Its crown is broad bell-shaped; The dry skin is grayish brown to grayish white, flaking off in flakes. Young branches and leaves are densely covered with brown stellate hairs. The leaves are palmately 5-7-lobed, deeply lobed to the middle, the lobes are longer than the width, the leaf base is broadly wedge-shaped or truncated, the leaf margin is toothed and palmately veined; Stipules crewned. Inflorescence capitate, yellow-green. Most nuts are clustered into whole leaves, with 3-6 balls in a string. The persistent style is long and hairy, and the fruit stalk is long and drooping.
Like light, like humid and warm climate, more cold-resistant. Eurasia is cultivated in many places.
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Chinese scientific name: Platanus orientalis Latin scientific name: Platanus orientalis Linn. Other names: Quhan Tree, Pure Land Tree, French Indus, Nomenclature of Platanus orientalis: Plant phylum: Angiosperma: Dicotyledonous Subclass: Primitive Perianth Subclass: Rosaceae: Saxifraginae: Platanus Distribution: Southeast Europe and West Asia, China Application: Landscaping, Morphological characteristics of timber, ecological habits, distribution range, cultivation techniques, cutting propagation, sowing and seedling raising, management and maintenance, pest control, main values, precautions, plant culture, morphological characteristics, deciduous trees, up to 30 meters high, bark flake off; The tender branches are yellow-brown fluff, the old branches are bald, reddish brown after drying, and there are fine lenticels. The leaves are large, broadly oval in outline, 9-18cm wide and 8-16cm long, with a shallow triangular heart shape at the base, or nearly truncated. The upper part is palmately 5-7-lobed, sparsely 3-lobed, and the central lobe is deeply divided by more than half, 7-9cm long and 4-6cm wide. The lobes on both sides are slightly shorter, with a few edges. Petiole is 3-8 cm long, cylindrical, tomentose and swollen at the base; Stipules are small, shorter than 1 cm, and the base is sheathlike. Spend 4 numbers; Male bulbous inflorescences are sessile, with long hairs at the base, short sepals, long stamens than petals, extremely short filaments, elongated anthers and slightly enlarged peltate at the top; Female globes often have stalks, sepals are hairy, petals are oblanceolate, carpels are 4, style is elongated, and apex is curled. The fruit branch length is10-15cm, and there are 3-5 spherical head-shaped prefaces, with 2 sparse ones; The capitulum is 2-2.5 cm in diameter, the persistent style is spiny and 3-4 mm long, and there are yellow hairs between nutlets, which protrude out of the capitulum. Ecological habits like light, wet and warm climate, and are cold-resistant. The requirements for soil are not strict, but it is suitable for slightly acidic or neutral soil with good drainage. Although slightly alkaline soil can grow, it is prone to yellowing. The distribution of root system is shallow, so it is easy to be injured and inclined during typhoon. Strong anti-air pollution ability, the blade has the function of absorbing toxic gases and stagnant dust. This kind of tree trunk is tall, with lush foliage, rapid growth, strong adaptability, easy survival, pruning resistance and smoke resistance, so it is widely planted as a street greening tree species and also a fast-growing wood tree species; It has strong resistance to toxic gases such as sulfur dioxide and chlorine. The distribution range is native to southeastern Europe and western Asia, and it has been cultivated for a long time. According to records, it was introduced to China in the Jin Dynasty. There are ancient trees in Huyi District, Xi 'an City, Shaanxi Province, called Quhan Tree or Kumarajiva Tree. Cultivation techniques Cutting propagation cuttings are collected at the end of autumn and the beginning of winter, and the 1 annual branches sprouted from the seedling trunk or the strong mother trunk are better, and the 1 annual branches sprouted from the crown can also be used. In order to ensure the supply of cuttings, it is also possible to establish a cutting nursery with seedlings. After the cuttings are cut and the treated seed strips are taken back, they are immediately cut into cuttings with a length of 15~20cm, and each cuttings keeps two nodes and three full buds, because there are more nutrients in the branches than in the internodes. The lower incision should be close to the node, generally about 1cm away from the bud base, so as to facilitate healing and rooting, and the upper incision should be 0.5~ 1cm away from the bud apex to prevent the terminal bud from wilting due to dehydration. Every 50~ 100 cuttings are bundled into 1 bundle, and then 1 pit with a depth of 60~80cm and a width of 80cm is dug in a well-drained and leeward place, and the pit length is determined by the number of cuttings. The bottom of the pit is paved with a layer of virtual soil, and the cuttings are placed upright on the virtual soil with their heads down. Finally, the soil is covered and covered into a spherical shape to prevent rainwater from infiltrating, and they are taken out for cutting in the spring of the following year. In spring, it can also be harvested and inserted, and the survival rate is also high. Before cutting, you should choose a well-drained, loose and fertile plot, and make it into a cutting bed after deep turning, disinfection and leveling. Flooding the cuttage bed with water 1 time in the first and middle of March, and covering the whole bed with plastic film after water infiltration. At this time, take out the cuttings from the sand, soak them in rooting agent 1000 times solution for 2~3 days, and change rooting agent 1 time every 24 hours. After the ear dipping is completed, the cuttings are carried out according to the row spacing 15cm×30cm. Before cutting, punch holes with a hard stick with the same thickness as the cuttings to a depth of about 10cm, then carry out cutting, and the cuttings are exposed to the ground for about 5cm. After the whole bed is inserted, block the cuttings with fine soil to make the cuttings closely contact with the soil. Seedling management There are secondary buds and latent buds on both sides of the main bud on the cutting of Platanus acerifolia. Sometimes, the leaf buds germinate before rooting, forming a false phenomenon, but the new branches will soon die, and the secondary buds will germinate after about 10 days, which indicates that the new young roots have grown and the cutting has survived. After rooting, when the height of sprout is 6 ~ 10cm, leave 1 strong branches to cultivate the trunk, and cut off the rest. If withering buds are found, you can remove 1~2 leaves, or remove the main buds and keep the secondary buds. During the growth period, when the branches and leaves are too dense, the branches should be cut off twice, the yellow leaves should be removed, and ventilation and light should be maintained. At the same time, it is necessary to keep the seedbed moist frequently to facilitate cuttings to take root. After the cuttings take root, apply quick-acting fertilizer in June to August, mainly urea. Weeding is also very important to protect seedlings. Don't wait for weeds to grow tall before weeding. Try to "weed early, weed small and weed". There are fewer diseases in the growing period, but attention should be paid to the prevention and control of aphids. If carefully managed, the height of seedlings can reach more than 1.5m in that year, and can be planted in the field after 1 year, and can be used for urban greening when they are 6 years old. Seed treatment of sowing and seedling raising
Unlike other tree species, the seeds of paulownia will fall to the ground when they mature. When its fruit balls are ripe, they can be hung on trees and will not fall off all winter. Therefore, before the next spring comes, you can pick the fruit balls, put them in sacks, and then gently beat the sacks with wooden sticks to break all the fruit balls, so that all the seeds are played out. However, villi often adhere to the seeds of Fraxinus paulownia, and these villi and seeds must be peeled off to obtain pure seeds, otherwise the attachment of these villi will make the seeds not touch the soil. The specific method is as follows: after the fruit balls are broken, the small ball center in the middle of the broken fruit balls is picked up, and the screen is repeatedly rubbed on an iron screen by hand to separate the fluff from the needle-like seeds, and then the seeds are separated from the fluff by air separation, so that the net seeds can be obtained and bagged for sowing. Seedbed preparation
It is best to choose the seedbed in the agricultural land with fertile soil and no hardening, with shelter from the wind, smooth drainage, perfect irrigation equipment and convenient water intake, and the land is saline-alkali. After selecting the seedbed, it is necessary to irrigate it with water first, and then apply sufficient base fertilizer. Generally, decomposed farmyard manure is selected. After applying fertilizer, the seedbed should be deeply ploughed and leveled, and shallow furrows should be made into ridges. The ridge direction should be consistent with the irrigation direction, and the ridges are connected. The ridge length is10m, the ridge height is 0.15m, the ridge bottom is 0.6m, the ridge surface is 0.3-0.4m, the irrigation ditch bottom is 0.3m, the mouth is 0.6m, and the ridge. Sowing time
Generally speaking, spring is the best time, and the specific time should be determined according to the local climate. Generally, the average daily temperature can be continuously stabilized above 15℃, and the suitable sowing time is in late April and early May in the northern region, depending on the specific climate. If it is advanced or postponed, it will have a great impact on the emergence and growth, so we should pay attention to it. seed treatment
Before sowing, the seeds can be soaked in cold water for one day and night, and the water is changed once every 12 hours, and then the soaked seeds can be heated by light under windless conditions, or they can be heated in a greenhouse. After heating up and accelerating germination, the seeds can germinate quickly and uniformly, and it is best to ensure that the storage environment temperature of the seeds reaches 28℃~30℃, so that the seeds can be exposed within one or two days. Sowing technique
Sowing should be done in the evening, preferably on cloudy days. Spread the seeds evenly on the ridge surface, with a higher density, and then cover them with Qinghe sand. River sand should be prepared in advance and alkali-free. The thickness of river sand should be based on the fact that the seeds of Indus can't be seen, and it should not be too thick, otherwise it will affect the germination of the seeds, and it should not be too little. If it is too little, it will cover the incomplete seeds, so that the seeds are easy to dry and lack water, which is not conducive to germination. After covering, gently suppress it to ensure that the seeds are closely combined with the soil on the ridge surface, which is beneficial to rooting. field management
After sowing, the Miao Di should be irrigated, and the irrigation should be carried out slowly, and the flood and rapids should be avoided to avoid breaking the ridge surface. Irrigation depth shall be subject to slowly infiltrating ridge surface. After irrigation, we should always observe the humidity of the ridge surface, and spray water twice a day, which can be done in the morning and evening. When spraying, we should do it slowly and not too hastily to prevent the seeds from being washed out and affecting germination. Emergence of seedlings begins after one week, and seedlings will emerge within two weeks under normal conditions. Within 45 days after sowing, except furrow irrigation after sowing, furrow irrigation 1 time every 7 days thereafter, and insist on spraying 1 time on the ridge surface in the morning and evening every day. June to August is the vigorous growth period of Platanus acerifolia seedlings, so it is necessary to do a good job in timely topdressing, irrigation, erasing side branches, intertillage weeding, pest control and other management work. Topdressing can start in mid-June. The first topdressing can be ditched along the slope bottoms on both sides of the seedling ridge, and the top dressing should be mainly decomposed manure, and the other is accelerated fertilizer. Irrigate immediately after each topdressing, and irrigate 6-7 times from the first topdressing to the end of August. In order to enhance the lignification strength of seedlings, water was stopped before autumn. 10~ 1 1 month within two months, depending on the soil moisture of the nursery, small furrow irrigation 1~2 times, 1 1 full irrigation of overwintering water before the end of the month, so as to facilitate safe overwintering. The best planting time for management and maintenance of Platanus acerifolia is March in spring, and the root system of seedlings should be no less than 10~ 12 times of DBH. In order to ensure the survival and reduce the transpiration of large seedlings with DBH above 5cm, the stem can be fixed at a height of 3~3.5m before planting, and all the above branches can be erased. Apply preservative to the kerf, and use white mixed paint or lime milk. Immediately after planting, it should be watered 1 time, then it should be watered 1 time every 7 days, and it should be poured thoroughly for 3~4 times, and then it should be cultivated and loosened. In autumn, apply 50~75kg organic fertilizer to each plant, water it steadily, and cultivate the soil at the base of the trunk to prevent cold and overwinter. With such meticulous management, the survival rate can reach about 98%. Plastic trimming 1, tree selection. Platanus acerifolia has a straight trunk and branches, usually with a wide natural crown. When making street trees, the shaping method is generally cup-shaped, and if there is no overhead line above, it can also be happy. When making shade trees, it is mainly natural straight trunk or multi-branch shape. 2, plastic trimming. In the winter of the second year, the stem is fixed, and the tip is cut off at the height of 3~3.5m, and the side branches on the trunk below the branch point are cut off. In the third year, after the seedlings germinate, 3~5 strong branches near the branches are selected as main branches, and the rest are cut off in batches. In winter, the main branches are cut to 50 ~80cm, and the cut buds are left on the side to make them on the same horizontal plane as far as possible. After germination in the next spring, two 3-level lateral branches are selected to grow obliquely, that is, the shape of "three branches, six forks and twelve branches" is formed. After 3-4 years of cultivation, the big seedlings have a breast diameter of 7-8 cm, which has initially taken on a cup-shaped crown shape, conforms to the standards of street trees and can be taken out of the nursery. After the cup-shaped street trees are planted, they should be pruned for 4-5 years in the same way as in the seedling stage until the crown has 4-5 lateral branches. After the annual dormancy period, the branches of the year will be born. The main pests that harm Platanus acerifolia are Anoplophora glabripennis, Anoplophora glabripennis, the six-star black-spotted moth and the brown-edged green thorn moth. In the prevention and control, many methods are used, such as artificial capture or black light trapping and killing adults, killing eggs, cutting off insect branches and centralized treatment. When a large number of adults and newly hatched larvae occur, chemical agents can be used to spray branches or tree crowns, 40% omethoate EC, 50% phoxim EC, 90% trichlorfon crystals, 25% deltamethrin EC, etc. 100~500 times. Prevention and control of larvae that have eaten into xylem by injection and hole plugging. For most longicorn beetles and moth larvae, it can be used as follows: using a syringe or medicated cotton to dip dichlorvos, omethoate, deltamethrin, etc. 1~50 times solution into the wormhole; Plug the wormhole with aluminum phosphide or zinc phosphide poison stick and seal it with yellow mud, and the effect is good. Fungal blight of paulownia is the main disease, and it can be controlled by changing stubble to raise seedlings, and repeated stubble is strictly prohibited. In autumn, the fallen leaves of seedlings in bed are collected and burned to reduce the source of overwintering bacteria; From late May to July, the seedlings cultivated by sowing were sprayed with1:2: 200 times of Bordeaux solution for 2-3 times, which had the effect of preventing diseases, and the liquid medicine should be sprayed on the back of seedlings leaves. The main value of the garden ecological tree is majestic and dignified, with big shady leaves, smooth dry skin and strong adaptability. It is widely cultivated everywhere and is a world-famous excellent shade tree and street tree. It is an excellent street tree species with strong adaptability and resistance to pruning and shaping. It is widely used in urban greening. It is especially magnificent when it is planted alone on the lawn or in the open field in the garden and planted on both sides of the aisle. Because of its strong resistance to a variety of toxic gases, and can absorb harmful gases, it has remarkable effects on cooling, dust retention, noise reduction, absorption of harmful gases, improvement of air relative humidity, adjustment of the balance between carbon dioxide and oxygen, and improvement of air quality in summer. As a neighborhood, factory and mine greening is quite suitable. Fruit with economic value can be used as medicine. Wood can be used to make furniture. Precautions: Adult plants will blossom and bear fruit in large quantities, and a large amount of pollen will be formed in spring and summer every year. At the same time, the cones of the previous year cracked and produced a large number of fruit hairs. According to statistics, a Platanus acerifolia, which is 10 years old and has a DBH of 10cm, can bear 200~400 cones every year, and each cone can produce about 2 ~ 5 million fruit hairs. These floating pollen and fruit hairs are easy to enter people's respiratory tract, causing allergic reactions in some people, causing rhinitis, pharyngitis and so on. The alias of plant culture can be traced back to the origin. The leaves of Platanus acerifolia look like phoenix tree, which is mistaken for phoenix tree, and the "French phoenix tree" is not produced in France. /kloc-in the 0/7th century, in Oxford, England, people used Platanus acerifolia (also called Platanus acerifolia) and Platanus acerifolia (also called Platanus acerifolia) as parents to cross into Platanus acerifolia, which was named "Platanus acerifolia". Because it is a hybrid, there is no origin. After extensive cultivation in Europe, the French brought it to Shanghai and planted it in avenue joffre (now Huaihai Middle Road as a street tree). People call it "French phoenix tree", and people follow suit and regard it as a phoenix tree. Introduced to China in 40 1 year, Kumarajiva, an Indian monk, went to China to spread Buddhism. He brought Platanus acerifolia with him and planted it in front of the Huxian ancient temple near Xi 'an. Up to now, there are only four people who can hold the trunk together. This is the earliest introduced Platanus acerifolia in China.