1. The main factors affecting the stability of emulsion are: ① the properties of emulsifier; ② The dosage of emulsifier should be controlled in 0.5% ~10%; ③ The concentration of dispersed phase should be about 50%; ④ viscosity of dispersion medium; ⑤ Temperature during emulsification and storage. Generally speaking, the suitable emulsification temperature is 50 ~ 70℃. ⑥ preparation method and emulsifying device; ⑦ Microbial pollution, etc.
2. Instability of emulsion
(1) delamination: refers to the phenomenon that emulsion droplets gradually gather in the upper or lower layers during storage.
(2) Flocculation: refers to the aggregation of milk droplets but still maintaining the complete dispersion of each milk droplet without merging.
(3) Phase inversion: refers to the transformation of O/W emulsion into W/O emulsion or vice versa, which is called phase inversion (also called inversion).
(4) Rupture: refers to the phenomenon that the dispersed phase is emulsified and two immiscible liquids are separated from the continuous phase.
(5) rancidity: refers to the phenomenon that the emulsion deteriorates due to external factors (light, heat, air, etc.). ) and microorganisms.
☆☆ Test center 32: The meaning, characteristics and classification of extraction preparations.
1. Meaning: refers to an oral or external preparation made by extracting the effective parts of medicinal materials with appropriate solvents and methods.
2. Features: ① The comprehensive curative effect of compound ingredients meets the needs of TCM syndrome differentiation and treatment; (2) the drug effect is mild and lasting, and the side effect is small; (3) small dosage and convenient use; ④ Some extraction preparations have poor stability.
3. Classification: ① Extraction preparations with water as solvent, such as decoction, mixture, syrup, decoction paste, etc. ② Extraction preparations with different concentrations of ethanol or wine as solvent, such as medicinal liquor, tincture, most fluid extracts and extractives.
☆ Test site 33: Classification and preparation methods of syrup
1. Classification of syrup
(1) Flavor syrup: ① A single syrup is a saturated aqueous solution of sucrose with a concentration of 85%(g/m 1) or 64.74%(g/g). 2 aromatic syrups, such as orange peel syrup and ginger syrup, are often used to correct flavor.
(2) Medicinal syrup: refers to concentrated sucrose aqueous solution containing drugs and medicinal extracts, which can play a corresponding therapeutic role, such as Chuanbei loquat syrup, Yangyin Qingfei syrup, etc.
2. Preparation methods of syrup: generally divided into three types: hot melting method, cold melting method and mixing method.
☆☆☆☆ Test site 34: The meaning, characteristics and preparation method of decoction.
1. Meaning: refers to a semi-fluid preparation made by decocting medicinal materials in water, removing residues and concentrating, and adding refined honey or refined sugar, commonly known as ointment.
2. Features: It mainly has nourishing effect and mild therapeutic effect. It has the advantages of small volume, easy storage and convenient administration. However, it is not suitable to make medicinal materials that are easy to deteriorate and volatile in main active components when heated.
3. Preparation method
(1) decocting.
(2) concentration.
(3) Sugar refining (honey refining): The purpose is to remove impurities, kill microorganisms, reduce moisture, and prevent "sand returning" (the phenomenon that sugar crystals are precipitated after the soup paste is stored for a certain period of time).
(4) Paste collection: Unless otherwise specified, the amount of sugar and honey is generally 1 ~ 3 times the amount of clear paste, and its relative density is generally controlled at around 1.40.
(5) Packaging and storage: It should be stored in a cool and dry place.
☆☆ Test center 35: The meaning and characteristics of fluid extract and extract.
Fluid extract refers to a preparation that extracts the effective components of medicinal materials with a suitable solvent, evaporates part of the solvent, and adjusts the concentration to 65438 0 g of the original medicinal materials per 65438 0 ml. An extract refers to a preparation in which the effective components of medicinal materials are extracted with an appropriate solvent and the concentration is adjusted to 2-5g per 1g of the original medicinal materials.
According to the degree of drying, the extract can be divided into thick paste and dry paste. The thick paste is semi-solid with water content of 15% ~ 20%. The dry extract is powder with water content of about 5%. The extract is usually used as an intermediate for preparing granules, tablets, capsules, pills, ointments, suppositories and the like. Only a few varieties such as belladonna extract and rhubarb extract are directly used in clinic.
☆☆ Test site 36: The meaning, characteristics and classification of adhesives.
1. Meaning: Glue refers to a solid block oral preparation made of animal skin, bones, nails, horns, etc. Decoct in water to obtain gel, concentrate into soft extract, and drying.
2. Features: Glue is mostly used for oral administration. Its main functions are: nourishing blood with leather glue, warming yang with keratin glue, nourishing yin with nail glue, promoting blood circulation and expelling wind. Due to the source of raw materials and preparation technology, only a few manufacturers produce adhesives at present.
3. Classification (by source of raw materials)
(1) Leather gelatin: animal skins are used as raw materials, such as donkey skins and pig skins, and new donkey skins and yellow gelatin are used as raw materials.
(2) Bone glue: animal bones are used as raw materials, such as dog bone glue and deer bone glue.
(3) Nail glue: animal shells are used as raw materials, such as tortoise plastron and tortoise plastron.
(4) Keratin: Take ossified horns of animals as raw materials, such as antler glue.
☆☆☆☆☆ Test Center 37: Selection and Treatment of Raw Materials
1. Selection of raw materials: donkey skin is the raw material for cooking Ejiao, and Zhang Damao black, thick texture and disease-free are the best. Bones are new products. Bones are strong and solid in texture, which can supplement yellow. Grade A is better, if the board is large, thick and brightly colored, and it is not boiled in water. Corners with heavy, hard, shiny and pink corners are better.
2. Treatment of raw materials
(1) Leather: cut the leather into small squares of about 20cm2, put it into a drum-type leather washing machine, add water for rotary washing, and rinse with clear water to remove sediment. Then put it into a steaming ball, add about 2% of sodium carbonate and about 3 times of water, heat it until the skin shrinks and rolls up, and rinse it with water until it is neutral, so as to remove impurities such as fat, reduce the content of volatile alkaline substances and eliminate odor.
(2) Bone keratin: soak in clear water, change water every day to remove carrion fascia, rinse with alkaline water to remove grease, and then rinse with clear water repeatedly.
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1. Meaning: powder refers to a powdered dosage form made of one or more drugs by crushing and mixing.
2. Features: the powder has large surface area, easy dispersion and quick effect; Simple preparation, and is suitable for hospital preparation; It has a certain mechanical protection effect on the sore surface; Widely used in stomatology, otolaryngology, trauma and surgery, and also suitable for children. However, due to the large surface area of powder, it is easy to absorb moisture and deteriorate, and the irritation increases accordingly. Therefore, the prescription with large dosage, easy moisture absorption, strong irritation and corrosiveness, and more volatile components should not be made into powder.
classify
(1) According to medical use and route of administration, it can be divided into two categories: oral powder and external powder. Powder for external use can be divided into: spreading powder on the surface of skin and mucosal trauma; When in use, it is made into a thick paste with wine or vinegar and applied to the affected part or the acupoints at the foot center. Ophthalmic powder directly used for eyes; Blowing powder for nasal cavity and throat. In addition, there are bags wrapped in cloth bags, such as children's sachets hanging on the chest and vitality bags tied to the navel surface.
(2) According to the composition of drugs: single-flavor powder made of single-flavor drugs, commonly known as "powder", such as Fritillaria powder; Compound powder made of more than two kinds of drugs. According to drug properties, it can be divided into toxic drug powder, liquid dispersant and low melting point dispersant. According to the dose, it can be divided into: single dose divided dose powder taken by patients according to the package, and non-divided dose powder used by patients according to the doctor's advice.
☆☆ Test center 39: General powder preparation
1. crushing and sieving: according to the characteristics of the drug itself and the requirements of clinical use, adopt appropriate methods to crush and sieve to obtain fine powder for later use.
2. Mixing: The method includes grinding, stirring and sieving. Two drugs with similar physical state and powder thickness and the same dosage are easy to mix. However, when the proportion of drugs varies greatly, the equal increase method, which is usually called the ratio study method, should be adopted. That is to say, firstly, the components with a small amount are evenly mixed with the components with a large volume, and then the components with a large volume equal to the volume of the mixture are added and evenly mixed, so that the amount is continuously increased until the components with a large volume are added and evenly mixed.
3. batching: refers to the operation of dividing evenly mixed powder into equal parts by weight according to the required dosage.
4. Packaging: Commonly used packaging materials include glossy paper, cellophane, waxed paper, glass bottles, plastic bottles, aluminum-plastic bags, polyethylene plastic film bags, etc. Store it in a cool and dry place, keep it by category and check it regularly.
☆☆☆ Test center 40: Preparation of special powder
1. powder containing toxic drugs: the dosage of toxic drugs is small, and it is not accurate to weigh, which is easy to cause poisoning. In order to ensure the accurate content of toxic drugs in compound powder, it is usually pulverized separately and then mixed with other powders, such as nux vomica powder and ephedra powder, and the rest powders are mixed evenly by increasing the amount. Chemical toxic drugs should be made into diluted powder (powder) by adding a certain proportion of diluent. If the dose is 0. O 1g ~ 0. 1g can be used to prepare 1: 10 times powder (take 1 drug and add 9 diluents); If the dosage is below 0.0 1g, it will be made into 1: 100 or L: 1000 times powder. When preparing Beisan, dilute and mix with equal increment method. Commonly used diluents are lactose, starch, dextrin, sucrose, glucose, calcium sulfate and so on. In order to ensure the uniformity and easy distinction of powder, carmine, indigo and other food pigments are generally used for coloring, and the color gradually becomes lighter with the increase of dilution multiple. For example, the preparation of atropine sulfate powder: firstly, the surface energy of mortar is saturated with lactose, then atropine sulfate 1.0g and carmine lactose 1.0g are added, evenly ground, and 98g of lactose is gradually added according to the equal volume increasing method, evenly mixed, and sieved to obtain 100 times powder.
2. Powder with low melting point: When two or more drugs are mixed, sometimes wetting or liquefaction occurs, which is called low melting point. * * * Melting phenomenon is related to the type and proportion of drugs used.
3. Powder containing liquid medicine: Compound powder sometimes contains volatile oil, tincture, fluid extract, decoction and other liquid components. Different treatment methods should be adopted according to the nature and dosage of liquid medicine and the dosage of other solid powders in the prescription.