Translated, it is the professional qualification certificate of marketing manager assistant issued by American Marketing Association.
The stamp is AMMA, which means it is issued by the American Marketing Association.
What is the origin of UFO? The full name of UFO is UFO, which means UFO in Chinese. In ancient China, UFO was also called Star Tea. UFOs in the air. Internationally known as UFO, commonly known as UFO. There were more than 300 complete witness reports before the 20th century. According to eyewitness reports, UFOs are mostly disc-shaped, spherical and cigar-shaped. Since the late 1940s, the number of UFO sightings has increased dramatically, which has caused a debate in the scientific community. Negative scientists believe that many eyewitness reports are not credible, and UFOs do not exist, but people's illusions or eyewitness misinterpretations of natural phenomena. Affirmers believe that UFOs are a real phenomenon and are being confirmed by more and more facts. By the 1980s, there were about 654.38 million+eyewitness reports all over the world. UFO sightings and sighting reports can be divided into four categories: daytime sightings; Witness the incident at night; Radar imaging; Close contacts and related physical evidence. Some sightings were also filmed. People have made various explanations for UFO, including: ① a natural phenomenon that has not been fully understood; ② Misunderstanding of known objects or phenomena; ③ Psychological phenomena and fraud; (4) The product of advanced extraterrestrial civilization. Many countries in the world study UFOs. There are about 350 monographs and nearly 100 periodicals about UFO. A group of experts from all over the world participated in this work. China has also established a folk academic research group-China UFO Research Association, which is mainly composed of scientific and technological workers. The popular science publication UFO Exploration in China was founded in 198 1. The book "Aerospace" in Encyclopedia of China officially includes the explanation of "UFO". The author is Mr. Sun Shili, the third chairman of the UFO Research Society of China. The full text of the explanation of UFOs in Encyclopedia of China is as follows: UFOs are UFOs in the air. Internationally known as UFO, commonly known as UFO. According to eyewitness reports, its shape is mostly disc-shaped, spherical and cigar-shaped, moving at high speed or slowly in the air. 1947, Kenneth Arnold, a businessman from Idaho, USA, saw nine conventional flying saucers while flying a private jet across the Cascade Mountains in Washington. A few days later, mysterious metal fragments were found in Roswell, New Mexico. Some people think that the historical records about UFOs first appeared in the Bible. According to the Old Testament, the prophet Ezekiel saw the earliest UFO. (Ezekiel in the Old Testament records: "I looked (to the west) and saw a strong wind blowing from the north. There is a large cloud including flashing fire, surrounded by light. Out of its fire, like shining pure gold. We can see the images of four living creatures. " )
What is DBA? Doctor of Business Administration.
1.DBA is the abbreviation of English Doctor in Business Administration, which means doctor of business administration in Chinese.
DBA is a person with academic ability equivalent to graduate students. He passed the course examination and thesis defense of business administration major for doctoral degree and reached the required academic level, and was awarded the doctorate of business administration, which reflected the highest academic level of business administration.
DBA is a comprehensive and systematic management course specially designed for senior managers in industry and commerce. Today's DBA is committed to cultivating senior business management talents with outstanding ability in the fierce international competition. Different from the traditional doctoral education model, DBA education pays attention to the effect of applying theory to practice, and students generally adopt "on-the-job learning" instead of "off-the-job learning". For example, the setting of the degree course of Doctor of Business Administration (DBA) in China Europe International Management Institute fully emphasizes the systematic study and mastery of professional knowledge and enterprise operation and management skills to improve students' business ability and pioneering and innovative ability; Grasp the industry development trend and market prospect of enterprises, and enhance students' macro-analysis and strategic decision-making ability; Enlighten development ideas, optimize management mode, stimulate innovation consciousness and inspiration, and enhance students' comprehensive ability and leadership ability; Comprehensively improve the professional, standardized and international management level and business philosophy of middle and senior managers in enterprises.
Who will go to DBA?
The target of DBA teaching is mostly talents with MBA, EMBA or equivalent master's degree, and at least 5 ~ 6 years of solid work experience is the necessary capital. Because the overall quality of students is relatively high, small class teaching is adopted to strictly ensure the high quality of teaching.
Professor Wu Jianwei, deputy dean of the School of Economics and Management of Tongji University, told the author that students who come to study DBA can be roughly divided into three categories: the first category is university professors and doctoral students, who value the close integration of DBA projects with teaching and scientific research; The second category is business people, who are also the main force in learning DBA. They come from different fields, such as science and technology management, financial analysis, network security, information software, etc., in order to seek specific solutions for enterprises. The third category is consulting professionals, because learning DBA is a good opportunity to know customers and look for opportunities. In addition, in foreign countries, * * * officials, public welfare organizations and charity personnel will also choose DBA.
Relatively speaking, the entry requirements of DBA are not high: students must have a master's degree in MBA or related fields and at least 6 years of work experience, but due to the restriction of enrolling 10 ~ 15 students each semester, the application is much more difficult. It is understood that in 2002, 42 CEOs of famous enterprises at home and abroad formally signed up for the first DBA project. After strict screening, only 10 students were enrolled. Among these students are the general managers of international enterprises, the presidents of listed companies, the bosses of state-owned enterprises and private entrepreneurs, all of whom are senior managers of some domestic enterprises, with a low starting point. The words of a general manager of a company studying DBA course in Gornobel Business School are very representative. "I studied MBA 65,438+00 years ago, and now I really want to go back to school for further study and further improve my theoretical knowledge to guide my work. However, I am 40 years old. In the past, the doctoral program only focused on PhD, which didn't help me much in my practical work, so I had to resign. DBA can better meet my needs. I learned a lot of the latest practical business skills in finance and strategic management and applied them to my work at the same time. "
2. Database administrator
DBA is a database administrator, and English is a database administrator.
Some responsibilities of the database administrator:
Install and upgrade database servers (such as Oracle and Microsoft SQL server) and application tools.
Database design system storage scheme, and make the future storage demand plan.
Once a developer designs an application, a DBA is needed to create a database tablespace.
Once a developer designs an application, a DBA is needed to create database objects (tables, views, indexes).
According to the feedback from developers, modify the database structure if necessary.
Register database users to maintain database security.
Ensure that the database is used in compliance with laws and regulations related to intellectual property rights.
Control and monitor users' access to the database.
Monitor and optimize database performance.
Make a database backup plan to recover database information in case of disaster.
Maintain archive or backup data on appropriate media.
Backing up and restoring databases
Contact the manufacturer of the database system and follow up the technical information.
3.dBA weighted decibel
The decibel unit is dB, which can be expressed in dBA after weighting.
Take the "A" weighted sound level as an example. Before adding the low-frequency and high-frequency sound pressure level values, the sound pressure level values will be reduced according to the formula. The numerical unit obtained by adding the sound pressure level values is decibel (a). Decibel (a) is more commonly used, because this scale can more accurately reflect the response of human ears to frequency. Instruments that measure sound pressure levels are usually equipped with weighing networks to provide decibel (a) readings.
What is php? This is a network scripting language. Mainly engaged in web development.
But it can also be used to write shell and so on. Open source is free.
What is pspgo? The function is the same as psp 1000-3000, with less umd and more Bluetooth.
1000- overall dimensions: 170×23×74mm weight: 280g (including battery) main memory: 32MB storage space: no display screen: 4.3-inch TFT LCD 480 x 272 pixels internal drive: dedicated UMD drive.
2000- Overall dimensions:169.4×18.6× 71.4mm Weight: 189g (including battery) Main memory: 64MB storage space: no display screen: 4.3-inch TFT LCD 480 x 272 pixels.
3000- Overall dimensions:169.4×18.6× 71.4mm Weight: 189g (including battery) Main memory: 64MB storage space: no display screen: 4.3-inch TFT LCD 480 x 272 pixels.
Go- overall dimensions: 128× 16.5×69mm weight: 158g (built-in battery) main memory: 64MB storage space: 16G built-in display: 3.8-inch TFT LCD 480 x 272 pixels.
At present, go only supports fc and gba simulators, not iso.
What is kmplayer? 2L, not too strong, but too strong. It seems that you can also play online videos. It is mainly used to play local movies, just like windows media player. But its function is extremely powerful, and its customization is extremely powerful without advertising. You can download and use it yourself.
What is a sniffer? Sniffer, which can be translated as sniffer in Chinese, is a passive attack tool with great threat. With this tool, you can monitor network status, data flow and information transmitted on the network. When information is transmitted in clear text on the network, it can be attacked by network monitoring. By setting the network interface to monitoring mode, the stable information flow transmitted on the Internet can be intercepted. Hackers often use it to intercept users' passwords. It is said that the router of a backbone network was attacked by hackers and smelled a lot of user passwords. This paper will introduce the principle and application of sniffer in detail.
I. The sniffer principle
1. Introduction of network technology and equipment
Before describing the concept of Sni meter, we need to describe some basic concepts of LAN equipment.
Data is transmitted in small units called frames on the network. A framework consists of several parts, and different parts perform different functions. Frames are shaped by special software called network drivers, and then sent to the network through network cards, and then reach their destination machines through network cables, and the reverse process is carried out at one end of the destination machines. The Ethernet card of the receiving machine captures these frames, tells the operating system that the frames have arrived, and then stores them. It is in this process of transmission and reception that the sniffer will bring security problems.
Each workstation on a local area network (LAN) has its own hardware address, which uniquely represents the machines on the network (similar to the internal address system). When users send data packets, these data packets will be sent to all available machines on the LAN.
Under normal circumstances, all machines on the network can "listen" to the passing traffic, but will not respond to the packets that do not belong to them (in other words, workstation A will not capture the data that belongs to workstation B, but just ignore them). If the network interface of the workstation is located in promiscuous mode (the concept of promiscuous mode will be explained later), then it can capture all packets and frames on the network.
2. The principle of network monitoring
Sniffer program is a tool to put network cards (NICs, generally Ethernet cards) in promiscuous mode by using the characteristics of Ethernet. Once the network adapter is set to this mode, it can receive every packet transmitted on the network.
Under normal circumstances, the network card only receives packets related to its own address, that is, packets transmitted to the local host. In order for Sniffer to receive and process information in this way, the system needs to support BPF and Linux needs to support socket packages. However, in general, network hardware and TCP/IP stack do not support receiving or sending packets unrelated to the local computer. Therefore, in order to bypass the standard TCP/IP stack, the network card must be set to the promiscuous mode we just talked about. Generally speaking, to enable this method, the kernel must support this pseudo-device Bpfilter, and it needs root permission to execute this program, so you need to install sniffer as root. If you only log in to the system as a local user, it is impossible to call out the password of root, because you cannot execute Sniffer.
Based on the sniffer model, we can analyze various data packets and describe the network structure and the machines used. Because it receives any data packet transmitted on the same network segment, it is possible to capture some unencrypted information such as passwords, various information, secret files and so on. This has become a common means for hackers to expand their achievements and seize control of other hosts.
3 the classification of sniffers
Sniffers can be divided into software and hardware. Software sniffers include NetXray, Packetboy, Net monitor, etc. Its advantages are cheap, easy to learn and use, and easy to communicate. The disadvantage is that you can't capture all the transmissions on the network, and in some cases, you can't really understand the network failure and implementation. Hardware sniffers are usually called protocol analyzers, which are generally commercially available and expensive.
In fact, the sniffer mentioned in this article refers to software. It grabs the package, then opens it to look at the contents, and can get the password and so on. Sniffer can only capture packets in a physical network segment, that is, it is very important that there should be no route or other equipment between you and the monitored target to block broadcast packets. Therefore, for the general dial-up internet users, it is impossible to eavesdrop on other people's communication content by using sniffer.
4. The purpose of network monitoring
When a hacker successfully captures a host and gains root privileges, and wants to use this host to attack other hosts in the same network segment, he will install sniffer software on this host to listen to the packets transmitted on Ethernet devices, so as to find the packets of interest. If you find a qualified package, please save it in the log file. Usually, these conditions are packages containing the words "user name" or "password", and such packages usually contain passwords that hackers are interested in. Once a hacker intercepts the password of a host, he will immediately enter the host.
If Sniffer runs on a router or a host with routing function, it can monitor a large amount of data, because all packets entering and leaving the network have to pass through the router.
Sniffer is an M-class attack. In other words, only when the attacker has entered the target system can you use Sniffer to get more information.
Sniffer can not only get the password or user name, but also get more other information, such as an important information, financial information transmitted on the Internet and so on. The sniffer can get almost any data packet transmitted over Ethernet.
Sniffer is a relatively complex attack means, and generally only hackers can use it. For a novice network user, even if Sniffer is successfully compiled and run on the host computer, generally you won't get any useful information, because the information flow on the network is usually quite large, and it is difficult to receive all the packets indiscriminately and then find the needed information from them. And if it is monitored for a long time, it may blow up the hard disk of the machine where Sniffer is placed.
What is Dropbox? Dropbox provides 2G free network hard disk supporting external links. A single file is limited to 350M, which is very convenient to use. However, you need to download and install a software client to register and use it. After registration, a directory will be created on your computer and your files will be placed in this directory. Dropbox will automatically update your Dropbox network storage space for you. Right-click the file you want to share, and select Copy Public Link in the pop-up menu to copy external links. Note: files must be in a public directory to be shared and linked externally. You can also log on to the Dropbox website, upload and manage your files online.
What is OPC? OPC, namely procyanidins, is a new type of high-efficiency antioxidant, the strongest free radical scavenger found so far, and has very strong in vivo activity. Experiments show that the anti-free radical oxidation ability of OPC is 50 times that of vitamin E and 20 times that of vitamin C, and it is absorbed quickly and thoroughly. The highest plasma concentration can be reached in 20 minutes after oral administration, and the metabolic half-life can reach 7 hours.
OPC is usually extracted from grape seeds.
What is MSN? What is MSN Messenger?
MSN 8 is an internet software based on Microsoft's advanced technology, which allows you and your family to use the network more effectively. MSN 8 is an excellent communication tool, which makes network browsing more convenient and enhances network security through some advanced functions. These advanced features include parental controls, * * * Web browsing, spam protectors and customization.
The word "MSN Messenger" is rather vague, because Microsoft uses this word to contact several different messaging solutions. You chat through MSN Messenger Network. The most popular program used to connect to MSN Messenger Network is MSN Messenger, and the language used by programs in MSN Messenger Network is MSN Messenger Protocol.
What is MSN Messenger Network?
MSN Messenger network is a real-time communication network of Microsoft. Published in July 1999. It is not the first communication network, nor the last communication network. MSN is one of the four personal real-time communication networks. By March 2003, the exclusive MSN instant messaging network users were far less than AOL instant messaging and ICQ, but more than Yahoo Messenger.
What does the program on MSN Messenger network do?
The programs on your computer are called "clients". It connects to MSN Messenger server through the Internet. Specifically, clients send and receive messages through servers and other clients. Some information is not processed, but simply transmitted through the server. For example, when sending a real-time message, the command "Here is a message, pass it on" is handled by the server, but the message itself is only passed to the client through the server.
Microsoft has released two MSN Messenger clients: MSN Messenger (also called "NET Messenger") and Windows Messenger. Microsoft recommends MSN Messenger to most Windows users, including Windows XP bundled with the operating system. Others and companies have written "third-party" MSN Messenger clients. You can see some clients in the resource page list. MSN Messenger is generally regarded as a de facto standard client, while most other clients decide their own development direction from its behavior, so it is regarded as an "official client" on the Internet.
Microsoft has never publicly released their Messenger server, and the official client does not allow you to connect to non-Microsoft servers. At present, some people have written articles about third-party servers, which can be found on the resource page.
The "language" used for communication between two computer programs is called "protocol". The message transmission rule between MSN Messenger client and server is called "MSN Messenger Protocol". The rule of sending messages from one client to another through a server is called "MSN client protocol" here.
What is the MSN Messenger protocol?
MSN Messenger consists of a series of commands that can be transmitted on the client and server. For example, when some people in your contact list are offline, the server will send a message to your client: FLN myname_ 123@hotmail. When receiving this command, the client should move the user from the online user list to the offline user list.
In recent years, MSN Messenger protocol has undergone several revisions. When the protocol was drafted (June 5438+1October 2003), Microsoft's server allowed clients to use versions 8, 9 and 10 of the protocol. Personal agreement versions are often written as "MSNP8", "MSNP9" and "MSNP 10".
This website aims to completely define the MSN Messenger protocol and the characteristics of MSN Messenger server disconnection, so that third-party software developers can write their own programs and interact with the network. So far, only MSNP8 has been recorded, and some topics can be obtained in MSNP9 and MSNP 10.
Information about the protocol can be obtained by reading the official draft of IETF, reading various source codes, analyzing data packets, analyzing official clients and writing programs. Most of this work was done by other MSN Messenger research groups, and we just recorded it. If you find something new about the agreement, please post it on the forum.
What is MSN client protocol?
The MSN client protocol consists of messages sent between clients. For example, when you say "hello" to your friends, your customers send hello to their customers as the main body of the message.
Until recently, the MSN client protocol has developed in an organized way-an official client version will behave differently from other clients, and you can only guess what characteristics and behaviors it will have. Recently, someone tried to impose a version numbering system. As of June 5438+00, 2003, three versions of MSN Messenger client protocols have been discovered, which are called "MSNC0", "MSNC 1" and "MSNC2" respectively in this website.
This website aims to completely define the characteristics of MSN Messenger protocol and official client, so that third-party software developers can write their own programs and interact with the network. We hope to finally fully define all versions of the agreement. This website only defines the behavior of the official client and tells us how the behavior of other clients is predicted. The author of this site does not use the official client, so there will be no fair judge. Other websites cover this topic well.
What does Microsoft think of all this?
We have nothing to do with Microsoft, just very limited communication. We know that at least some Microsoft employees generally know about this website and community, but the company's policies seem to ignore us. Microsoft has not officially tried to remove third-party clients from their network, but they have never tried to communicate with us or provide you with future guarantees. They are already very good at accepting error reports with security risks.
Compared with AOL (owners AOL(AIM and ICQ), Microsoft is very good to third-party developers in terms of protocols. This may not reflect any charitable part: third-party customers have contributed to the increase of Microsoft's Internet users, and (unlike AOL) we have no direct threat to their income.