From the point of view of the motives of the men who abducted women during the Republic of China period, except for a very small number of abductors who were well-intentioned and wished to help women out of their misery or men and women who intended to run away because of their adulterous relationships, most of them were aimed at making money for the purpose of making profit, and that is precisely why Yen Ching-yiu categorized these two kinds of crimes as "economic crimes". For the women who were seduced, most of them were "sold as prostitutes, maidservants, or sold into the opera troupe to learn opera, and some of them were married off and sold to other people as wives and concubines." One such case was recorded in the Peking Gazette:

Many of the trafficked women were sold to the Northeast. Yan Jingyao discusses this in detail: "Most of these abducted women were sent to the Northeast to work as prostitutes. That's because there is a vast market in the northeast, thousands of people from Shandong, Henan, Hebei and other places, most of them are men and unmarried bachelors. Therefore, the demand for women is high, the cost of marrying a wife is also high, these foreigners have to take the most cost-effective way to give vent to their sexual desires in a primitive way. Because the need for women is high, therefore the abductors all think that they can get more benefits by going to the Northeast to do this kind of thing."

In 1933, the Shandong Provincial Government also issued a special order:

It can be seen that, at that time, Shandong Laiwu area of the phenomenon of selling good for prostitution has been more serious.

The Women's Review has an article about this, an excerpt from which reads:

The news, roughly:

Thirteen-year-old Su Xiaosanzi was lured to a brothel by her family because of the family's poor financial situation, hoping to "escort her to prostitution". Luckily, she eventually got out of the fire. However, what is interesting in this passage is the sentence, "This kind of news is always unnoticed, because everyone thinks that this kind of thing is common in Shanghai". This shows, firstly, that abductions of women were indeed very common at that time; and secondly, that so many women were sold into brothels after being abducted that even young girls as young as thirteen years old were not a surprise to the masses.

In addition to the most common being sold as prostitutes, there were also many women who were sold as maidservants, concubines, and so on. And there was no shortage of socialites and politicians who bought maidservants through this means. The magazine Hai Tao once recorded the story of General Sun Yuanliang's purchase of maidservants, in which he sent his men to Suzhou and Wuxi to buy maidservants for him in addition to his regular wives. Although the gossip tabloid story is not known to be true, but the phenomenon of celebrities buying maidservants must have existed.

And sold as a concubine was also common at the time, the Women's Review magazine had a small article:

For these abducted women, out of the original environment and not as they expected to get out of the sea of misery, but into a deeper tragedy. In 1913, several married women were abducted and raped in Xujiahui, a case that caused a great deal of public outcry at the time. Also in 1913, Zheng Hai and his mother, Zheng Hanyi, killed Li Jun'er, who was abducted and hidden by the two of them, and then killed for fear of being exposed.

As we can see from the above, the fate of the abducted women, regardless of whether or not they had the subjective will to change their lives, was mostly tragic. Of course, there are a few women who managed to get out of their misery, such as two 15-year-old girls in Hefei, who were abducted by flower thieves on their way to school, but got out of trouble by their own wits in Nanjing. But because of the importance of female virginity and male dominance at that time, even if the abductors would indeed be severely punished, the victimized women would find it difficult to behave. And as far as I can see, most of the time, women fall into the trap of wolves and tigers.

"The Book of the Later Han Dynasty" has a record of the Han Dynasty, trafficking in women, a man called Huang Chang, young as a minor official, his wife back to his mother's home to save her family, the road was robbed by bandits, sold to the Sichuan Province into someone else's wife, and many years later, have children, Huang Chang official road, rose to the governor of Shu County. Once her son broke the law, as the mother to take the blame, the governor Huang Chang and this woman exchanges, think she does not have a Sichuan accent, fear of fraud, the woman immediately replied that I was originally from Huiji Yuyao, Huang Chang's wife, because of the provincial relatives were robbed and sold here, Huang Chang was shocked, and busy asking, how do you recognize Huang Chang, she said, Huang Chang left foot heart has a black mole, and often say that they will be able to become a great official in the future of the 2,000 stone, so Huang Chang stretched out his left foot, the two embraced and wept. left foot, the two embraced each other and cried.

In ancient times, the purpose of abducting women was generally to sell them as wives, sell them as slaves, sell them to greenhouses, and sell them for other purposes, and other purposes here are a bit creepy, such as consumption, burial, alchemy, and rituals, etc. The methods of abduction and sale were roughly abduction, abduction, drugs, violence, etc.; the abducted areas were concentrated in economically underdeveloped areas, especially poor and disaster-stricken areas, especially in Sichuan and Guizhou. Rampant abduction and trafficking, in some years of famine, and even large swaths of population snatching behavior, violent snatching, killing husband and wife, killing parents and children, etc., abducted, the first to beat, detention, forced to wipe out and other means to be controlled, the means of the tragic and horrific, outrageous.

Abducting and trafficking criminals, known as "traffickers", through the ages, the law has its harsh punishment, caught are a death, just different death, the Han Dynasty's "Two Years of Law" records, traffickers directly punished with limbs, the meaning of the dismantling of the eight pieces, the "Tang Law" is the death penalty by hanging, the "Law of the Ming Dynasty" is hanged, and the family banishment. There is a distinction to be made, although trafficking was strictly prohibited in ancient times, but it was allowed to buy and sell human beings, and it was allowed to buy and sell human beings voluntarily, and there was also the seal of the government, which was called "and sell", and the law combated the use of all kinds of methods of "plundering and selling".

The Northern Song Dynasty had solved a major case of human trafficking, Song Zhenzong years, the Guangdong point of criminal Zhou Zhan, in the inspection of the population from Hunan and Ezhou south to Lingnan, found that many people source and records do not match, after multiple investigations, solved a major case of inter-provincial raiding and selling of the good people, in the meantime, there has been a large number of people sold, and finally rescued men and women of more than 2,600 people, a sensation. Tell a scene of the Republic of China, Lu Yu junction of the market, there will often be young women, wearing only pants and undershirts, hanging on the body of the sign, written on the top of the number of different, they or squatting or huddled, face only fear and humiliation, beside the side of the strong men with whips and sticks, by the way, these women are the price of goods, traffickers in the side of the loud yell, the yellow girl, come and buy back! The traffickers are yelling, "You're a virgin, come and buy a wife, it's cheap and good. Immediately gathered around the crowd, there are pointing, there are evil expression, more like a wolf like tiger eyes staring, seems to be to start a big fight.

One: the most tragic is trafficked abroad

Since Britain opened the door to China, China has long been in the Western powers in the situation of division, they continue to seek benefits in China, which "hog flower" is the product of the period, has continued to the Republic of China, hog flower refers to the trafficked women, the original In the beginning, the powers were simply selling piglets, i.e. men, so that these cheap laborers could serve their own countries.

However, these piglets were trafficked outside the country, and often could not tolerate this inhuman treatment, so they have to escape, the powers in order to keep them, they thought of a way to sell Chinese women to the past, and piglets together, originally just let them live together, for their countries to provide free labor.

By the time of the Republic of China, I did not expect this practice to let the capitalists outside the country to see another profiteering, that is, these women are trafficked outside the country to serve as prostitutes, and for a time the delicate and lovely Chinese women outside the country to be sought after, these trafficked outside the country of the women, their end can be imagined, in the face of the foreigners' abuse, and want to kill themselves have no chance.

In the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, it is said that the British in Guangzhou to buy a large number of women, a woman 40 yangyang, many people in China as a means of livelihood, became their minions, providing them with more women.

And the British re-trafficked to the Americas can get 1,000 pieces of ocean, it is said that at that time in the Americas of Chinese women up to thousands of people, 95% of the women finally fell into the greenhouse girl, suffered a lot of abuse and torture, and finally killed themselves.

This is perhaps the worst thing that happened to women after they were trafficked.

This is perhaps the worst thing that happened to women after they were trafficked.

Secondly, they were trafficked to factories to do hard labor

During the Republican period, many factories needed labor, and at this time, trafficking had become a trend, and they called the trafficking of boys "carrying stones", and the trafficking of girls "picking mulberry leaves".

Mainly from the countryside to deceive these women, said to the big city what can be obtained through their own efforts, but also to enjoy the blessings, and finally most of them were trafficked to the factory, the factory to the traffickers Ocean, if it is a little bit of women will be trafficked to the green house, so that these foot-wrapped women for those of the upper class to dance those so-called small feet dance, jumping is not good enough to be whipped, many traffickers thus gained huge profits. Many traffickers made huge profits.

And these women can only work constantly, and if they are a little slow, they will be beaten.

In addition to the above points, these women are also trafficked to some remote areas, to be someone else's wife, can not go out all day, escape and can not escape, good luck naturally became a rich man's concubine, bad luck was trafficked to the poor, but also suffered beatings, abuse, these women can only live their lives tied up by the rope of the wife, into their lust, tools, reproduction of offspring. The women can only live their whole lives as wives tied up by ropes and become their tools of lust and reproduction.

No matter which dynasty, the abducted women rarely have a good end. Some were abducted to the mountains and forests to be used as daughters-in-law, while others were abducted to become prostitutes in brothels.

In the Republic of China that particular period, the warlords and warlords plus social unrest, then the population is simply a living ocean. Traffickers used all means to abduct and sell children, women, and young adults in order to make huge profits.

Children and women in those days had no human rights, and when there was a disaster, they became commodities. The women who were abducted and sold became slaves and servants in the homes of their families, while those who were abducted and sold became prostitutes in brothels, and those who were abducted and sold could not even be guaranteed a life. However, the government of the Republic of China (ROC) was weak and had neither the will nor the power to crack down on this crime. It was not until the founding of New China that human trafficking was criminalized!

Note: Images are from the internet.

A kind of blackmail their families for money, and get it also let the women back. Women can remarry. But if the next night, remarried also has a bad reputation. But it is still possible to get married.

A kind of women are sold, usually as prostitutes, but also as child brides or wives to carry on the family line.

Do prostitutes that basically nothing out of the day, sell yourself not when, or stay in the brothel to serve other young prostitutes, or beggars on the street. The most important thing is that you can't wait until the day you die.

Do child brides young, can not remember things, often in the husband's family is a reproductive machine and all kinds of work. If you meet the generous family, and then a son, the son a bit of success, may be the end of life. Most of them were tortured by heavy physical labor or the aftermath of young childbirth, or domestic violence, died early.

Those who have passed on the family name are even more pitiful, giving birth to a child and she has nothing to do with it, mixing well is a role of a milkmaid. More is also a few resale, more miserable.

One is sold to engage in heavy manual labor. The first is the one that is not a good idea, and the second is the one that is not a good idea.

In any era, the trafficked will not have a good end!

And most of the abducted women were sold abroad. The sellers purposely don't sell locally, firstly because the women know the local area and can easily escape. The second reason is that if they do so, the sale is easily detected and the government can easily solve the case. If the women were sold abroad, even if the government found out that local women had been abducted, it would be difficult for it to intervene and solve the case abroad. The administrative efficiency at that time was extremely low, and it was almost impossible for the police of the two places to cooperate effectively in such cases.

There were even traders who would sell the abducted women exclusively to territories controlled by other warlords, which made it even more difficult to solve these cases. This is a key reason for the popularity of the industry, which has been a problem for even aspiring politicians. And even if the displaced women survived the chaos, they were lonely and hard-pressed, with no family to turn to.

At the time, many cities had a large number of prostitutes, most of whom were trafficked from abroad and were important buyers for traffickers. These sold women lost their personal freedom when they entered the brothels and were forced to serve the men. Most of the money they earned did not go to themselves, but to the brothels, and they were among the most exploited groups in society at that time. Most of the women who were trafficked into brothels eventually died of diseases, because there was no hygiene at that time.

There were also those who were bought as wives, often men who were not good at getting wives in the mountains and villages. They came to the black market to buy women for the task of reproduction. After the women are sold into the countryside, they basically have to live with the buyer for the rest of their lives, and it is very difficult to escape from the village and see their families again. If they don't listen, they may even be lynched by the village people, which can be said to be quite cruel.

With a bit of luck, they will be sold as concubines to the rich and powerful. But the premise is that they are quite beautiful, so the traffickers will be recommended to the upper class to choose. However, if you enter this kind of family, the status will not be too high, after all, the status is only a lowly concubine. But it's better than those women who have fallen into the world, at least the food and clothing are not worried. But obviously this can not be called what good end, is still in the position of being exploited without limitations.

Until the establishment of the new China, the problem of trafficking in women was gradually solved. A large number of abducted women were repatriated to their hometowns, and some of the women who had been abducted to brothels were reintegrated into legitimate careers with the help of the government. The social landscape at this time was much better than that of the Republican era.

The piglets and flowers of the Kingdom of Flowers.

Population trade is a product of slave society, along with industrial civilization shaped the rule of law and social spirit, natural human rights and social contract became the standard of the Western powers, but the world development is not sufficiently balanced, so the underdeveloped areas have become extrajudicial, in semi-colonial and semi-feudal China is also the case, which is a typical representative of the Shanghai Bund, China and the foreigners live together to produce a fish and dragons mixed with the pearl. The story of the three tycoons of the Shanghai Bund is well known to women and children, and the three most important items of their business are brothels and casinos and opium, in which the source of prostitutes in the brothels, in addition to some of the poorer families take the initiative to sell their daughters, in order to save costs are more from human trafficking.

The Age of Sail has turned the traditional inland trading cities into ghost towns, and the ghost town effect has made many business families break into poverty, and the poor have come together to form a slum, with the Huangpu River forming the boundary of the Shanghai Bund and half of the paradise of the general hell. Americans for the western development of the western railroad planning, railroad full more than 10,000 miles need a lot of labor, because the United States mainland has banned the slave trade, the United States of America's Chinese buyers to find another way to the inland to sell piglets and hogwash, hogwash was shunted to the South Seas of the plantations or the Americas railroad site, hogwash is reduced to piglets of the lust tool, for the West is the East of desire, once the Kingdom of Heaven has fallen to the The country of sin, no more silk and porcelain and spice story only a hundred years of solitude of the red and black.

So, what measures did the Republican government take against human trafficking, and what results did it achieve? Did the poor and weak country really lose a thousand years of etiquette and civilization overnight?

Article 257 of the 1928 Criminal Law of the Republic of China states: "Anyone who induces or slightly lures a man or woman under 20 years of age away from the person entitled to parental authority, a guardian, or a sponsor shall be punished by imprisonment for a term of not less than six months and not more than five years. Anyone who commits the crime of the preceding paragraph with the intent to make a profit or to cause the person induced to commit an indecent act or adultery shall be sentenced to imprisonment of not less than one year and not more than seven years, and may be fined not more than 1,000 yuan. A person who removes the seduced person from the territory of the Republic of China shall be sentenced to imprisonment for not less than seven years."

In 1935, the newly revised Criminal Law of the Republic of China increased the penalties for the crime of "slight inducement". Article 241 of the law states, "Anyone who slightly induces a man or woman under 20 years of age to leave his or her family or other person having custody of him or her shall be sentenced to imprisonment for not less than one year and not more than seven years. Anyone who commits the preceding offense with the intent to make a profit or with the intent to cause the person induced to commit an indecent act or adultery shall be sentenced to imprisonment for not less than 3 years and not more than 10 years, and may be fined not more than 1,000 yuan."

Article 242 states, "A person who transfers a person induced by the preceding two articles outside the territory of the Republic of China shall be sentenced to life imprisonment or to imprisonment for more than seven years." It can be seen that at that time, the maximum penalty for the crime of child abduction and trafficking was only life imprisonment, and as long as the victim was not transported out of the country, the maximum penalty faced by traffickers was only 10 years of imprisonment and a fine of 1,000 yuan.

For the Republic of China criminal law is too light punishment, *** with the initiation of the establishment of the China Relief Women and Children's Association of Xu Qianlin expressed strong indignation: "The abduction cases are so many cover also has a reason, the law and custom both have a great influence on the existence of its between. If the state for abductors to behead people's children away from people's flesh and blood is more brutal than robbers, once detected and interrogated that is to be treated with capital punishment, kill a dozen will be chilled bandits." It is evident that the idea of the death penalty for human traffickers was not the first of its kind. Civil society organizations are important "anti-trafficking" force in the Republic of China In addition to the government, civil society organizations are also important "anti-trafficking" force in the Republic of China.

Big Society, Small Government

In 1931, the China Salesian Association issued a notice encouraging the public to help "fight abduction": "This flood is a catastrophe of vast proportions, and tens of thousands of victims have come to Shanghai to take refuge with their children, and ignorant profit-makers have taken advantage of the opportunity to buy the children of the refugees, and have sold them into slavery, concubinage, and prostitution, as is often heard. With the aim of safeguarding children's rights and seeking children's happiness, the Association, fearing that children who are victims of disasters may be abducted and sold by criminals and sent to hell, has publicized the situation widely so that sympathetic people may report the situation to facilitate investigations, and has also conducted close inspections at the ferry terminals and railway stations, so that those who are suspicious will be questioned strictly, and will be sent to the court if there is any evidence to prove their guilt. According to the report, the Association has already cooperated with the detectives and arrested a number of abductors and sent them to the court for thorough investigation. I hope that sympathetic people, in the event of trafficking in children, come quickly to the Museum Road, No. 20, the Association reported, the Association will be able to thoroughly investigate, if necessary, and when the report for the person to maintain strict confidentiality of the cloud. In addition, the "people report" is also a way to save the abducted children.

In 1937, Style Monthly reported that 12-year-old Yu Mingrui was abducted by a relative and sold to Hushan Village in Dihai District, and then taken to another place to sell. Fortunately, the abduction on the way was found by the townspeople, timely report to the captain, the traffickers were arrested, the child was saved. The time spent before and after was only a few days, and the money was only 18 yuan. Nevertheless, there are still a large number of trafficked children who have not been rescued. The first is a miracle, and the second is a miracle.

In 1947, a newsletter published in Shanghai West reported a strange story. The daughter of a farmer in Longhua Township, a suburb of Shanghai, was lost three years ago. After the girl was abducted, she was beaten by the traffickers, glued to the skin of a dog, and made into a "dog demon" with a height of less than 3 feet and a human head and body. In order to prevent the girl from calling for help, the traffickers also cut off her tongue, so that she could not speak. Three years later, bought the girl's jianghu artists to bring her to Longhua Town performance. One day, the girl's biological father happened to come to see the "dog demon" performance, the girl immediately tears like rain. The farmer was suspicious, and brought his wife the next day. The girl tearfully wrote down her parents' names and her own name on the ground before she was able to recognize her parents. The girl was later rescued, but the physical and mental trauma she suffered is still immensely painful. The tragic experience of the girl in this case is a reflection of many abducted children. Unfortunate as she suffered the killing and maiming, I do not know how many, but fortunate as she can get out of the clutches, but I am afraid that only in a few. The first time I've seen this, I've had a chance to see it in action.

The trafficking of children harms not only millions of children and their families, but also society as a whole. The rescue of these abducted children is not something that can be accomplished by the families of the abducted children alone. The State should invest resources and enhance its capacity at both the legislative and law enforcement levels, while social organizations and social forces should also be mobilized and encouraged. It is only when the two sides work in tandem that we can realize a world free of abduction. That era of poverty and weakness is not an excuse; the rule of law and deepening moral beliefs are the solutions to the problem, and we need all people to participate in defending human dignity and the bottom line.

The abducted women in the Republic of China had a very sad ending, and it can be said that the lowest status of women in Chinese history, and the most miserable fate of the period was the Republic of China.

At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Civil War, the entire Chinese land was in chaos, warlords all over the world, and many places even appeared in the situation of the bandits are more powerful than the government, there are many reasons for this chaos, the most important point is that at that time, China not only suffered from the power vacuum after the collapse of the Qing government, but also due to the imperialism of the large-scale carve up of China, the whole of China's society, people do not have a good life.

In any era of turmoil, women are the ones who suffer the most, and the Republican era was no exception.

The fate of women in the Republican era was miserable, and the number of abducted women was quite alarming. The tragic fate of these women had three endings:

Sold into prostitution

It can be said that 80% of the abducted women were sold into brothels as prostitutes, and this was the most direct way of realizing the abduction and trafficking of women at that time. Because of the social unrest, the lack of governmental authority, and the extreme instability of the society, women were often abducted in different places, and most of them were sold into brothels.

The fate of the women who were sold into brothels was miserable. Not only did they lose their personal freedom, but they were also forced to sell their bodies to earn money for the brothel pimps, and they could only earn very little income.

The women who were sold into brothels from the beginning of the dead or alive, to later let nature take its course, they eventually became numb, and even accepted their own destiny, the reason is also because of that era is too poor, even if the escape home may be starved to death, it is better to mix in the brothel to make ends meet, but also earn a few dollars.

This mentality also created a lot of women who were sold into brothels completely gave up their destiny, and when they were old, they were ruthlessly swept away by the brothels, and completely reduced to the dust of society.

In the Republic of China, it was fashionable for large families to have concubines, and those who had a little money hoped to have a couple of aunts, but it was expensive to marry a couple of aunts, and it was better to buy a woman directly.

So, there is this kind of abduction of women to the big family as a concubine of the industry chain, in this industry chain, the abducted women is to become a commodity that can be traded at will, many of them were sold into the big family as a concubine, in fact, the fate of the worse than the prostitute.

The status of sold concubines is quite low, they do not have the background of their mother's family to support, after entering the man's home, not only by the man's arbitrary abuse, and even in front of the man's family and children can not raise their heads. These women often have to do very heavy work during the day and serve the man at night, and if the man dies early, she is also driven out of the house and falls into the dust.

Sold to foreign countries

The biggest difference between the abduction of women in the Republican period and other dynasties is that many women were sold to foreign countries. This is the most tragic ending for women in modern Chinese history. Even if these women were sold into brothels or sold as concubines, at least they had not left their own country and national environment.

As the door to the country was forced open by imperialism in the late Qing Dynasty, a lot of trade in human beings poured into China, and a lot of Chinese women were sold to the United States, Europe, and Southeast Asia.

The Chinese women who were sold to other countries were actually used as heavy laborers, and they were tortured to death in the United States and Southeast Asia.

There were lucky ones and unlucky ones, with different fates. Guo Lanying later became a singer, he counted himself lucky.