Which wild mushrooms can I eat?
1 Hericium erinaceus
Growing environment: trunk, stump or branch of rotten wood. Shape: spherical, usually 6- 10 cm in diameter, white or yellowish, fragrant and slightly bitter.
2. Fir fungus, namely Tricholoma matsutake
Growing environment: under the pine forest, especially under the young pine forest that has just been covered with branches and leaves, it is native. There are two common species in northwest Hubei. The stalk of a mushroom cap is egg-yellow. When it is tender, the mushroom rolls round, and when it is mature, the umbrella cap spreads, the middle is concave and the bottom is wrinkled. One kind of thallus is orange-yellow, with a slightly gray-blue cover, which is not as bright yellow as the former.
3, flower oak fungus, also known as mung bean fungus
Growing environment: under oak forest or miscellaneous forest, native. The diameter of the cap is 6-12cm. The upper epidermis of the cap is green, sometimes mung bean-colored, flat or slightly concave, and the lower umbrella pleats are white, which smells of bacteria. When the cap is old, there are many worms and maggots.
4. Dahongpao
Growing environment: under oak forest, native. The diameter of the mushroom cap is 4-8 cm, the upper epidermis is red or pink, and the umbrella folds are white and tender. In old age, there are also worms and maggots in the mushroom stalk and umbrella cap meat, which are slightly spicy when chewed. This bacterium has little toxicity and poor taste.
5, chicken claw bacteria, namely chicken fir, also known as coral bacteria.
Growing environment: under the forest of arrow bamboo, walking stick bamboo (dragon's head bamboo), or under the sparse forest of oak and on the barren slope of forest edge, it is native. The thallus is coral-shaped, gray and 5-8 cm high.
6. Morchella
Growing environment: under mixed forests and shrubs, native. I especially like the burning forest land after the fire. The thallus is white or gray-black, and the cap is chicken-heart-shaped, with sheep's belly-shaped folds outside.
7. Fir fungus
Growing environment: It mostly grows on the trunk of damp rotten wood at an altitude of 800- 1800 meters. It often grows densely, the thallus is white, fresh and tender, and the stipe is often skewed.
8. Mushrooms
Growing environment: when it grows more, it will fall over the trunk of oak deadwood at an altitude of 800-2200m, and it likes to live in groups. The cap is brown and yellow, sometimes with white flowers, commonly known as "flower mushroom", the stalk is dark yellow and white, and the aroma is strong.
9, lacquer tree fungus, also known as cockscomb fungus
Growing environment: It often grows on the trunk or stump of sumac or other rotten wood. The thallus is red in flesh, deeply split into heavy cockscomb, without umbrella folds, and woody when it is old.
10, thatched fungus
Growing environment: waste slope grass or rotting weeds. The bacteria are white and often grow in clumps.
1 1, persimmon fungus
Growing environment: it often grows on the rotten scar of persimmon trunk or on the stump after cutting. The thallus is white, the cap is large, the meat is thick, the quality is fresh and tender, and the stipe is skewed, showing a tufted length.
12, paulownia
Growing environment: It often grows in decayed scars of tung trees or on cut trees. The shape is similar to that of persimmon fungus, but the cap is thin.
13, Boletus
Growing environment: under pine forest or oak miscellaneous forest. The common boletus in northwest Hubei is yellow, with thick cap, oily substance on the top, no umbrella fold on the bottom and dense pores.
14, egg fungus
Growing environment: it often grows under the forest at an altitude of1000-2000m, and is native. The thallus is white, with spherical cap and duck egg shape, which can be peeled off layer by layer. This bacterium is rare now.
Which wild mushrooms are poisoned and can't be eaten?
1, poisonous fly umbrella
Poisonous fly umbrella is named after it can poison flies. Its toxins are toxic muscarine, toxic muscarine, Chisca pine, and butcherubin. Onset within about 6 hours after eating by mistake, resulting in severe nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea and insanity, sweating, chills, muscle twitching, slow pulse, dyspnea or clenching teeth, dizziness, unconsciousness and other symptoms.
2, dog urine moss
Dog urine moss, also known as "hallucinogenic mushroom", generally has no gastrointestinal reaction after poisoning. The onset is faster, mainly manifested as mental disorders, dancing and singing, laughing wildly, producing hallucinations, some sleeping or having difficulty speaking. Its toxins are glaucophane, etc. Because the poisoning causes dancing and laughing, the people call it dancing bacteria or laughing bacteria. It grows on feces, also known as fecal bacteria.
3, deadly white poison umbrella
The appearance of deadly white poisonous umbrella is similar to that of some traditional edible mushrooms, and it is easy to cause ingestion. Its toxins are mainly toxic peptides and toxic peptides. The toxin content in fresh poisonous mushrooms is very high, and about 50 grams of white poisonous umbrella body contains enough toxins to kill an adult. The toxic effects of amanita toxin on human liver, kidney, central nervous system and other important organs are extremely serious, and the mortality rate of poisoning patients is as high as 90%.
4. Pleurotus eryngii
The toxicity of Pleurotus eryngii is weaker than that of the deadly white poison umbrella, which mainly causes gastrointestinal symptoms, but it may also contain a small amount of toxin similar to the white poison umbrella, causing damage to organs and nervous system such as the liver, and may also be fatal due to ingestion.
5, poisonous russula
Poisonous russula is spicy and poisonous, which mainly causes gastroenteritis poisoning symptoms after eating. Generally, it has a quick onset and a short course of disease. In addition to severe nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal pain, severe cases also have facial muscle twitching, rapid pulse, rising or falling body temperature, and some may cause death due to heart weakness or blood circulation failure. The poisonous russula is very similar to the edible russula, which is difficult for ordinary people to distinguish.
6. Boletus rubripes
This species is eaten by people in Xinjiang, but poisoning occurs in the south. Contains toxins such as gastrointestinal irritants. After poisoning, there are mainly nervous system and gastrointestinal diseases. It is reported that the mouse test is poisonous. It forms mycorrhiza with Pinus massoniana, Betula verrucosa, Carpinus, Beech, Oak and other trees.
7, head deer flower fungus
The hooded deer flower fungus, which is scientifically called Anthurium ochraceum, may not be as deadly as other mushrooms at first, but after a long time, it will gradually have harmful effects on the human body and may be a carcinogen.
8. Tricholoma ochraceum
Paecilomyces ochraceus is covered with scales composed of short hairs. Light brick red or purple, even brown purple, often floating in the middle. This bacterium is poisonous. After eating this bacterium by mistake, it often produces gastroenteritis such as vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea. But some people have no toxic reaction.
9, brain mushrooms
Once eaten raw, brain mushrooms can be deadly. It is also called "brain mushroom" because of its convoluted surface. In Spain, Sweden and other places, people still cook it and eat it.
10, deer flower fungus
Deer flower fungus is generally considered to be not toxic. It also contains Luteolin, which can produce methylhydrazine. Unlike many other poisonous mushrooms, deer flower fungus usually causes neurological symptoms, including coma and gastrointestinal discomfort.
1 1, amanita cinerea
The toxins contained in Amanita cinerea are mainly peptide toxins, which will damage human internal organs, especially the liver and kidneys. It is said that as long as 50 grams of this mushroom is eaten by mistake, an adult can die.
12, frost cup umbrella
There are a lot of muscarine in the mycelium of Coprinus crenata. In addition, it contains gastrointestinal irritants, which cause nausea and vomiting after poisoning.
13, Lactobacillus nidulans
Lactarius velutipes has a bitter and spicy taste, which is recorded as toxic. The people in Sichuan have reported that it is toxic. Many people have been poisoned in Heilongjiang, and Tibet is regarded as a poisonous fungus, so it is not suitable for eating. The fruiting body of the fungus contains rubber substances, which may be used to synthesize rubber. It forms mycorrhiza with alpine pine, spruce, fir and larch.
14, ink ghost umbrella
The Chinese ink ghost umbrella is poisonous when eaten with wine. Symptoms include flushing, nausea, vomiting and heartbeat disorder, which will appear 20 minutes to 2 hours after eating. Coprinus comatus contains scutellarin, which will hinder the operation of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase and make acetaldehyde accumulate in the body. Acetaldehyde is a metabolite of ethanol, and it is the substance that causes most symptoms of hangover. Although there are symptoms of discomfort, there has never been a fatal situation.
15, small round hat in autumn
In autumn, the small round hat, also known as Helminthosporium striatum, can be seen in places with mild climate all over the world. It looks like a hallucinogenic fungus of the genus Pholiota on the surface, but in fact it contains toxic umbrella peptide toxin, which is very toxic.
16, white fungus
The white fungus looks like ginkgo garden, but it is smaller, with a maximum length of more than 5cm and a width of more than 3cm. When fresh, it is white, fragile and easy to crack, and it slowly turns into flesh color soon after picking. It often grows in clusters on dead trees, and it grows most vigorously when it clears up after the rain in July and August every year. Proved to be toxic. Many poisoned people say that they will feel that they have come to Lilliput and become giants because of an alkaloid contained in some mushrooms.
How to tell which mushroom is edible?
1, control method
It is a good method to identify local edible fungi or poisonous mushrooms one by one with the help of colorful mushroom atlas suitable for local use.
2. Look at the shape
Poisonous mushrooms are generally sticky and slippery, and the mushroom cover is often stained with debris or grows patches like patches. There are often rings on the stalk (like wearing a miniskirt). Non-toxic mushrooms rarely have rings.
3. Watch the color
Poisonous mushrooms are mostly golden, pink, white, black and green. Non-toxic mushrooms are mostly coffee, lavender or grayish red.
4. Smell the smell
Poisonous mushrooms taste like potatoes or radishes. Non-toxic mushrooms taste like bitter apricot or fruit.
5, look at secretions
Tear off the stems of fresh wild mushrooms, and the non-toxic secretions are clear as water, and some of them are white, and the fungus surface does not change color after tearing; The toxic secretion is thick and reddish brown, and it is easy to change color in the air after tearing. The identification method of poisonous mushrooms It's best for the first time to collect wild edible mushrooms to meet a partner who can identify poisonous mushrooms. If you are sure that you can eat them, don't pick them indiscriminately. If there are no peers, there are generally those who have strange shapes, bright colors, fungus rings or volva on the mushroom cap, maggots on the stalk of the mushroom cap, birds that don't peck, animals that don't eat, aseptic fragrance, spicy or extremely bitter taste, broken and discolored bacteria, turbid juice with peculiar smell, dirty and moist growth in dark areas and boiled with garlic, onion, rice, silverware and rush. All toxic plants such as fungus and coriaria are not allowed to grow around or on the trunk under the tree, especially under the mulberry tree. Even non-toxic bacteria may contain coriaria alkaloids, which may easily cause poisoning after eating. Attention should also be paid to collecting bacteria around farmland, fruit trees and trees that have been subjected to pest control to prevent edible fungi poisoning caused by residual pesticides.
1, growth zone
Edible non-toxic mushrooms mostly grow on clean grass or pine and oak trees; Poisonous mushrooms often grow in dark, wet and dirty areas.
2. Color
There are poisonous mushrooms with bright colors, such as red, green, black and blue, especially purple ones, which are often highly toxic and easy to change color after picking; Most non-toxic mushrooms are coffee, lavender or grayish red.
3. Shape
Non-toxic mushroom cap is flat, umbrella surface is smooth, there is no ring on the mushroom surface, and the stalk is sterile. The center of the toxic cap is convex, the shape is weird, the surface of the cap is thick and hard, and there are rings and volva on the stipe, which is slender or thick and easy to break.
4. Secretion
Tear off the fresh wild mushrooms, and the non-toxic secretion is clear as water (white in some cases), and the fungus surface will not change color after being torn off; The toxic secretion is thick and reddish brown, and it is easy to change color in the air after tearing.
5. Smell
Non-toxic mushrooms have special fragrance; There are poisonous mushrooms with strange tastes, such as spicy, sour and fishy.
6. Test
When picking wild mushrooms, you can rub the mushroom cover with onion. If the onion turns blue-brown, it proves toxic, otherwise it is non-toxic.
7, cooking test
When cooking wild mushrooms, put a few rushes, some garlic or rice together, and the mushrooms are cooked. When the rushes turn turquoise or purple-green, they are toxic, while those that turn yellow are non-toxic. Garlic or rice is discolored and toxic, but it is non-toxic if it remains unchanged.
8, chemical identification
Take the suspected mushrooms collected or bought back, take out their juice, soak them with paper, and immediately add a drop of dilute hydrochloric acid or white vinegar on them. If the paper turns red or blue, it will be toxic.
9. Control method
It is a good method to identify edible mushrooms or poisonous mushrooms one by one with the help of local colorful mushroom atlas.