Nephrite is the English name of nephrite, and jade is sometimes used. Chinese name jade or hetian jade, because nephrite was first born in hetian, Xinjiang, also known as "hetian jade" or "Xinjiang jade".

Nephrite is a kind of hydrous calcium magnesium silicate with chain structure. It is a microscopic fibrous or dense massive mineral aggregate, with tremolite and actinolite as the main rock-forming minerals and other trace mineral components. The chemical composition is Ca2(Mg, Fe2+) 5 (Si4o11) 2 (OH) 2. It belongs to monoclinic system. The crystal is fibrous or needle-shaped. There are various colors, such as white, blue, yellow, green, black and red. Generally glossy, sometimes waxy. Translucent to opaque. The refractive index is 1.606- 1.632 and the birefringence is 0.02 1-0.023. No fluorescence or phosphorescence. The hardness is 6-6.5, and the density is 2.9-3. 1g/cm3. Uneven fracture. Strong toughness, fine texture and good toughness, and the polished surface is very bright.

Nephrite can be divided into suet white jade, white jade, sapphire, blue white jade, jasper (especially green nephrite), jet, topaz, sugar jade, flower jade, Jinshan jade and so on. Sheep fat white jade is exquisite in texture, strong in luster and as white as sheep fat, which is called "the king of nephrite" and "the crown of white jade".

The difference between nephrite and similar jade. Similar jadeites include Kunlun jade (serpentine jade), chrysoprase (timely jade), jadeite (jadeite), xiuyan jade (serpentine jade), Ludongling stone (timely jade), white marble and prehnite. The difference between nephrite and similar jade is not difficult to distinguish with naked eyes and instruments, mainly from hardness, density, structure, luster, refractive index and so on. Hardness: nephrite 6.5-7, serpentine jade 2.5-5.5, timely jade 7, jadeite 6.5-7, white marble 3.5. Density: nephrite 2.9-3. 1g/cm3, serpentine jade 2.44-3. 18g/cm3, seasonal jade 2.65g/cm3, jadeite 3.25-3.34g/cm3, marble 2.65-2.75g/cm3. Using diiodomethane (density 3.33g/cm3) and tribromomethane (density 2.9g/cm3) to measure the rise and fall of jadeite can be distinguished. The identification of nephrite raw materials focuses on hardness and density, and the identification of finished products focuses on structure and luster.

Evaluation and purchase of nephrite. The basis for evaluating the value of nephrite is jade color, jade quality and jade property. No matter what kind of jade it is, its jade color must be bright, and it is best not to be gray, evil or mottled. Jade requires fine and uniform quality, purity and no impurities. No matter what color of Baoyu is, the finer the quality, the better, and the finer the moisture. As an ornament, nephrite is suitable for people of all personalities and ages. Pay attention to texture, color, luster, lumps, etc.

Q: How is Hetian jade classified according to its occurrence?

A: According to the production of Hetian jade, it has been divided into mountain production and aquatic products since ancient times. Aquatic products are called Yu Zi, and mountain products is called Baoyu. According to the different output of Hetian jade, local jade collectors divide it into three types: mountain material, landscape and jade seed.

1) Mountain material: Mountain material is also a famous jade, or Baoyu, which refers to the primary ore produced in the mountains. The characteristics of mountain materials are different sizes, angular, good and bad, and the quality is often not as good as that of Yu Zi. There are different kinds of Yushan materials, such as white jade stone, blue and white Yushan materials and so on.

2) Landscape: the name of landscape is named by artists who collect and cut jade, that is, the primary ore is weathered and collapsed, and the jade is transported from the river to the middle and upper reaches of the river. The landscape is characterized by being close to the primary ore, large in size, slightly rounded in edges and corners and smooth in surface.

3) Yu Zi: Yu Zi, also known as Ziyu, refers to the jade whose primary ore is denuded and transported to the river by flowing water. It is distributed in the riverbed and dry land on the rainy side, and jade is exposed to the surface or buried underground. Yu Zi is characterized by its small area, oval shape and smooth surface. Due to long-term handling, washing and sorting, the quality of Yu Zi is generally good. Jade has various colors, white jade is called white jade, aquamarine is called aquamarine, and aquamarine is called aquamarine.

Q: How is Hetian jade classified by color?

A: According to different colors, Hetian jade can be divided into four categories: white jade, sapphire, jet and topaz. Hetian jade of other colors can also be classified into these four categories.

1) White jade: The color of white jade varies from white to bluish white. Even if it is the same vein, it is not the same. There are many names, such as seasonal white, stone white, fish-belly white, pear white and moonlight white. White jade is a unique high-grade jade in Hetian jade, and its block size is generally small. White jade is extremely rare among nephrite in the world. White jade is the best among white jade. The whiter the color, the better. Pure white Yu Zi, as smooth as an egg, is called "Bai Zi of light" and its quality is particularly good. Some white jade seeds have a certain color on the surface after oxidation. Autumn pear is called autumn pear, tiger skin is called tiger skin, and jujube skin is called jujube skin, all of which are rare varieties of Hetian jade.

White jade can also be divided into suet jade and sapphire by color.

1) Sheep fat jade: Sheep fat jade is named because it looks like sheep fat. The texture is delicate, "white as the end", especially rich and smooth, giving people a feeling of being soft at first sight. This is the best variety of white jade. At present, only Xinjiang has this variety in the world, and its output is very rare and its value is extremely high.

2) Blue and white jade: Blue and white jade is the background color, with green, blue and gray glinting faintly. White jade. It is a transitional variety of white jade and sapphire, which is more common in Hetian jade.

3) Topaz: Topaz varies from light yellow to dark yellow, and the colors are chestnut, okra yellow, yellow flower yellow, egg yolk and tiger skin yellow. The ancients took "steamed pears in yellow clothes" as the best. Topaz is very rare, only occasionally seen in thousands of years of jade mining history, and its quality is not inferior to suet jade.

4) Sapphire: Sapphire varies in color from light cyan to dark cyan. In modern times, there are different shades of color, including light cyan, dark cyan, gray cyan and dark gray cyan. Among Hetian jade, sapphire is the most common, common in large pieces. In recent years, we have seen an emerald with light green color and delicate texture, which is a better variety.

5) Mo Yu: Mo Yu varies from ink color to light black, and its ink color is mostly cloud-like streaks. There are many kinds of process names, including dark clouds and light ink. In the whole material, the degree of ink color is different and the depth distribution is uneven, which is more common in the transition with sapphire and white jade. Generally, there are full ink, gathering ink and dot ink. All ink, that is, "black as pure paint", is the top grade, which is very rare. Ink gathering means that the ink in sapphire or white jade is relatively concentrated and can be used as a pretty color. Dot ink is scattered into dots, which affects the use. Most of the jet is small, and its blackness is caused by containing more fine graphite scales.

In addition to the above four kinds of Hetian jade, the red jade mentioned in ancient books as "red as a comb" has not been seen in Kunlun Mountain and Altun Mountain, only purple jade with dark red skin color and brown sugar jade with thin skin color and small size. Ancient jade has not seen ruby crafts so far, so it is not listed as a variety alone.

Q: How to maintain jade articles?

A: The main points of raising jade are as follows:

1. Avoid collision with hard objects. Jade is easy to crack after collision. Sometimes, although the cracks are invisible to naked eyes, the molecular structure in the surface layer of jade has been destroyed, resulting in dark cracks, which will be exposed over time, greatly damaging its perfection and collection value.

2. Try to avoid being polluted by dust and oil. If there is dust on the jade surface, clean it with a soft brush; If dirt or oil stains are attached to the jade surface, it can be scrubbed with mild soapy water and then washed with clear water. Do not use chemical degreasers. For the heavily polluted old jade, you can go to a company specializing in the production and cleaning of jade articles and use professional ultrasonic cleaning and maintenance.

3. Jade pendants should be properly put away when not in use, preferably in jewelry bags or jewelry boxes to avoid collision.

4. Avoid contact with perfume, chemicals, soap or human sweat. Because jade is exposed to too much sweat, it will be eroded, destroy the outer layer and affect the original brightness. Jade, white jade with sheep fat, especially sweat and grease, should be wiped with a weak cloth after wearing.

5. Avoid long-term direct sunlight. Jade will expand in the sun, and its molecular volume will increase, which will affect the quality of jade. Especially crystal and agate. It will burst in case of high heat, so it is more taboo to get close to the heat source.

6. Too dry environment is easy to evaporate water, thus damaging the quality of jade.

Q: How to distinguish ancient jade from new jade and old jade?

A: The identification of new jade focuses on the authenticity of the jade material, the quality of the texture and the fineness of the carver. Generally speaking, good jade material is only the basis for making jade articles, and its value can only be finally reflected through artificial design and carving. Emperor Taizong put it well: "Jade is beautiful, but it lies in the stone and is not worth pondering, just like rubble." Therefore, the level of jade workmanship is an important weight to determine the quality of jade. A good jade article should have exquisite and harmonious composition, exquisite workmanship and care for people who are warm and greasy.

In addition to several basic requirements of new jade, the identification of old jade should also identify the production time, historical function and the identity of the possessor, and learn to comprehensively analyze the characteristics of each object (including local modeling). The unique modeling can often affect the value of jade.

The craft classification of Hetian jade refers to the standard of jade craft grade here. The varieties of Hetian jade are classified according to the occurrence and color, such as white jade, Bai Yushan jade and sapphire, and then according to the color, texture, network, impurities and weight of jade, such as super grade, first grade, second grade and third grade. Grade standards are very important for jade trade. The technological standards of Hetian jade proposed by Xinjiang Arts and Crafts Industry Company are listed in the table for the reference of relevant parties.

White jade is super suet white jade, with delicate and moist texture, no collateral and no impurities, and the weight of the block is above 6 kg.

First-class color is white, greasy and fine, moist, free of impurities, and the weight of the block is more than 3 kg.

The secondary color is white, the texture is fine and moist, there is no impurity of broken collaterals, and the block weight is above 1 kg.

The third grade is white, fine in texture, moist, slightly broken, without impurities, and the block weighs more than 3 kg.

The colors, textures and fragments of odds and ends do not meet the above standards.

The white jade green Bai Yushan material is white or pink, fine and moist in texture, free from entanglement and impurities, and the block size is above 10 kg.

It is white or pink-green, with fine and moist texture, no broken collaterals and no impurities, and weighs more than 5 kg.

Two-color blue-white or white-white, fine and moist in texture, without collateral-breaking impurities, and the size of the lump is more than 5 kg.

Tri-color blue-white or white-white, fine and moist in texture, slightly entangled, without impurities, with a block size of more than 5 kg.

The external color is white or bluish white, with collaterals and impurities, and the block size is above 3 kg.

Jade seed or mountain material

1. The color is bluish green, the texture is fine, there is no collateral impurity, and the fragmentation is above 10 kg.

Dichroic blue, fine texture, no entanglement, no impurities, and the block size is above 5 kg.

Three green, fine texture, slightly entangled, with impurities, the block size is above 5 kg.

Distribution of hetian jade

Hetian jade is distributed in Kunlun Mountain in the south of Tarim Basin. It starts from Andari Tage and Alazi Mountain in the east of Tashkurgan County in Kashi region in the west, passes through Sangzhu Tage, Tiekeliketage and Liushitage in the south of Hotan region, and reaches Suramuningtag in the north wing of South Altun Mountain in Qiemo County in the east.

Hetianyu metallogenic belt is intermittently long 1 100 km. There are primary mineral deposits and occurrences of Hetian jade in the mountains, and many rivers also produce Yu Zi of Hetian jade.

In ancient times, people thought that Kunlun Mountain was the "ancestor of thousands of mountains". It is tall and majestic, rich in beautiful jade, so it is greatly worshipped. The existence of Hetian jade makes Kunlun Mountain more famous.

Ruan Yu

I. Overview

Nephrite is the most famous jade variety in China, as shown in figure 1. Hetian jade is actually nephrite. This is because the nephrite produced in our nephrite country is mainly in Xinjiang, and the nephrite produced in Hetian area of Xinjiang has the best quality, so nephrite was called Hetian jade in ancient times. Jade, as a special and unique cultural phenomenon in China, has been deeply integrated into the long history of China. Since the Paleolithic Age in primitive society, it has run through all dynasties in China. No matter monarchs and emperors, courtiers and people in cloth can see jade from it. The ancients used jade to describe the "five virtues" of a gentleman, that is, "benevolence, righteousness, wisdom, courage and purity", which is also called "a gentleman has many jade"

The quality evaluation of nephrite is mainly based on texture, color and luster. Good nephrite is dense and delicate, and white is the best color, especially suet jade, which is as white as suet. It is a rare quality in nephrite, and its luster should be oily.

Identification of hetian jade

Hetian jade in China has a history of thousands of years and is recognized as the "king of nephrite" in the world. The preciousness and rarity of Hetian jade also attracts various merchants, many of whom are sincere. Laoshan Jade In order to let everyone know Hetian jade clearly, here are some simple methods to identify Hetian jade:

Firstly, several common fakes posing as Hetian jade are introduced:

1. Marble, a kind of jade, is white in color and waxy in luster, and its internal structure is waterline and striped.

2. The main component of this kind of jade is quartzite, which has high hardness, but it is fragile and easily broken. The internal structure is granular. The color is lighter and the luster looks dry.

Jade is produced in Xiu Yuan County, Liaoning Province, and it is another kind of jade in China. Xiuyan jade has a large output, low hardness and easy fracture, and its value is second only to Hetian jade. Its internal structure is like a cloud. Mainly green, mainly used to pretend to be Hetian sapphire.

4. Emulsified glass This is a pure fake, which is artificially synthesized by imitating Hetian jade with glass. It has no obvious structure and bubbles can be seen with the naked eye.

Secondly, the identification method of Hetian jade is introduced:

Hetian jade has high hardness and strong toughness. Hetian jade can scratch the glass without damage. For other jade, only water stone can scratch the glass without damaging it. Terrazzo is often used to pretend to be the best suet jade of Hetian jade. Sheep fat jade is white with sheep fat, and the water stone is pale. Sheep fat jade is oily luster, water stone is dry, and the luster is not good. The structure of hetian jade is cotton wool-like. If the glass can't scratch, it is necessary to carefully distinguish their colors and internal structures and make more comparisons.

Finally, introduce some common knowledge of jade maintenance:

Jade is afraid of fire, shock (collision) and oil smell. For Hetian jade, it is best to wear it close to the body, because the trace mineral elements in it are alive and can be absorbed by the human body, which is beneficial to the human body, and the sweat discharged from the human body can also nourish jade and make Hetian jade shine better and better. As the saying goes, "people raise jade, and jade raises people." The cleaning of jade is also very simple. It can be cleaned with toothbrush and water. Don't put chemicals in it, it will destroy the luster of jade.

When choosing jade products, we should identify and compare more, and choose the real hetian jade products that really suit our satisfaction.

The Collection Value of Hetian Jade

The moist white jade is not only a symbol of China people's good character, but also an artistic treasure that collectors love and pursue. Most people regard the price of jade as mysterious, thinking that the price of jade is irregular, and it is an industry that asks for money on the spot, and the transaction price varies from person to person. However, since jade is also a commodity, there must be a certain law of value, but the jade shop is relatively closed and most people don't understand it. In order to promote rational consumption and establish an orderly white jade market environment, this paper expounds some humble opinions on the value judgment of white jade art, hoping to discuss with white jade lovers and well-known experts in the industry.

As far as the market value of white jade raw materials is concerned, I think there are three kinds of white jade raw materials: seed material, landscape material and mountain material, of which seed material is only produced in the Kashi River basin of Yulong. Because seed materials need to be washed and collided by natural rivers for thousands of years, the solid part can be preserved to form seed materials, and there are few big materials, so the price of seed materials represents the overall trend of Hetian jade high-grade raw materials. At present, the price of white jade seed material generally ranges from the lowest per kilogram 1 10,000 yuan to150,000 yuan. Sheep fat jade seed material with good shape and good skin is sold by piece. In the transaction records I know, there was once a 200-gram material sold for100000 yuan. Among the seed materials, about100g is suitable for hand-made parts, and now the market is the highest. Generally, the raw materials are around 40 thousand, and the skin color is good. Raw materials that can be used to make exquisite carvings and jade brands fluctuate greatly according to the shape, skin color and brand number. Due to limited resources, the number of white jade lovers has increased dramatically, and the price of seed materials has continued to rise year after year. Therefore, seed materials and works will have a good appreciation space. The prices of mountains and rivers and mountain materials vary greatly according to the texture. Because it is very difficult to judge the internal quality of mountain materials, ordinary enthusiasts still buy finished products in order to reduce risks. In recent years, Russian white jade has become the mainstream in southern markets such as Shanghai, and the price of high-quality raw materials has climbed to more than 10,000 yuan. In my opinion, Russian materials are also white jade, but because the collection of jade contains many factors such as culture, tradition, complex and aesthetics, operators should clearly inform consumers of the origin of raw materials and let consumers make choices.

As far as the craft value of jade products is concerned, I think the production of jade works is a complicated artistic creation process. The production of a work involves the artist's painstaking efforts and countless risks. Exquisite jade articles are loved by everyone, but the social status and income of artists are still at a very low level compared with other art categories. At present, Hetian jade carving is mainly processed in Beijing, Shanghai, Yangzhou and other places. The salary of a jade carving master is generally between 1000 yuan and 6000 yuan, and the prices of the works of several arts and crafts masters recognized in the industry also vary from person to person. Considering the above factors comprehensively, according to the different artistic achievements of the works, the processing cost can be roughly calculated.

Finally, we should talk about the comprehensive value of finished products such as artistic achievements.

Whether a work is a fine product or a general product has a great influence on its price, which is also the most troublesome place to judge the value of jade. We must dare to bid for rare products and never let go. Antique shops have buying and selling methods, such as pinching tips. This kind of thing is difficult to do in the sales of Xinyu artworks, because the cost calculation of Xinyu is relatively clear. The cost of Hetian jade works of art is relatively high, and enterprises that can open specialty stores generally have good financial strength, so if there is no price including sales expenses and reasonable profits, they generally will not sell their own products. If fans blindly pursue high quality and low price, they will enter the strange circle of listening to touching stories and buying charming fakes. Not only can you not enrich your art collection, but you will also suffer economic losses and emotional injuries.

Hotan jade Kunlun jade investment income is rising year by year.

"Hetian Jade" and "Kunlun Jade" are pure and moist. Because of their close relationship, they have won the nickname of "Sister Jade" internationally. China is famous for producing nephrite. China nephrite, commonly known as "Hetian jade", is a mineral aggregate mainly composed of tremolite and actinolite, with fiber interwoven structure and fine texture. Because it is interwoven with fine fibers, it has excellent toughness, is not easy to break, is moist and smooth, and often has a greasy glass luster or greasy luster, giving people a warm feeling.

Hetian jade is generally slightly transparent, with a hardness of about 6.5, a refractive index of 1.6 1- 1.62 and a density of about 3.0g/cm3. Its colors are white, grayish white, yellow, green, yellowish green, grayish green, dark green and black. Hetian jade can be divided into suet white jade, white jade, sapphire, blue white jade, jasper (especially green nephrite), jet jade, topaz, sugar jade, flower jade, Jinshan jade and so on. Sheep fat white jade is exquisite in texture, strong in luster and as white as sheep fat, so it can be called "the king of nephrite".

Kunlun jade, also known as Kunlun colored stone and Madan colored stone, is a hydrothermal metasomatic ore, which occurs in the contact zone between dolomite marble or dolomite marble and intermediate-acid intrusive rocks. Some are natural Hetian jade mines, such as Kunlun jade in Almaty. The vein appears at the edge of Hetian jade vein, which is really called a twin sister of a milk compatriot. According to experts, Kunlun jade and Hetian jade are basically the same in material combination, occurrence and structural characteristics. It is only slightly different from Hetian jade in some aspects such as output characteristics, structure and physical properties.

Kunlun jade is crystalline and braided, with delicate and unique texture, gorgeous and rich color, diverse patterns, soft and easy to attack. The types of Kunlun jade are white jade, gray jade, sapphire, leucorrhea green, sugar-coated white and so on. Jade is crystal clear, round, pure, without flaws, cracks and impurities. "White with green" is a pure white jade with partial green. Pure white and pure green are exquisite, and with the careful design and carving by craftsmen, the green part appears in the appropriate position of the whole carving pattern, such as the top of the head or the bottom of the foot, which makes people feel beautiful. "Sugar-wrapped white" is a dark brown color similar to brown sugar on pure white jade. On the carved objects, "sugar color" is in harmony with pure white jade, which looks very strange and beautiful.

Kunlun jade belongs to middle and low grade jade, which is generally used in a large amount and is an indispensable raw material for jade varieties. The Kunlun jade works carved by various techniques, such as pen container, flower arrangement, paperweight, inkpad and colored stone inlaid seat screen, are exquisite, elegant and generous, which makes viewers and buyers fondle them. In recent years, the price of white jade of Kunlun jade has been rising all the way under the adversity of the depressed jewelry market, with an increase of 300% to 500% in four years, which has high investment and collection value.

At present, the old vein of Hetian jade in Xinjiang is basically hollowed out. Because Kunlun jade is very similar to Hetian jade, many people began to think of Kunlun jade. However, there are not many old jade mines in Kunlun, and the jade quality of new mines obviously cannot catch up with the old ones. Many businessmen began to do shoddy and fake business. Experts suggest that consumers must pay attention to the color, quality and nature of jade when buying Kunlun jade. The jade color of Kunlun jade must be bright, not gray, not evil and not mottled; Jade is fine and even, pure and free of impurities. No matter what color, the finer the texture, the better, and the finer the moisture. As an ornament, Kunlun jade is suitable for people of all personalities and ages. Pay attention to texture, color, luster, blockiness, etc.

Basic knowledge of purchasing hetian jade

At present, Hetian jade has two famous jade producing areas: one is from yutian county to the south and enters Kunlun Mountain, where there is the famous Alamas mining area, where the most famous Hetian Bai Yushan is produced. The other is from Hotan City to the south, along the Baiyu River. It is rich in jade history and the source of mountains and rivers.

1. Hetian jade can be divided into three types according to the origin: seed material, mountain stream material and mountain material.

1. Sub-material: Also known as Zieryu, it refers to the jade eroded, washed and transported into the river by primary ore. It is distributed in riverbeds and floodplains on both banks, and jade is exposed on the surface or buried underground. It is characterized by small volume, egg shape and smooth surface. Because of its age, it has been washed, transported and sorted for a long time, and its dross is removed and its essence is retained. Or buried deep in the soil, several different pits, full of the essence of the earth. Therefore, the overall texture of Yu Zi is good, because the food and drink are full and extremely warm.

Ziyu is divided into naked jade and leather jade. Bare jade is generally collected from river water, while leather jade is generally collected from riverbed soil. So the age of leather jade is longer. Some precious jade varieties, such as jujube skin red, black skin, autumn pear yellow, yellow wax skin, sprinkle gold, tiger skin, etc., are all from leather jade.

2. Mountains and rivers: named after artists who collect and cut jade. It refers to the jade formed by the weathering and collapse of primary jade ore and the impact of river water on the middle and upper reaches of the river. The mountain stream is characterized by its proximity to primary ore, large size, slightly rounded edges and corners, smooth surface, long history and younger age than Yu Zi.

3. Mountain material: also known as mountain jade, or Gai Baoyu, refers to the primary mine produced on the mountain. The characteristics of mountain materials are different in size, angular and uneven, and the quality is often not as good as that of landscape jade. Strictly speaking, the mountain material has not been baptized by nature and has not absorbed the essence of the universe. It should be called jade, not jade.

At present, the usual price, the same level of jadeite is 6-8 times that of mountain material. In the workshop, it is common to use skinless mountain materials or Russian materials, which also belong to mountain materials and have the same material composition. Because the ore is mined in Russia, it is called Russian material and the price is much lower. It is characterized by white color, but the jade is too watery, that is, the transparency is too heavy, and the density and oil texture are not as good as the authentic Hetian jade! It is difficult for people with little experience to tell if they sell rice in Russian. At present, there are only a few on the market or online.

There is no national standard for real suet jade, which is produced in ice-covered glaciers. Sheep fat jade is as white as sheep fat, which is not only white but also never turns green. It has a high degree of grease and is comparable to jade with unusual mountain material or sheep fat color. Compared with it, you have to pull over. Some old players have been playing with jade for decades, which is rare! Sheep fat jade and its rarity are hard to get, so it can be said that if you have money now, you may not be able to buy exquisite products.

Nowadays, most of those who call themselves suet jade are Gaobaishan jade or sub-jade, and most of those who have no skin are mountain materials. Jade workers all know that the price of jade is several times higher than that of mountain materials, and they must try their best to keep the skin at work. It is often seen that some people try their best to burn fake skins in order to pretend to be Yu Zi. Whether jade without skin is jade depends on the experience and vision of the appraiser, so it is often controversial.

Therefore, according to the same grade of Hetian jade, seed material is the most valuable, followed by landscape and mountain material.

2. Hetian jade can be divided into white jade, topaz, sapphire, jet and jasper. What is between blue and white is called blue white jade, what is between gray and white is called gray jade, and what is between white jade and jet is called blue and white jade. Jade with sugar color is called sugar jade (sugar jade is not only mountain material, but also forms sub-jade after entering water), and jade with different colors is called colorful jade, including tricolor jade and multicolor jade.

Third, the advantages of purchasing leather jade:

Things are rare! Hetian jade has been collected for thousands of years, and it is becoming more and more rare. Natural and brilliant skin color is a unique feature of Hetian jade seed material, and it is also a sign of authenticity. However, in recent years, fake Qin leather is very common, Qin color is mostly attached to the surface, and its appearance is dry and oil-free, so it needs to be distinguished. At present, there are 10 yuan jadeites in 20 yuan, and there are also jadeites worth thousands. How to tell? The first-class hetian jade is greasy, and it feels warm in your hand. As the saying goes, "Jade is priceless", because top-grade Hetian jade is increasingly scarce, which can reach tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of yuan per kilogram, while the average Qinghai white jade and Russian white jade are only a few thousand yuan per kilogram, so some people mix it with Hetian jade. The minerals of these jadeites are basically the same as those of Hetian jade, but the surface color is gloomy and not soft, which will be even dimmer after a long time.

Advantages of leather jade:

1. There is no dispute about Yu Zi with steel seal, and its preservation and appreciation can be determined.

2. There is a sentence in the line: "The fairy can't recognize it even if it is stripped." It mainly means that some high-quality mountain materials (even Russian materials) can be sold at a high price by merchants, but the purchase price is several times different. Therefore, bare jade without skin color is more controversial and more difficult to guarantee.

3. When purchasing jade: 1. Heavy skin color; 2 heavy jade; Triple process; Four material forms.

4. Description on the purchase of jadeite: 99% of jadeite has cracks or some impurities with different weights, so the jadeite industry calls cracks separation or strangeness. Generally, large partitions or obvious miscellaneous points will be decorated, but the existing small partitions are within the normal range, which will not affect the beauty and firmness of jade. Just as most jewel-grade diamonds have small cracks and impurities under a high magnification, they are rare in the United States, and the same is true.

Jade is a treasure of the Chinese nation, unparalleled in the world and world-renowned. I hope more friends can understand and fall in love with the real Hetian jade! If let me answer, jade is the present thing. If it is my favorite, it is priceless.