Pinyin name Chuān Wū Tou
English name Common Monkshood Mother Root
Alias Sichuan aconite, black beak, Xidu, namely Zi, chicken poison, Dugong, Gengzi and Aconitum.
source
Medicinal material source: it is the mother root of Ranunculaceae plant Aconitum (cultivated product).
Latin plant and animal mineral name: Aconitum carmichaeli Debx.
Harvesting and storage: digging from late June to early January, removing the stems and leaves above ground, picking off the sub-root (Radix Aconiti Lateralis), taking the mother root (Radix Aconiti Lateralis), removing fibrous roots and silt, and drying in the sun.
The original form of Aconitum, a perennial herb, is 60- 120cm high. The tuberous roots are usually 2 connected, spindle-shaped to obovate, and the outer skin is dark brown; The lateral roots (sub-roots) of cultivated products are very large, with a diameter of 5cm. The stem is erect or slightly inclined, the lower part is smooth and hairless, and the upper part is scattered and appressed. Leaves alternate, leathery and stipitate; Leaf blade ovoid, 5- 12cm wide, 3-lobed almost to the base, 2-lobed lobes on both sides, rhombic wedge-shaped central lobe, 3-lobed apex, with coarse teeth or nicked lobes at the edges. Racemose panicle with appressed pilose inflorescence axis; Sepals 5, blue-purple, puberulent outside, upper sepals helmet-shaped, length 15- 18mm, width about 20mm, lateral sepals nearly round; Petals 2, glabrous; Stamens are numerous, and the lower part of filament expands into wide linear wings; Carpels 3-5, free, densely covered with short grayish yellow villi. Follicles are oblong, with transverse veins, persistent styles and pointed awns. Flowering period is June-July. Fruiting period is July-August.
Habitat distribution
Eco-environment: Born in mountain grass slopes or bushes.
Distribution of resources: distributed in southern Liaoning, Shaanxi, Gansu, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, northern Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan. Mainly cultivated in Sichuan. Shaanxi, Hubei, Hunan, Yunnan and other places are also cultivated.
cultivate
1 Climatic soil likes warm and humid climate and plenty of sunshine, especially humus loam and sandy loam with deep soil layer, loose and fertile soil and good drainage. Clay is not suitable for planting.
2. Planting mainly uses tuberous roots for propagation. Where the roots of Aconitum are specially cultivated, medium fertile soil with gravel is selected in mountainous areas. Excavate Aconitum after beginning of winter every year, and transport the larger one out for planting; The smaller ones are still planted in situ. In addition, the seeds of cultivated Aconitum can be used for reproduction. After collecting the seeds, sow them in the winter of that year, and then root tuber can be dug up in the winter of the following year. In the planting place, plain fields are generally used for planting, and deep ploughing should be carried out first, and sufficient base fertilizer should be applied. The base fertilizer is mainly manure and compost, and calcium superphosphate should be applied to make the soil uniform and loose. Planting was carried out 6- 10 days before the winter solstice, and the border was made into an arch shape with a width of about 67cm, with 2 rows of holes in each border, the row spacing was 25cm, and the hole spacing was 17cm. Each hole was planted with a root 1 piece, and the root bud should be upward.
3. Field management: 1. Replanting and weeding: after the seedlings are unearthed, if there are any missing seedlings, they must be replanted at any time and weeds should be pulled out in time. Second root trimming: perform root trimming twice. For the first time 1 time, when the height of seedlings at vernal equinox is about 17-20cm, dig up the soil near the plants to reveal the mother roots and daughter roots, and cut off the tiny daughter roots, leaving only 1 daughter roots on both sides of the mother roots for each plant, and then cover the soil with a thickness of about 7cm. The second time was conducted in front of long summer, with the focus on pruning the new sub-roots and retaining the fibrous roots on the sub-roots, leaving only one single root on the surface. In addition, the sub-roots born on the stems should also be pruned. 3. Watering and drainage: During the period when the seedlings are unearthed, in case of drought or dry soil, they must be watered, generally every half month 1 time, but the accumulated water must be removed the next day. 4. Fertilization: Generally, it is divided into three times. The first time 1 time is after emergence (about the end of February), 4000 kg of human excrement and urine, 0/600 kg of dry manure and 200 kg of decomposed oil cake are diluted per mu. The second and third times were conducted after root pruning, and a shallow hole was opened every two nests of plants, and fertilizer was applied into the hole. Picking buds with five tops: In order to prevent the plants from growing in vain, the flower stems from growing tall and consuming nutrients, topping is carried out when the height of the seedlings is about 50cm, and generally only 6-9 leaves are left. After topping, axillary buds are easy to grow between the leaves, and buds must be picked 1-2 times a week. 4 Pests and diseases control: Downy mildew and leaf spot are the main diseases, and Bordeaux mixture (1: 1: 140) should be sprayed for control, and attention should be paid to drainage and ventilation. Insect pest: It is harmful to mole cricket and grub, and can be made into poisonous bait with 0.5% BHC powder to trap and kill.
character
1. Character identification: Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii (mother root) is irregularly conical, slightly curved, often with residual stems at the top, and the middle part is swollen to one side, with a length of 2-7.5cm and a diameter of 1.2-2.5cm. The surface is brown or grayish brown, shriveled, with small tubercle-like lateral roots and sub-roots. Solid, white or light grayish yellow cross section, polygonal cambered ring. Slight breath, spicy taste, numb tongue.
It is better to be full, solid and white in section.
2. Microscopic identification of the transverse section of the mother root: the epigenetic cortex is brown corked cells, and the thin-walled tissue of the cortex occasionally sees single scattered or several groups of stone cells; The inner cortex is not obvious, and the phloem is scattered with sieve tube groups, and occasionally fiber bundles are seen inside. The cambium is annular and polygonal. There are occasionally 1 to several abnormal vascular bundles on the inside and outside. The xylem vessels are in many rows, and they are arranged in a straight or slightly V-shape. The medulla is obvious. Thin-walled cells are filled with starch granules.
3. Powder characteristics: 1 stone cells are nearly colorless or yellowish green, rectangular, square, polygonal or with one side inclined, with a diameter of 49- 1 17μm, a length of 1 13-280μm and a wall thickness of 4-/. 2. The starch granules are spherical, oblong or kidney-shaped, with a diameter of 3-22 μ m; Compound granules consist of 2- 15 fractions. 3 The catheter is light yellow, mainly with marginal holes, with a diameter of 29-70μm, a truncated or short tip at the end, and the perforation is located in the end wall or side wall, and some catheter molecules are vertically and horizontally connected or twisted. In addition, there are epigenetic cortical cells and fibers.
Chemical constituents of root tuber (mother root) include aconitine, hypaconitine, mesaconitine, talatisamine, demethyl-isohycoclaurine, isotalatizidine, neoline, Aconitine in Junggar, fuziline, salsolinol, isodelphinine, benzoylmesaconitine, karakoline, songorine A, Senbusine)B, 14- acetyl taramine (14-acetyl latatisamine), lipoaconitine, lipohypaconitine, lipodeoxyaconitine, Aconitan)A (lipomesaconitine), beiwutine, chuanfunine, 3- deoxyaconitine (3-deoxyaconitine), inertinine, hokbusine)A and b, uracil (uracil) and aconite polysaccharide (aconite polysaccharide) in the fat.
pharmacological action
1. Action on the heart Aconitine initially slows down the heart rate of isolated and in-situ frog hearts (which can be blocked by atropine), then the heart rate suddenly increases due to the height of the myocardium, and the cardiac contractility is strengthened, and soon there is arrhythmia, the cardiac contractility is weakened, and the heart contracts like a mulberry, and finally the heart stops. Its therapeutic dose can slow down the heart rate, make the pulse soft and weak, and slightly lower the blood pressure (excitement vagaries the center); 1. 1 fibrillation: aconitine poisoning can easily produce ventricular fibrillation, which is thought to be caused by increased myocardial excitability, membrane polarization and high-frequency ectopic rhythm of myocardium, and high concentration of calcium can inhibit it. It is believed that under the influence of cholinergic factors, impulsive wave-source reentry results. The right atrial muscle with sinoatrial node in rabbits is more likely to cause atrial fibrillation than that without sinoatrial node.
1.2 cardiotonic effect: aconitine itself has no cardiotonic effect and is extremely toxic to the heart; The toxicity of its hydrolysate, Aconine, is only 1/2000- 1/4000 of aconitine. It is said that it has cardiotonic effect and can resist arrhythmia caused by aconitine in isolated frog heart. In recent years, some people have experimented with aconitine solution hydrolyzed by 10 for half an hour in isolated hearts (frogs and guinea pigs), which has only a weak cardiotonic effect. Japanese scholars believe that the cardiotonic component in Aconitum is non-alkaloid, and the main plant species used in AconitumjaponicumNakai, and a small part of Aconitum japonicum is transplanted from China to Japan. Chinese scholars isolated a component with little obvious alkaloid reaction from Sichuan aconite root, which has cardiotonic effect on frog heart in vitro. This component is insoluble in benzene, ether and chloroform, but soluble in water and ethanol. Its cardiotonic effect will not be weakened by pH treatment in the range of 3-11,and it is neither an alkaloid nor a cardiotonic glycoside. According to this physical and chemical property, the qualitative and quantitative determination of Ca(++) should be made. China Aconitumchinense decoction and Sichuan aconite root decoction produced in Nanjing have obvious cardiotonic effects on isolated hearts (toad, frog and guinea pig). Cooked aconite root decoction has a stronger effect, and the longer it is decocted, the more obvious the cardiotonic effect is, and the lower the toxicity is. However, the cold extract or decoction time of raw aconite root is shorter, which only shows a short-term increase in cardiac amplitude, followed by cardiac inhibition and arrhythmia (similar to aconitine). According to chemical analysis, the above preparation does not contain cardiac glycoside, but contains relatively high concentration of calcium, with 0.24% for Aconitum carmichaeli and 0/.41%for Rhizoma Aconiti Preparata (according to investigation, haloperidol was added during the processing). The longer the decoction, the higher the calcium content in the decoction. After calcium was removed by EDTA complexation, ion exchange resin and ammonium oxalate, the cardiotonic effect disappeared. The content of calcium in aconite ash is 0.64%, which also shows cardiotonic effect. Therefore, it is considered that the cardiotonic effect of aconite and aconite (cooked aconite) decoction is closely related to the calcium contained in it. After heating, decocting or processing, the total alkali content decreases. The toxicity is also greatly reduced.
2. Influence on blood pressure and blood vessels Aconitine can reduce blood pressure, while China Aconitum and Chuanfu (cooked aconite) decoction can cause rapid and short-term blood pressure reduction in anesthetized dogs or cats, at this time, the heart has no obvious change, and the blood pressure reduction can be eliminated by a large amount of atropine or diphenhydramine. The device for measuring the peripheral resistance shows that the decoction of cooked aconite tablet can significantly dilate the blood vessels of lower limbs, and in addition, it can dilate the coronary vessels (regardless of blood pressure and heart rate). It is said that the first-aid Huiyang decoction (aconite, camphor, ginseng and musk) has a booster effect. Sini Decoction (Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata, Rhizoma Zingiberis, and Radix Glycyrrhizae) also increases blood pressure in dogs with acute blood loss. However, Fugui decoction can reduce the blood pressure of renocutaneous hypertension (partial adrenal burn) in rats, and strengthen the adrenal activity on the burned side (1-C 14- sodium acetate incorporation test).
3. Anti-inflammatory effect and its relationship with adrenal cortex. Cooked aconite (white aconite) or black aconite decoction has obvious anti-inflammatory effect on formaldehyde and egg white ankle swelling by intraperitoneal injection or oral administration. The decoction of Shufu Tablet can significantly reduce the content of ascorbic acid in adrenal gland of rats by oral administration (0.2g/ 100g), subcutaneous injection or intramuscular injection, and its effect is not blocked by pentobarbital sodium and chlorpromazine, but can be partially blocked by cortisone. The alkaloid fraction and pure aconitine isolated from China Aconitum also have the effect of reducing ascorbic acid in adrenal gland, but the non-alkaloid fraction is ineffective. In addition, the decoction of cooked aconite tablet can also increase the excretion of 17- ketosterol in urine of rats and reduce the number of eosinophils in peripheral blood of rats, so it has an exciting effect on pituitary-adrenal cortex system. The histochemical method (in mice) also proved that aconite decoction can reduce the cholesterol content in adrenal cortex (indicating that adrenocortical hormone is secreted vigorously), increase the phosphatase activity (indicating that the metabolism of sugar, protein and fat is enhanced by adrenocortical hormone) and promote the increase of hepatic glycogen. However, taking Heifu Tablet decoction 1 g/1 00g (five times larger than the above-mentioned reported dose),1time or six times in a row could not reduce the content of ascorbic acid in the adrenal gland of rats.
four