Austria originated from the eastern Bavarian border area (Mark) established by the Holy Roman Emperor Otto II. In the struggle between welf and Stauffen, Henry X of the Welf family was deprived of the sovereignty and title of the Bavarian Principality by King Conrad III of Rome, and the Principality was handed over to the Babenburg family. About 1 147, Henry II of the Babenburg family was appointed Duke of Bavaria and vassal of Austria. Later, Emperor Frederick I of the Roman Empire gave Bavaria to Henry of the Welf family in 1 156 in order to reach a settlement with the Welf family. In order to compensate the Barbenburg family, the Austrian Mark, which originally belonged to Bavaria, was upgraded to an independent principality. Traditionally, the duchy with the monarch as the duke is the Grand Duchy, and Austria is called the Grand Duchy of Austria. 1273, Rudolph I of Habsburg family was elected as the Holy Roman Emperor (1273~ 129 1 reigned). From 65438 to 0438, the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire was inherited by the Habsburg family. 19 18, the Austro-Hungarian Empire disintegrated and the Habsburg Dynasty ended.

First, the difference between the grand duchy and the ordinary duchy,

In English, a principality refers to a country with the title of prince. Generally speaking, Prince is translated into Prince or Prince in Chinese, but as the monarch of the principality, prince is usually translated into? Archduke? ; Grand Duchy, English for Grand Duchy, refers to a country with the title of Grand Duke. Archduke? Or? Archduke? . Prince and Grand Duke are both titles of nobility. Although they are identical or similar in Chinese translation, there are fundamental differences between them. Prince usually refers to a member of the royal family, such as the son of a king; Dagong is a kind of title, higher than prince, but it is not necessarily a member of the royal family who gets this title. Usually awarded to senior commanders who have defended their territory and made outstanding military achievements. In Europe? Vassal states? After independence, this title gradually evolved into the title of independent monarch, just like today? Grand Duke of Luxembourg? .

Second, the Grand Duke of Austria

As the rulers of the once sacred Roman Empire-Austrian Empire-Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Habsburg family began to decline with the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 19 18. Karl I, the last ruler of Habsburg dynasty (called Carl IV in Hungary), issued a declaration, giving up any chance to participate in Austrian state affairs. A few days later, Hungary issued the same announcement, and the Habsburg dynasty came to an end. Although Karl I did not formally abdicate, the new country cut him off. 19 19, new Austria passed a law to expel all Habsburg family members from Austria until they gave up regaining the throne and accepted ordinary citizenship. 1956, former Crown Prince Otto returned to Austria and gave up all the privileges previously enjoyed by members of the Habsburg royal family. In 2007, Otto's son Carl became the head of the Habsburg family. What's Carl's name now? Grand Duke of Austria, Prince of Hungary, Bohemia and Croatia, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary? However, governments in the region do not recognize the above titles.