"Yuanmingyuan" was named by Emperor Kangxi. The three-character plaque of Emperor Kangxi's Imperial Book hangs above the lintel of Yuanmingyuan Hall. There is an explanation for this "Yuanming" yongzheng emperor, saying that the meaning of the word "Yuanming" is: "Round and ecstasy, a gentleman is also in the middle; Bright and shining, the wisdom of talent is also. " This means that "roundness" refers to the ideal standard for individuals to flaunt their wisdom and virtue. In addition, "Yuanming" is the Buddhist name that yongzheng emperor has been using since the time of the Prince. yongzheng emperor believes in Buddhism and has a deep study of Buddhism. He is the author of Quotations of Imperial Selection 19 and Distinguishing Different Records of Imperial Selection of Demons. In the pattern of Buddhist sects in the early Qing Dynasty, yongzheng emperor, a very important figure in the history of Buddhist development, claimed to be a master of Zen and exerted influence on Buddhism as the "master of the world" and tried to advocate the integration of three religions and Zen and purity. When Emperor Kangxi gave the garden to Yin Zhen (later yongzheng emperor), the title of the pro-theme garden "Yuanmingyuan" was exactly the name "Yuanming" which was taken from Yongzheng.
historical development
Royal Garden Area in Northwest Beijing
Yuanmingyuan is one of the famous royal gardens in Qing Dynasty. Yuanming Three Gardens covers an area of more than 5,200 mu with more than 150 scenic spots. Yuanmingyuan was originally a garden given by Emperor Kangxi to the fourth son of Emperor Yin Zhen (later yongzheng emperor). In the forty-sixth year of Kangxi, namely 1707, the garden had begun to take shape. In November of the same year, Emperor Kangxi visited the Yuanmingyuan. After yongzheng emperor acceded to the throne in 1723, he expanded the original garden, and built the Zhengda Guangming Hall, Qinzheng Hall and the value rooms of the Cabinet, Sixth Department and military department in the south of the garden, so as to "avoid the noise and listen to politics". Emperor Qianlong reigned for 60 years, and spent millions of dollars on the construction of Yuanmingyuan, repairing China every day, dredging water and moving stones. In addition to the partial addition and reconstruction of Yuanmingyuan, he built Changchun Garden in the immediate east and merged it into Qichun Garden in the southeast. By the thirty-fifth year of Qianlong, that is, 1770, the pattern of Yuanming three gardens was basically formed. Jiaqing Dynasty mainly repaired and expanded Qichun Garden, making it one of the main garden places. During the Daoguang dynasty, state affairs declined and financial resources were insufficient. However, it was better to withdraw the furnishings of Wanshou, Xiangshan and Yuquan, stop the Rehe summer vacation and Mulan hunting, and still do not give up the reconstruction and decoration of Yuanming Three Gardens.
Encounter catastrophe
Historical background Yuanmingyuan guide map
In the tenth year of Xianfeng in Qing Dynasty (1860), after the British and French allied forces captured Beijing, they occupied Yuanmingyuan on1October 6. China's defenders were outnumbered, and Wen Feng, the chief minister of Yuanmingyuan, committed suicide by throwing himself into Fuhai, and Chang Ai, who lived in the garden, was frightened to death. Two days after the British and French troops looted, they marched into the city. 1October 1 1 Japanese British troops sent1more than 200 cavalry and an infantry regiment to rob Yuanmingyuan again. James Bruce, the British plenipotentiary, took Parkes and others as an excuse and put the burning of Yuanmingyuan on the agenda and a prerequisite. 10 18, 3,500 British troops rushed into Yuanmingyuan and set it on fire. The fire did not go out for three days, and the Yuanmingyuan and its nearby Qingyi Garden, Jingming Garden, Jingyi Garden, Changchun Garden and Haidian Town were all burned into ruins. Nearly 300 eunuchs, maids and craftsmen were buried in the fire in Anyou Palace. Become a rare atrocity in the history of world civilization. Burning the Yuanmingyuan is a phrase that people are used to saying. In fact, the real concept of burning Yuanmingyuan is not only burning Yuanmingyuan, but burning the royal three mountains and five gardens in the west of Beijing. The scope of burning is much larger than that of Yuanmingyuan. These three mountains and five gardens are: Wanshou Mountain, Yuquan Mountain and Xiangshan Mountain, Qingyi Garden, Yuanmingyuan Garden, Changchun Garden, Jingming Garden and Jingyi Garden. Invaders burned Yuanmingyuan twice in history. The first time Yuanmingyuan was burned down was in the tenth year of Xianfeng in Qing Dynasty (1860), and the British and French allied forces invaded Beijing. The British and French allied forces burned and looted everywhere, savagely looted and burned the world-famous Yuanmingyuan, and most of the temple buildings in the park were destroyed by fire. When the British and French allied forces burned Yuanmingyuan, it was intended to raze it to the ground. However, due to the large area of Yuanmingyuan Garden, scattered scenic spots and vast waters, some remote places and scenic spots in the water survived. According to the winter survey in the 12th year of Tongzhi (1873), there are still 13 buildings in the park. For example, Pengdao Yaotai and Cangzhouwu in Yuanmingyuan, Daguongmen and Zhengjue Temple in Qichun Garden, etc. The second burning of Yuanmingyuan was in the 26th year of Guangxu reign of Qing Dynasty (1900). Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Beijing and set fire to Yuanmingyuan again, so that the remaining 13 royal palace buildings here were looted and burned again. In literary works, it seems that the sin of burning Yuanmingyuan is attributed to the incompetence of Empress Dowager Cixi. It sounds like there is some truth, but it is not exact. Countless facts in history show that a poor, backward and weak country and nation can only be oppressed, exploited, humiliated and plundered. The history of burning Yuanmingyuan once again proves that a country that is poor, backward and weak will be beaten. Now, Yuanmingyuan has been turned into a ruins park, and protective maintenance is being carried out on the ruins, and the mountain water system, garden vegetation, bridges and culverts are restored, and some ancient buildings will also be rebuilt. Robbery of Yuanmingyuan 1860 10. On October 6, the British and French allied forces bypassed the northeast suburb of Beijing and went straight to Yuanmingyuan. At that time, the remnants of Sangrinqin and Ruilin resisted a little in the north of the city and fled. The French army went first, passing through Haidian in the afternoon,1On the evening of October 6, the invading army broke into the Grand Palace Gate of Yuanmingyuan. At this time, in the entrance and exit of Xianliang Gate, more than 20 skilled eunuchs of Yuanmingyuan fought with the enemy, "fighting bravely when they were killed", but in the end, because they were outnumbered, Ren Liang, the "eight-product leader" of Yuanmingyuan, and others died. At 7 pm, the French invaders captured the Yuanmingyuan. Wen Feng, Minister of Garden Management, died in Fuhai. 10 7, after the leader of the British and French invasion of China broke into Yuanmingyuan, he immediately "sent three members of the British and French committees to discuss and distribute the treasures in the garden." On the same day, Montaubon, commander of the French army, wrote to the French Foreign Minister: "I ordered the French members to pay attention to the most valuable items in art and archaeology first. The trip will be dedicated to His Majesty the Emperor (Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte) by you, which is extremely rare in France, and will be hidden in the French Museum. " Grant, the British commander, immediately "sent officers to collect things that should belong to the British." The day after the French and British invaders entered the park, they could no longer resist the temptation of things. Officers and soldiers rushed forward in groups to rob the treasures of gold and silver and cultural and artistic treasures in the park. There are too many things to rob in Yuanmingyuan. According to a witness of the British army, the whole French camp was piled with many colorful clocks and watches, and around the soldiers' tents, silks and satins and embroidery were everywhere. A British second-class trooper named Hollis was nicknamed "China Zhan Mu" because he plundered and became rich in Yuanmingyuan and enjoyed his life. After the burning of Yuanmingyuan, Emperor Xianfeng's royal approval
It is never clear how many treasures the British and French invaders took away from Yuanmingyuan, because all the furnishings and accounts in the garden were robbed and destroyed. The following information may be used to get a glimpse of the leopard. According to the historical data of the Qing Dynasty, there were only 44/kloc-0 European clocks and watches on display and in stock in Yuanmingyuan at that time, and only one big clock survived the robbery. Afterwards, a part of the lost objects, namely 1 197, which were taken away by bandits and abandoned by the invading army, were seized, which was at best only one thousandth of the objects in the park. According to a communication in The Times at that time, "It is estimated that the total value of looted and destroyed property is over 6 million pounds". In fact, a large part of the objects robbed and destroyed by the British and French invaders are priceless. This heinous crime of destroying human culture is really outrageous! According to the descriptions of the British and French officers, priests and journalists who witnessed the looting scene, officers and soldiers, British people and French people flocked to Yuanmingyuan from all directions in order to seize the treasure, and they were in a hurry to take whatever they wanted. They beat each other and even fought with each other in order to rob the treasure. Because there are too many treasures in the garden, they don't know what to take at the moment. Some move cloisonne porcelain bottles, some covet embroidered robes, some choose high-grade fur coats, and some get wall clocks inlaid with pearls and jade. Some carry big bags full of all kinds of treasures. Some put gold bars and gold leaves into the wide pockets of their coats; Some are wrapped in brocade and satin; Some hats are filled with rubies, sapphires, pearls and crystals; Some have jade collars around their necks. There is a mountain of high-grade silks and satins in one wing, which is said to be enough for half of Beijing residents, and all of them are carried away by soldiers in carts. -A British officer snatched a golden Buddha statue from a temple with 500 statues, which was worth1200. A French officer robbed property worth 600,000 francs. The treasure plundered by the son of Montaubon, commander-in-chief of the French army, was worth 300,000 francs and was filled with several carriages. A British second-class trooper named Hollis once stole two golden stupas (all three floors, one 7 feet high and the other 6.4 feet high) and a large number of other treasures from the garden, and found seven strong men to carry them back to the barracks for him. . In addition to looting, the invaders have ruined countless things. Several rooms were full of silks and satins, and the clothes were dragged out of the box and thrown all over the floor. People walked into the room and could almost cover their knees. Engineers with big axes smashed all the furniture and took off the gems on it. Some people break big mirrors, while others shoot at candlesticks for fun. Most French soldiers brandish wooden sticks and smash all the things they can't take away. On 10/9, when the French army temporarily withdrew from Yuanmingyuan, this beautiful garden had been destroyed in lupus. The burning of Yuanmingyuan was just as the Qing government bowed its knees to the invaders and promised to accept all the conditions of "negotiation and peace".
When signing the contract on the date of the signing of 20 Da Shui Fa relics of the Western Building in Yuanmingyuan, the leaders of British aggression against China, Erjin and Grant, in order to impress their aggression against China and make the Qing government "suddenly shocked", unexpectedly ordered the burning of Yuanmingyuan under the pretext that the Qing government arrested the minister and treated prisoners of war badly. Erkin wanted to send a message by burning the Yuanmingyuan: It is the Emperor China and his minions who should be responsible for the atrocities such as arresting ministers and mistreating prisoners, not the people of China. A few days before the retaliation, Erkin ordered the following announcement to be posted all over Beijing, declaring the purpose of the British and French allied forces to burn the Yuanmingyuan: "No one, no matter how high his position, can escape responsibility and punishment after committing fraud and atrocities; Yuanmingyuan will be burned down on (1860 10) 18 as a punishment for the treachery of Emperor China; Only the Qing imperial government should be responsible for this, and people who have nothing to do with atrocities do not have to worry about being hurt. " (Translated from English)1October 18, 19, three or four thousand British troops set fire to the garden everywhere, and the fire did not go out for three days and nights, and the smoke cloud enveloped Beijing for a long time. This unique garden masterpiece was burned together. Afterwards, according to the investigation of the Qing officials, only 20 or 30 temples, pavilions, temples, official doors, value rooms and other buildings survived in the vast Yuanming Three Gardens, but many doors and windows were uneven, and indoor furnishings and several cases were looted. Since then, some buildings of Qingyi Garden in Wanshou Mountain, Jingyi Garden in Xiangshan Mountain and Jingming Garden in Yuquan Mountain have also been burned. According to relevant records, on 10 18, when the British invading army burned down Anyou Palace, because they came suddenly and the eunuch in charge locked the door of Anyou Palace, there were ***300 eunuchs, maids-in-waiting, craftsmen and so on, who were burned alive in Anyou Palace. When Yuanmingyuan fell into a sea of fire, Erjin proudly declared: "This move will shock China and Europe, and its effect is far beyond the imagination of people thousands of miles away.". The main emissary of the fire regarded this behavior as a great achievement, while the upright people all over the world were angered by this barbaric crime. Hugo wrote in 186 1 year: "One day, two robbers broke into the Yuanmingyuan, one looted and the other set fire. It seems that after winning, you can start stealing ... Two winners, one full of pockets, which is visible, and the other full of boxes and baskets. They returned to Europe arm in arm and smiling. "The two robbers who will be punished by history, one is called France and the other is called English." This passage represents the voice of millions of upright people. When Yuanmingyuan was still burning, Prince Yi Xin, who was ordered to stay in Beijing, promised all the conditions of the invaders. Soon after, the text of Tianjin Treaty was exchanged with Britain, France and Russia, and the Beijing Treaty was signed.
Decline process
When the British and French allied forces looted Yuanmingyuan crazily, countless bandits took part in the robbery. Take everything that can be taken away, and pull it with cars or animals that can't be taken away. If you can't take it away, you will destroy it at will! Those inhuman British and French allied forces chose the most precious things to rob, bandits plundered the remaining essence, Wang picked up the bits and pieces that were abandoned by the Committee, and even the eunuchs guarding the garden also took advantage of the fire to rob. Easy-to-get valuables were quickly cleaned up, and some people pinned their hopes on the fine treasures scattered and buried in the dust. They picked up brooms and dustpans and flew sand and dust in the middle of the garden. The eunuchs and soldiers guarding the garden called them "soil-sifting thieves", and sometimes there was a saying: "sifting soil, sifting soil, never suffering." Ruins of the Summer Palace Acropolis
1900 Eight-Nation Alliance [The eight bandits were: Britain, France, Prussia (Germany), Russia, the United States, Japan, Italy, Austria-Hungary (now Austria and Hungary) invaded Beijing, and the gardens in the western suburbs were looted again. This time, the Qing government completely lost control of Yuanmingyuan, and the people who took advantage of the fire were no longer satisfied with robbing foreigners of the surplus wealth. They sawed off the scattered buildings, pillars and piles of wooden bridges in the garden after the fire robbery, and pulled them down with big ropes, and all the trees and trees in the garden were also felled. At that time, the timber in Qinghe town was piled up like a mountain, and the trade was busy, while there were many charcoal factories in the park, and all the branches and roots were burned into charcoal. In addition, some relics of Yuanmingyuan were placed in public places, such as the bronze unicorn at the gate of Changchun Garden, the Danbi stone at Anyou Palace, and the Shui Mu Minse Monument, which were moved to the Summer Palace from 19 10 to 1937. Anyou Palace Huabiao, Shiqilin, Xiyanglou Line Faqiao, Fanwei Shiyu, Meishi Monument, Yanhua Monument and Wenyuan Pavilion Monument were moved to the old libraries of yenching university and Beijing respectively. Precious Taihu stones such as Lanting Monument and "Qingliandou" were moved to Zhongshan Park in 19 15; The stone lion and its pedestal in the East Gate of Changchun Garden moved to Zhengyangmen and xinhua gate. The white marble and bricks at the site of Xiyanglou were also transported away by warlords and bureaucrats, or bought by various stone workshops and carved into other stones on the spot. 1928 The stone of Dashuifa site was demolished to build a memorial for the fallen soldiers in Suiyuan. During the Japanese occupation, some sites in the park were filled with lakes by Pingshan under the slogan of "rewarding agriculture" and changed into paddy fields. In the early Republic of China, warlords, who had the same change of lanterns, all regarded Yuanmingyuan as an inexhaustible building material field. The archives of Puyi period left many helpless records: "Soldiers rode their cars every day 10 to haul Taihu Stone in the garden." In fact, the situation of dismantling and selling is far worse than that of keeping a bird cage in Xiyanglou, Changchun Garden.
The case is much more serious. Xu Shichang demolished the wood belonging to Mingchun Garden and Jingchun Garden in Yuanmingyuan, and Wang Huai Qing demolished the wall of Anyou Palace and the stone of the Western Building in the Garden. Since then, everything that can be used as building materials in the ruins of Yuanmingyuan, from square bricks, roof tiles, wall bricks and stone strips on the ground, and underground wooden nails, stakes and copper pipes, has been collected and pulled off and on for more than 20 years! At this point, the buildings, trees and masonry of Yuanmingyuan have all disappeared. At the end of Xuantong, local banners had built houses on the site of the palace in the park, facing the former royal garden. /kloc-during the Japanese occupation after 0/940, Beijing was short of food, so it was rewarded for land reclamation. Since then, farmers have successively entered the park to fill the lake in Pingshan and open fields to grow rice. Yuanmingyuan, a victory of lakes and mountains painstakingly managed by 150 years in the early Qing Dynasty, is beyond recognition.
Site protection and renovation
1949, after the founding of the People's Republic of China, the people's government attached great importance to the protection of the site of Yuanmingyuan and the protection of key cultural relics.
It has been listed as park land and key cultural relics protection units, and the dry land in the park has been expropriated and large-scale tree planting and greening has been carried out. During the ten years of turmoil, although the site suffered some damage, it was preserved after all: the water system of Yuanmingyuan and the garden pattern of Wanyuan Garden still exist, and nearly half of the land has become a green belt. Hundreds of thousands of trees have grown into forests, most of the building bases can still be found, dozens of rockeries and stacked stones can still be seen, and the remains of stone carvings at the site of Xiyanglou are quite eye-catching. 1976 After the official establishment of the Yuanmingyuan Management Office, the site protection and landscaping have made remarkable progress, and the area around Xiyanglou has been partially cleaned and tidied up. The garden roads and cup facilities in the eastern part of the whole site have been improved from scratch, and the number of visitors to the park has increased greatly. The Yuanmingyuan Garden History Exhibition Hall has been 19791/. 1983, the Master Plan of Beijing Urban Construction approved by the State Council clearly planned Yuanmingyuan as a ruins park. In the same year, the Beijing Municipal Government allocated special funds to repair the 2,300-meter tiger skin stone fence on the northeast and south sides of Changchun Garden. With the care and support of the government of Beijing and Haidian District, Yuanmingyuan Society and other social circles,1In September, 984, the Yuanmingyuan Management Office and the farmers in Haidian Township Park were United, taking the form of private office assistance and relying on the strength of social equipment to jointly develop and construct the ruins park. So that the site protection and renovation work has taken a decisive step. The first phase of the project was to renovate Fuhai, and ground was broken on 1984 1 February1day, which lasted for 7 months to store water and release the ship. 1985 Meng Dong then renovated the mountainous water system of Qichunyuan, which was completed in the early summer of the following year. The two phases of the project are mainly to dig lakes to supplement mountains, and build garden roads, bridges and culverts and garden service facilities, clean up the ancient building foundation sites, and carry out greening and beautification. In two years, 400,000 cubic meters of earthwork was moved, which basically restored the original appearance of the mountain-shaped water system within 10 hectares, including 55 hectares of water surface. The pavilion of "Yinghai Fairy Mountain" and the courtyard of West Island in Yaotai East Island, Pengdao, Fuhai Center, the new palace gate of Qichun Garden, and the European maze (Wan Hua Array) of Xiyang Building have all been restored in the original site. After two years of renovation and improvement, the ruins park began to take shape and was officially opened to the public on June 29th, 1988. Over the past six years, the number of visitors in the park has exceeded110 million. Rectification of Yuanmingyuan Ruins Park
The repair and construction of Changchun Circle in Yuanmingyuan (15 sheets) mainly carried out six aspects; First, we will continue to improve the greening and beautification, garden roads, bridges and culverts and service facilities in Fuhai and Qichun Garden. Second, the level of cleaning and arrangement of garden sites has been significantly improved. There are more than ten sites in these two scenic spots, such as Pengdao Yaotai, Hanxu Langjian, Guanlan Hall, Bieyoudongtian, Hanqiu Pavilion, Tianxin Water Surface, Fenglinzhou, etc., which are used to remove debris, clear the stone foundation, arrange the waterfront foundation, define the scope of the sites, and erect stones to engrave the prosperous picture for tourists to mourn. Thirdly, several scenic spots have been restored, such as Xianrencheng Terrace, Bizi Pavilion and Haoran Pavilion in Qichun Garden, and Sifang Pavilion in Fuhai. Fourth, the natural stone revetment of rivers and lakes in the eastern half of Qichun Garden has been completely built, with a total length of 4,960 meters. Fifth, the western half of the Xiyanglou site was completely cleaned up, and the ballast soil 16,000 cubic meters was removed, and the ancient architectural foundations and fountains such as the Harmony and Curiosity, the Water Storage Building, the Bird Breeding, the Square Appearance, the Wuzhu Pavilion, the Haiyan Hall, etc. were cleared, and a large number of stone pieces such as the column wall of the platform were returned. Sixth, from 19921February, the mountainous water system of Changchun Garden was completely renovated, and it was basically completed by 1994. * * * More than 200,000 cubic meters of earth were moved, 28 hectares of rivers and lakes were dug, 9,500 linear meters of masonry revetment were completed, and 42 mountain-shaped water systems in the park were basically restored to their original appearance. And sorted out the garden sites such as Haiyue Kaijin, Liuxiang Zhuzhu, Dequan Pavilion, Jianyuan, Lion Forest and the waterfront platform; Digging, resetting, Qianlong imperial inscription, tablet, poem and stone carving 3 1
Yuanmingyuan landscape (20 pieces); More than 35,400 trees and shrubs of various types were planted, and lotus roots were planted 10 hectare. At this point, the entire eastern half (200 hectares) of Yuanming Three Gardens has been initially built into a site garden. Today's Yuanmingyuan Ruins Park is full of mountains and waters, lush trees, fragrant flowers and attractive scenery. It is not only rich in the characteristics of the site, but also has the function of a park. It is a good place for patriotic education and mass recreation. After several years of transition, the conditions for comprehensively opening up the ruins park have gradually matured in the form of joint construction of the park by the state and farmers in the park. According to the requirements of the capital construction master plan, in order to speed up the pace of the construction of the ruins park, in 1990 and 1993, the expropriation procedures of all the land occupied by the ruins park were formally handled in two batches, and the farmers who used to make a living from land in the park were turned into non-agricultural population, and their labor force was arranged to engage in garden construction. This has created brand-new conditions for the comprehensive construction of ruins parks and the protection of cultural relics and historic sites within the scope of Yuanming Three Parks. Try to return to the original state.
Edit this paragraph history
Kangxi period
In the forty-eighth year of Kangxi (1709), Emperor Kangxi (that is, Emperor Xuanye of the Qing Dynasty) gave his fourth son, Yin Zhen, a garden one mile north of Changchun Garden in the northwest suburb of Beijing, and inscribed the amount of the garden "Yuanmingyuan".
Yongzheng period
In the third year of Yongzheng (1725), Yong Zhengdi (namely Yin Zhen, Emperor Sejong of the Qing Dynasty) built an additional palace office in the south of Yuanmingyuan, covering an area of more than 3,000 mu from the original 600 mu. Since then, Yuanmingyuan is not only a place for the Qing emperors to have a rest and visit, but also a place for them to meet with foreign envoys and handle daily affairs.
Qianlong period
After Emperor Qianlong succeeded to the throne, he adjusted the landscape of the garden in Yuanmingyuan, added architectural groups, and built Changchun Garden and Qichun Garden in the east and southeast of Yuanmingyuan (renamed Wanchun Garden in Tongzhi). These three gardens belong to the management of Yuanmingyuan Management Minister, and are called Yuanming Three Gardens. .
Xianfeng period
In August of the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), the British and French allied forces invaded Beijing. 1October 6, occupied Yuanmingyuan. Since the next day, officers and soldiers have been frantically looting and destroying. In order to force the Qing government to accept the terms of peace as soon as possible, British Minister Erkin and British Commander Grant used the excuse that the Qing government had imprisoned British and French prisoners in Yuanmingyuan as an excuse, and ordered Lieutenant General Mitchell to lead more than 3,500 invading troops to the Yuanmingyuan on 10 18 and set them on fire. The fire lasted for three days and nights.
After tongzhi period
During the Tongzhi period (1862 —— 1875), Emperor Tongzhi prepared to restore the Yuanmingyuan to accommodate Empress Dowager Cixi. Later, due to financial difficulties, it was forced to stop and rebuild other buildings. 1900, Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Beijing, and Yuanmingyuan was once again destroyed. After the collapse of the Qing Dynasty, some warlords, politicians and bureaucrats stole building materials from Yuanmingyuan, and the site of Yuanmingyuan was further damaged.
During the People's Republic of China
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the state attached great importance to the protection of the site of Yuanmingyuan. 1979, the site of Yuanmingyuan was restored by Yuanmingyuan
It is listed as a key cultural relic protection unit in Beijing. After that, the renovation of the Yuanmingyuan site was gradually carried out. Later, it was turned into Yuanmingyuan Ruins Park.
Edit this section of landscape architecture
architectural feature
Located in the northwest suburb of Beijing, Yuanmingyuan was built in the Ming Dynasty. 1709, architectural features
Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty gave it to his fourth son, Yin Zhen (later Yong Zhengdi), and named it Yuanmingyuan. After more than 50 years' operation by the five emperors Yongzheng, Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang and Xianfeng/kloc-,we have concentrated a large number of material resources, served countless skilled craftsmen, poured the blood and sweat of millions of working people, and built it into a detached palace with grand scale and beautiful scenery. Every summer, the Qing emperors came here to escape the heat, listen to politics and handle military and political affairs, so they were also called "Summer Palace". Yuanmingyuan is surrounded by 10 km, which is composed of Yuanmingyuan, Qichun Garden and Changchun Garden, and Yuanmingyuan is the largest, so it is collectively called Yuanmingyuan (also known as Yuanming Three Gardens). In addition, there are many subordinate gardens located in the east, west and south of Yuanmingyuan, including Jingyi Garden in Xiangshan Mountain, Jingming Garden in Yuquan Mountain, Qingyi Garden (the later Summer Palace was built on this basis), etc., with a total area of more than 5,000 mu. Yuanmingyuan not only brought together several famous scenic spots in the south of the Yangtze River, but also creatively transplanted western garden buildings, which was a masterpiece of gardening art at that time. There are magnificent palaces, light and exquisite pavilions and terraces in the garden; There are "buying and selling streets" symbolizing busy markets and "mountain villas" symbolizing rural scenery; Some are modeled after the autumn moon in Pinghu and the sunset photos of Leifeng in Hangzhou West Lake, and some are modeled after the scenic spots in Suzhou Lion Forest. There are also poems and paintings modeled after ancient poets and painters, such as Penglai Yaotai and Wuling Spring Scenery. It can be said that Yuanmingyuan is the crystallization of the wisdom and sweat of the working people in China, and it is also a model of the architectural art and culture of the people in China. Moreover, the Yuanmingyuan also contains countless priceless treasures of various styles, extremely rare historical classics and rich and precious historical relics, such as paintings, gold and silver jewelry, Song and Yuan porcelain, etc. It can be called one of the treasure houses of human culture, and it can also be said that it is the largest museum in the world. Yuanmingyuan is a large-scale garden with magnificent scale and beautiful scenery created artificially. The flat land is stacked with mountains to manage water, refined garden buildings, and widely planted with trees and flowers. With intermittent hills, tortuous water surfaces, pavilions, winding corridors, islands and bridges, the vast space is divided into more than 100 scenic groups surrounded by mountains and rivers with different interests. The water surface in the park accounts for about two-fifths of the total area of the three parks. The large, medium and small water surfaces are artificially dug on the flat land, and the rivers that flow around the loop are connected in series to form a complete river and lake system. There are 250 earth mountains, large and small, in the garden, which are combined with the water system, and the water turns with the mountains, and the mountains are alive because of the water, forming a layered garden space. Make the whole garden as misty as a water town in the south of the Yangtze River. Although it is made by people, it is a fantasy. Water theme characteristics of architecture The landscape of Yuanmingyuan is mostly based on water, which makes it interesting, and many of them directly absorb the interest of famous water features in the south of the Yangtze River. The Houhu Scenic Area of Yuanmingyuan, which is surrounded by nine small islands, is a symbol of the national territory Yugong and Jiuzhou. Building Yuanmingyuan on each island
Small gardens or scenic groups have their own characteristics, and they are borrowed from each other. Up and down the skylight on the north shore, there is quite a victory of climbing Yueyang Tower to see Dongting Lake. "The rainbow hangs over the lake, spanning a hundred feet, repairing the fence and clipping the wings, and the middle is a wide pavilion. The reflection of the tattoo, between the lintels, overlooks the sky, and is a blue sky. " On the west bank, it looks like watching fish in Yuquan, Hangzhou. It is commonly known as the Golden Fish Pond. "The chiseled pond is a fish-happy country, and there are thousands of scales around the pond." Wanfang in the west of Yuanmingyuan is peaceful. The houses are built in the lake, shaped like swastika, warm in winter and cool in summer, and the exotic flowers on the other side are embroidered in the distance. Yongzheng emperor likes living here. Shui Mu Minse, in the north of Yuanmingyuan, used the Taixi (Xize) water method to draw water into the room and turned the fan. "The forest is rustling, the water is flowing, the streams are rustling, and the birds are singing." Emperor Qianlong likes to spend the summer here. The Haiyue in the West Lake of Changchun Garden has a three-story temple on the circular platform of Bai Yushi, which looks like a mirage from a distance. Penglai Yaotai in Fuhai is based on the mythical Penglai Fairy Island, formerly known as Penglai Island. According to legend, Qin Shihuang sent a man named Xu Fu, who led more than a thousand virgins, to cross the sea to seek fairyland and fairy medicine for him, so that the enterprise could live forever. This can only be "a seafaring visitor will talk about Japan, which waters and mists conceal beyond approach". Yongzheng emperor, on the other hand, let craftsmen build three islands with rugged boulders in the East Lake of Yuanmingyuan, symbolizing the legendary "Three Immortals Mountain" of Penglai, Yingzhou and the abbot. There are halls and pavilions on the island, which are like five golden halls. Jade Building Twelve ",and named the East Lake" Fuhai "according to the meaning of" Xu Fuhai strives for the best ". There are also more than ten beautiful gardens on the four banks of Fuhai. Fuhai, five or six hundred meters wide from east to west, north to south, and the surrounding small waters, is about 35 hectares, which is equivalent to the water surface of Beihai Park. Here, the water is open and the scenery is beautiful. Every Dragon Boat Festival, a large-scale dragon boat race is held here. On the night of July 15th, the Qing emperor watched the river lanterns here. After freezing in winter, the emperor took an ice bed to enjoy a tour in Fuhai. Fuhai is actually the water entertainment center of Yuanmingyuan. Architecture is a national masterpiece.
The Changchun Garden of Yuanmingyuan and Yuanmingyuan (16) also have a remarkable feature, that is, a large number of famous gardens in all parts of the country, especially in the south of the Yangtze River, have been imitated. Hongli, the emperor of Qianlong, once toured Jiangsu and Zhejiang six times in the south, Wutai in the west for many times, Daiyue in the east, Rehe, Shengjing (Shenyang) and Panshan. Wherever he goes, wherever he likes famous mountains and rivers and famous gardens, let the accompanying painters draw pictures and copy them in the garden after returning to Beijing. According to incomplete statistics, there are no fewer than forty or fifty direct copies of the landscape of Yuanmingyuan. The ten scenic spots of West Lake in Hangzhou are all copied in the park without changing the name. As the saying goes: whoever says that the scenery in the south of the Yangtze River is beautiful, moves heaven and shrinks in your arms.