After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the revolutionaries represented by Sun Yat-sen stepped onto the historical stage.
/kloc-At the end of 0/9, He Ziyuan and Qiu, the founders of modern education in China and veterans of the Revolution of 1911, successfully established a new school despite the interference of stubborn conservative forces. Subsequently, under the pressure of the situation, the Qing government carried out a series of reforms in education. At the end of 1905, a new academic system was promulgated, the imperial examination system was abolished, and new schools were popularized throughout the country. Western learning has gradually become the main form of school education. The fundamental change of education mode shook the imperial power foundation of Qing dynasty ideologically, and a large number of social elites and hot-blooded young people with progressive and innovative ideas accumulated great energy for the subsequent surging revolution.
Since the 20th century, revolution has become an irresistible historical trend. Revolutionaries constantly use the Socialist Party and the New Army to launch armed uprisings. From 1906 to 12, the League promoted and led the large-scale Pingyi Uprising, Chaozhou Huanggang Uprising, Huizhou Qinnv Lake Uprising, Fangcheng Uprising, Zhennanguan Uprising, Qinlian Shangsi Uprising and Hekou Uprising. In June 1908+0 1, the Guangfu Association also launched the Mafaoying Uprising of Anqing New Army. Due to insufficient preparation and the disparity between the enemy and ourselves, these uprisings all failed. 19 10 In February, Ni Yingdian, a member of the League, led a 3000-member uprising of the Guangzhou New Army and was defeated again. Successive setbacks have made a few revolutionaries lose confidence in the future and turn to the road of assassination.
19101013. Sun Yat-sen called Zhao Sheng, Huang Xing, Hu, Deng Zeru and other important leaders of Hualian in Penang, Malaysia, and decided to gather the elite of Hualian and start an uprising in Guangzhou.
191110 In October, Huang Xing, Zhao Sheng and Hu set up an uprising leading organ in Hong Kong, planned the uprising at Qingshan Farm in Tuen Mun, Hong Kong at that time, and sent people to contact the new army, defense camp, social party and people's army around Guangzhou to respond. At the same time, 38 secret organs were set up in Guangzhou to spy on the enemy, transfer arms and prepare for the uprising.
? On April 8, the General Planning Department convened a meeting, and the meeting agreed that the uprising time was 13 April (March 15, three years), and it was planned that the Tenth Route Army would attack Guangzhou: the first route Zhao Sheng led the troops of Jiang Soviet Area to attack the naval station; The second route, led by Huang Xing, is the attack and supervision department of Nanyang and fujian comrade (Governor Zhang of Guangdong and Guangxi is stationed here); The third route is that Chen Jiongming leads Dongjiang athletes to ban the world; The fourth route is to lead the Zhu Zhixin Shunde team to keep the flag-cutting boundary; On the fifth road, Xu Weiyang led the Beijiang team to attack the Doudufu; On the sixth road, Huang Xiayi led the Dongguan team to patrol the road; The seventh route, led by Mo Jipeng, coordinated with Xu Weiyang and Huang Xiayi. The eighth road was led by Yao Yuping, and the army responded; The ninth road Hongcheng store sent teams to attack and defend in different ways; The tenth route is led by Liu Jiashan.
? As a member of the League, Overseas Chinese in Nanyang, acted alone on April 8, shooting Guangzhou general Fu Qi and arresting Wu Jingyun with explosives, the original uprising was forced to be rescheduled.
? On April 23rd, the uprising organizer set up the uprising headquarters at No.5 Ying Xiaodong, Yuehua Street, near the Governor's Office of Guangdong and Guangxi, with Zhao Sheng as the chief commander (staying in Hong Kong) and Huang Xing as the deputy chief commander. The original ten-way March plan was changed to four-way: Huang Xing led all the way to attack the Governor's Office; Yao Yuping led the army to attack the small north gate; Chen Jiongming led the team to attack the patrol coach; Hu Yisheng led a team to guard the south gate.
At 5: 30 p.m. on April 27th (March 29th, Xuantong three years), Huang Xing led two hundred death squads to attack the governor's yamen of Guangdong and Guangxi, the small north gate, the patrol coach station and the south gate in four ways. Huang Xing first attacked, fired three shots in a row, and led a team to the governor's yamen, determined to capture Zhang, the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi. Unexpectedly, Zhang climbed over the wall and escaped. Due to the large number of troops in the Qing dynasty, the uprising troops could not be satisfied. Although various teams and the Qing army launched fierce street fighting and attacked each other all night, they all failed. Huang Xing got away with it. Because the actual uprising was mainly led by Huang Xing, who was the actual uprising leader. Zhao Sheng and Hu set out with 200 strikers on 29th and arrived outside Guangzhou in the early morning of 30th, but the tide had ebbed and they returned.
Later, Pan Dawei, a member of the League, managed to collect the remains of 72 martyrs and buried them together in Huanghuagang in the east of the city, which was later renamed the tomb of 72 martyrs in Huanghuagang. 1932, 86 people including the martyr Chen Wenhu who died this time were found. Because of habit, people still call it "Huanghuagang Seventy-two Martyrs".
Sun Yat-sen spoke highly of the Battle of Huanghuagang in the preface to the Biography of the Martyrs of Huanghuagang;
"The same suit, game-writing protocol flying, heroic, nervous, changeable, people who have been dormant for a long time are very excited. Resentment, like a raging wave, was unstoppable, and the Wuchang Revolution was achieved in a short time. Then the value of the battle of Sri Lanka can be earth-shattering, crying and dying with the battle of Wuchang Revolution. "
To commemorate the uprising, the solar calendar was designated as Youth Day by the government of the Republic of China after March 29th. In fact, however, the real incident occurred on March 29th of the lunar calendar.
? 19 1 1 On April 27th (March 29th of the lunar calendar), the Allied League led by Dr. Sun Yat-sen failed to overthrow the rule of the Qing Dynasty in Guangzhou, and the martyrs who died in the battle were buried in Huanghuagang. Therefore, this uprising is also called Huanghuagang Uprising. Historically, the uprising was of great significance and accelerated the arrival of the national revolutionary climax.
? This uprising is the tenth of the eleven revolutionary armed struggles led by Dr. Sun Yat-sen. The uprising was originally scheduled to be launched in Guangzhou on April 13 (March 15th of the lunar calendar), with Zhao Sheng and Huang Xing as the commanders and deputy commanders of the revolutionary army. After planning to capture Guangzhou, Huang Xing led the revolutionary army out of Hunan and attacked Hubei. Zhao Sheng led the revolutionary army out of Jiangxi and attacked Nanking. In advance, 500 outstanding revolutionaries were selected as the "vanguard" (that is, the death squads actually increased to 800). During the uprising, the Tenth Route Army attacked the Governor's Office of Guangdong and Guangxi, the Guangdong naval station, the police department, the Ordnance Bureau, the artillery battalion, and the telecommunications bureau. , opened the gate of Guangzhou city, and made full preparations for the new army to enter the city at the small north gate.
? Due to the lack of overseas fund-raising and weapons purchase, and the assassination of Fu Qi, the general of the Qing government in Guangzhou on the eve of the uprising (March 10 of the lunar calendar), the Qing government strengthened martial law prevention and searched for revolutionaries throughout the city, so the uprising was forced to be postponed until April 27. Zhao Sheng and hundreds of "pre-election teams" hiding in counties near Hongkong and Guangzhou were informed of the last date of the uprising only one afternoon before the uprising, so they failed to get to Guangzhou for concentration. Huang Xing changed the original plan of ten-way attack to four-way attack. However, only Huang Xing took part in the uprising led by himself, and the other three leaders, Chen Jiongming, Hu Yisheng and Yao Yuping, all fled under the pretext. As a result, the three roads were leaderless, unable to get weapons and failed to participate in the battle.
1911At 5: 30 pm on April 27th, Huang Xing resolutely led the revolutionary party to select more than 100 people, each with white cloth wrapped around his arm and black rubber shoes on his feet, and set off from the headquarters in Ying Xiaodong, Yuehua Road, all the way to the Governor's Office of Guangdong and Guangxi. In Jiewu Mansion, more than 30 members of the revolutionary party vanguard selection team led by Yu Peilun and Rao attacked the Governor's Office at the same time. After Huang Xing led his team into the Governor's Mansion, he prepared to capture the Governor Zhang of Guangdong and Guangxi alive, forcing him to order the Qing army to fight in Guangdong and Guangxi anyway. However, after hearing the wind, Zhang hid in the platform of the navy, and the revolutionaries set fire to the governor's house and then retreated. Since then, the revolutionary soldiers led by Huang Xing and Yu Peilun have divided into several roads and launched fierce street battles with the enemy. On that day, some new troops and reconnaissance barracks of the Qing government, which were originally prepared to respond to the uprising, were confiscated by the Qing government before the uprising, or did not participate in the uprising because they could not be contacted; Some of them were mistaken because they didn't wrap a white cloth around their arms as a sign during the uprising, which led to the failure of revolutionaries because of the disparity between the enemy and ourselves. However, the revolutionaries fought bravely in the uprising and were not afraid of sacrifice, which dealt a heavy blow to the Qing government.
During the battle and after the defeat, the slaughtered revolutionaries' bodies were bloody and displayed in the streets, which was terrible. Mr. Pan Dawei, a member of the League, ignored the ban of the Qing authorities and took risks to come forward. On May 3rd, as a reporter of People's Daily, he organized more than 100 people (corpse collectors) to collect and bury the scattered and rotting bodies of 72 martyrs here, which made the achievements of heroes from generation to generation shine in history and make them immortal, and inspired the people of China from generation to generation.