1. Causes of kidney stone formation

1. Purine metabolism disorder.

Animal offal, seafood, peanuts, beans, spinach, etc. all contain high amounts of purine. After purine enters the body, it undergoes metabolism, and the final product of its metabolism is uric acid. Uric acid can cause the precipitation of oxalate in the urine. If you eat too many purine-rich foods at one time, the metabolism of purine will be abnormal, and oxalate will be deposited in the urine to form urinary stones.

2. Excessive accumulation of oxalic acid.

A large accumulation of oxalic acid in the body is one of the factors leading to kidney and urinary stones. Things that people generally like to eat, such as spinach, beans, grapes, cocoa, tea, oranges, tomatoes, potatoes, plums, bamboo shoots, etc., are foods with high oxalic acid content. Doctors have found through research that 200 grams of spinach contains 725.6 mg of oxalic acid. If a person eats all 200 grams of spinach at one time, the amount of oxalic acid excreted in the urine will be 20-25 mg 8 hours after eating, which is equivalent to what a normal person would excrete in 24 hours. The average total amount of oxalic acid.

3. Too much fat intake.

Meats from various animals, especially fatty pork, are fatty foods. Eating more body fat will inevitably increase the body fat. Fat will reduce the amount of calcium that can be combined in the intestines, thus causing increased absorption of oxalate. If there is an excretory function failure, such as excessive sweating, less drinking water, less urine output, and kidney stones. It is likely that it was formed under such circumstances. Therefore, doctors often say that in order to prevent stone disease, you should drink more water on hot days. When eating oily and watery food, you should also drink more water to promote smooth urination and dilute the urine components, thus reducing the risk of stone disease. danger.

4. Excessive protein.

Laboratory analysis of the components of kidney stones found that calcium oxalate accounted for 87.5% of the stones. The source of such a large proportion of calcium oxalate is that in addition to the raw materials containing oxalic acid in the protein - glycine and hydroxyproline. In addition, protein can also promote the absorption of calcium by intestinal function. If you often eat excessive amounts of high-protein foods, the calcium, oxalic acid, and uric acid components in the kidneys and urine will generally increase. If excess calcium, oxalic acid, and uric acid cannot be excreted from the body through kidney function in a timely and effective manner, the conditions for kidney stones and ureterolithiasis will be formed. This is the main reason why the incidence of kidney stones in developed countries in the world has increased.

5. Increased sugar content.

Sugar is an important nutrient for the human body and should be supplemented regularly and in an appropriate amount. However, increasing it too much all at once, especially lactose, will also create conditions for the formation of stones. Experts found that whether normal people or stone patients, after eating 100 grams of sucrose, checked their urine 2 hours later, they found that the concentration of calcium and oxalic acid in the urine increased. If lactose is taken, it can promote the absorption of calcium. It is more likely to lead to the accumulation of calcium oxalate in the body and form urinary stones.

2. Classification of kidney stones

1. Calcium oxalate stones:

The most common, accounting for more than 80% of kidney stones, in acidic or neutral urine Formation, the disease mostly affects young adults, and is more common in men. It is often yellowish brown or stone copper in color, with a smooth surface (calcium oxalate monohydrate) or rough surface (calcium oxalate dihydrate). It is more common in men with family history, and can be clearly seen on X-ray films. Calcium oxalate crystals are often found in urine sediment. A low calcium and low oxalate diet is appropriate. Eat less milk and dairy products, soy products, meat, animal offal (such as liver, heart, kidney, intestine, etc.), as well as chocolate, strong tea, sesame paste, egg yolk, mushrooms, spinach, dried shrimps, radish, celery, potatoes, etc. Fiber in food can reduce the formation of urinary calcium. For example, wheat bran bread and rice bran in wheat bran foods have the same effect, and are effective for recurrent high-calcium urinary stones. Vitamin B1 and vitamin B6 deficiency increase urinary oxalic acid, so foods rich in them should be increased. Foods containing this type of vitamin, such as cereals, dried fruits, hard fruits, etc.

2. Magnesium ammonium phosphate stones:

Accounting for 10% of stones, they are formed in alkaline urine. The stones dissolve when the urine pH value is less than 7.2, and are more common in women. The stones are yellow or dirty gray in color, branch-like or antler-shaped, and soft in texture. It is more common in women, and there are more patients with urinary tract infection, which cannot be seen through x-rays. Magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals can be seen in the urine sediment.

Protein intake should be limited, and the total daily protein intake should be between 48-80 grams (0.8-1.0 g/kg/day). Generally, leafy vegetables contain about 10 grams of protein per pound, lean meats contain about 10 grams of protein per 50 grams, and cereals contain 35-60 grams of protein per pound. Increase your intake of fresh vegetables and fruits. Vegetables and fruits contain vitamin B1 and vitamin C. Their final metabolites in the body are alkaline. Uric acid is easily dissolved in alkaline urine, so it is beneficial to treatment.

3. Calcium phosphate stones:

Accounting for 6-9 of the stones, they are formed in alkaline urine and are also reported to be more common in young and middle-aged men. Medical | Education Network. The stones are white, rough in surface, often antler-shaped, and hard in texture. Often formed in alkaline urine. It is more common in young and middle-aged men, often with family history, and is clearly visible on X-ray films. The diet for calcium phosphate stones is the same as for calcium oxalate stones. Among low-phosphorus foods, it is advisable to eat less meat, fish and bone soup.

4. Uric acid stones:

Accounting for 6% of stones, they are formed in acidic urine. When the urine pH value is greater than 6.7, the stones dissolve and are more common in men. The surface is smooth, often antler-shaped, yellow or tan in color, hard in texture, and blurred or not visible on X-ray films. It is more common in men, especially in gout patients, and there is usually a family history. Uric acid crystals can be seen in the urine sediment.

5. Cystine stones:

Rare, accounting for about 1-2% of stones. They are formed in acidic urine. The stones dissolve when the urine pH value is greater than 7.0.