This is the beet beet ancient name asun beet, belongs to the quinoa family (Familia Chenopodiaceae) beet genus (Genus Beta). Sugar beet species are divided into wild species and cultivated species. The wild species of sugar beet are many and widely distributed, and their classification is not uniform. Cultivated sugar beet has four varieties, namely leaf beet, flame beet, fodder beet, and sugar beet. Leaf beet (Beta vol. garis L. Var. Cicle), commonly known as thick-skinned beet, has fat, edible leaves. Leafy beets were introduced into China from Arabia in about the 5th century A.D. and are mainly grown in the Yangtze River basin and the Yellow River basin. Flame beet (Beta vulgaris L. Var. craenla Alef.), commonly known as red beet, has purplish-red roots and leaves, and the tubers are edible, so it is also called edible beet. Currently in the former Soviet Union and other countries still have a large area of cultivation. Fodder beet (Beta vulgaris L. Var. Cicle), specifically as livestock feed crops, its tuberous root yield is high, production can reach 4000 ~ 5500 kg. However, the sugar content of the tubers of fodder beet is low, usually only 5 to 10 degrees. At present, the planting area in Europe is large, and there are specialized breeding institutions engaged in the selection and breeding of fodder beet varieties. Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. Var. saccharifera) is commonly known as sugar beet, the sugar content of the tuberous root rate is high, is the main raw material of the sugar industry, so it is also the most fully developed and utilized cultivated species in the genus Sugar beet. First, sugar beet sugar beet as a sugar crop to carry out scientific research, from the second half of the 18th century, so far only 200 years. The history of sugar beet cultivation in China is even shorter. According to official records, China is the introduction of sugar beet seeds in 1906 in Shenyang City, the first test planting, and in 1908 built the first sugar beet mechanism sugar wide - Heilongjiang Province, Ashe River sugar beet factory. Later, from 1916 to 1921, sugar beet seeds were introduced in some provinces and regions in North China, and from 1936 to 1940, sugar beet seeds were introduced in Xinjiang, Gansu, Shaanxi and other Northwest regions. At the beginning of the establishment of new China, the sugar beet planting area reached 230,000 mu. After decades of development, China's sugar beet planting provinces and autonomous regions up to more than 10, with an area of 6.5 million to 8.5 million mu. The country has nearly 90 sugar beet sugar plant, the annual production of sugar 1.2 to 1.8 million tons, accounting for about 25% of the national sugar production. The main producing areas of sugar beet are concentrated in Northeast China, North China, Northwest China and other inland or border provinces and regions, it plays a positive role in the development of the local economy. In the coming period, due to the adjustment of agricultural structure, the area of sugar beet cultivation may decline. Therefore, the focus of future sugar beet production and scientific research and development will still be to stabilize the sugar content rate of sugar beet and improve the yield per unit area. Over the past 50 years, more than 110 new sugar beet varieties have been developed and validated in China. Because of the large east-west span of China's sugar beet growing area and different ecological conditions, there are still nearly 20 sugar beet varieties being promoted in production. Now we introduce the varieties that are being popularized and have a large planting area. Second, the development and utilization of sugar beet and prospects Sugar beet are all treasure. The main product of sugar beet is sugar. Sugar is an indispensable nutrient for people's life, but also the food industry, beverage industry and pharmaceutical industry is an important raw material. In addition to the production of cane sugar, sugar beet and its by-products have a wide range of prospects for development and utilization. 1. The use of beet stems and leaves The beet stems and leaves are ideal juicy green feed, in addition to containing general nutrients needed by livestock, but also rich in carotene, can supplement the feed in the lack of a kind of vitamins, increase the content of a kind of vitamins in its dairy products. Its nutrient composition see table 14-2. beet stems and leaves can also be used as fertilizer to return to the field, fertilization, increase the organic matter content in the soil. 2. The use of beet root water accounted for 75% of the tuberous roots of sugar beet, solids accounted for 25%. Sucrose in the solids accounted for 16% to 18%, non-sugar substances accounted for 7% to 9%. Non-sugar substances are divided into soluble and insoluble two kinds: insoluble non-sugar is mainly cellulose, hemicellulose, proto-fruit gums and proteins; soluble non-sugar is divided into inorganic non-sugar and organic non-sugar. Inorganic non-sugar is mainly potassium, sodium, magnesium and other salts; organic non-sugar can be subdivided into nitrogen and nitrogen-free. Nitrogen-free non-sugars are fats, gliads, reducing sugars and organic acids; nitrogen-containing non-sugars are subdivided into proteins and non-proteins. Non-protein non-sugar mainly refers to betaine, amide and amino acids. Sugar beet industrial by-products are mainly about 3.5% of the sugar in the tuber and 7.5% of the non-sugar substances and other non-sugar substances in the process of input and output. Sugar beet meal. In the sugar production process, sugar beet tubers by cutting silk leaching residue left after processing into sugar beet meal. Usually every 1 ton of sugar beet tubers will produce 0.9 tons of sugar beet meal at the same time. Sugar beet meal contains 93% water and about 7% dry matter. The dry matter is rich in various types of amino acids, vitamins and trace elements, and is an ideal feed for raising pigs and cattle. Its content is shown in Table 14-3. beet meal is pressed by a double screw (or single screw) press and then dried to make dry beet. Dry meal. Because of its high carbohydrate content, starch value, and total digestible nutrients, dried sugar beet meal can be used as a concentrate feed. And because of less protein, high calorie, and high protein concentrate feed and roughage used together can regulate the high protein nutritional balance, its taste sweet, is the ideal feed for cattle industry. Use should be soaked in water first, otherwise it is easy to cause livestock bloat. In order to improve the nutritional value of dried beet meal, you can add waste molasses and other nutrients in the dry meal, made of molasses-type or nutritious beet granular meal. Sugar beet pellet meal is the use of dry sugar beet meal is further processed and made. Its nutrient composition and use value and the same as the dry beet meal, but more convenient packaging and transportation and management. Since the 1980s, China's production of sugar beet meal has developed rapidly, and the annual output has reached more than 10 million tons. At present, most of the domestic sugar beet factory with sugar beet grain meal production line. ② Pectin production and utilization. Sugar beet in the cellulose and hemicellulose due to insoluble in water, so in the process of soaking sugar does not move into the sugar juice and stay in the waste meal. Protein, ash, saponin and most of the other also remain in the waste meal. Only pectin is in a state of chemosynthesis with cellulose, at a certain temperature and acidic or alkaline conditions, can be hydrolyzed into soluble fruit gums, into the sugar juice, become a harmful substance affecting the cleanliness and crystallization. Therefore, in the sugar production process, by controlling the temperature of sugar immersion, more than 90% of the pectin can be left in the sugar beet meal. Pectin extraction process from sugar beet meal is relatively simple, that is, sugar beet meal heating, hydrolysis, and then make pectin and waste separation will produce primary pectin. Primary pectin mixed with cement, gypsum furnace ash, can produce foam silicate products, to meet the technical requirements of the construction industry for thermal insulation materials, thus the cost is low. The technology is simple, easy to operate and environmentally friendly, with good prospects. Waste honey production and carbon dioxide utilization. Produced in the sugar production process of low-grade molasses, can not be returned to the cooking sugar, such molasses is called waste molasses, the production of sugar beet processing volume of about 4%. First, the production of fermented products Where starch is used as a raw material for the production of fermented products, the vast majority of which can be made from waste honey. Because of the low price of waste honey, high output value of the product; good economic benefits, so at present our country's sugar beet factory are using waste honey to produce fermented products. The main products are: alcohol, organic solvents (such as acetone, butanol and ethanol, etc.), glycerol, yeast, glutamic acid, monosodium glutamate, citric acid and so on. Second, for feed As the waste honey contains sugar, a variety of vitamins, amino acids and some trace elements, can be used as livestock feed. Such as improving appetite, help digestion, cattle lactation to improve milk, promote metabolism and physical development. Other types of beets 1. Fodder beet (Betavvlgarls L.Var.Cicle) It is one of the four varieties of common beet in the Beta genus common beet group. Fodder beet is a kind of fodder crop specially used for raising cattle and pigs, and the sugar content of the tuber is low, usually only 5 to 10 degrees, but the yield is high and can reach 60 to 80 tons/ha. In Europe, the cultivated area is large. And there are specialized fodder beet breeding institutions engaged in fodder beet varieties of scientific research work. In order to avoid making sugar beet sugar plant losses, some European countries provide feed beet and sugar beet root skin color to make a difference. Therefore, fodder beet breeders will be color genes imported into the root skin of fodder beet, so that we see the fodder beet tubers have a variety of colors, such as light red, light pink, golden yellow, light yellow and so on. Fodder beet tubers are mostly cylindrical, with more than two-thirds above ground. The number of leaves is low. The root furrow is shallow, smooth, and carries less soil when harvested. As the tuberous root contains a certain amount of sugar, but also contains a variety of vitamins and carbohydrates, fats and mineral salts needed to maintain the normal growth and development of livestock, so it is a high nutritional value of juicy feed. It as a feed crop, in our country has a better development prospects. Especially with the improvement of our people's living standards, milk consumption will be greatly increased, will lead to the development of dairy cattle industry, so the development of fodder beet broad prospects. In addition, fodder beet is a rare genetic resource. The use of its good root shape through hybridization with sugar beet selection of smooth root breeding (spherical root breeding), or the use of its productive genes selection of productive materials. At present, there is no specialized research institution in China. There are only a few domestic plantings in individual areas. Varieties are introduced from abroad, mainly from the former Soviet Union. 2. Leafy beet (Beta vvlgarls L.Var.Cicle) is commonly known as thick-skinned beet. Leaf blades are fat and thick, the leaf part is developed, and the petiole is thick and long. It is highly resistant to cold and heat. It is eaten as a vegetable or used as an herb and fodder. Leafy beet was isolated from the coastal beet (Beet maritima) in the Near East and later introduced into Europe, India, China, etc. It was the first domesticated cultivated beet. It was one of the first beets to be domesticated and cultivated, and it is thought that the first primitive type of leaf beet was cultivated in Mesopotamia about 4,000 years ago. It was introduced into China from Arabia around the fifth century AD. In China, leafy beets are mainly cultivated in the Yangtze River, the Yellow River basin and the southwestern part of the country. Leafy beets in China have been initially categorized into five types: white leafy beets, green leafy beets, seasonal leafy beets, curly leafy beets and red leafy beets. Currently, leafy beets are still cultivated as a vegetable in some areas. In addition, leafy beets are often utilized for breeding sugar beets or fodder beets because of their resistance to brown spot disease and stress. However, other economic potentials of leafy beets have yet to be researched and developed. 3. Edible beet (Beta vvlgarls L. Var. cruanla Alef.) is commonly known as red beet. The roots and leaves are purple-red in color, so it is also called flame beet. Tubers are edible. Similar to daikon radish, it is slightly sweet when eaten raw, and can be used as a side dish garnished in coleslaw or as an ingredient in carved dishes, which are very brightly colored; it can also be used as a soup dish. Many countries in the former Soviet Union as a vegetable still have a large area of cultivation. It can also be used as an ornamental plant. Edible beet other economic potential is yet to be studied and developed.