content, suddenly attracted people's attention in the 1980s and 1990s, and set off a wave of horse-tied pile fever. The area was collecting, the province was collecting, and even scrambling to collect. At one time, many horse-tied piles were placed in the courtyards of Weinan area mass art museum and provincial mass art museum. But few people have conducted in-depth research. The third center is Huxian peasant painting, which has become a main window for China peasant art to go global. In addition, the clay sculptures and root carvings of contemporary intellectuals, the shadow play with a long history and the jade carvings in Lantian are also the main wealth of Guanzhong folk arts and crafts.