1, recite the text and write it from memory.

2. Knowledge points:

"Learning chess" is selected from the story of "Mencius Gaozi" and "Learning chess", which shows that learning should be absorbed and not half-hearted; "Two children arguing about the sun" is selected from Liezi Tangwen. This story reflects two children's good observation, well-founded speech and Confucius' attitude of seeking truth from facts.

3. Notes

(1) word, word:

Yi: Playing chess. Through the country: the whole country. Teaching: teaching. Just listen to Yiqiu: just listen to Yiqiu.

Honghu: Swan. Aid: lead and pull. All: Together. F: No. Yi: Yes. For: Because.

Its: his, refers to the latter person.

Debate: to argue, argue. Take: think. Go: leave. Japan and China: noon. And: to.

Cangcang cool: describe the feeling of coolness. Cangcang: It means cold. Soup exploration: reach into the hot water. It means it's very hot. Soup: Hot water. Decision: judgment. Who: Who? Ru: You.

★ The meanings of several "zhi" in the text

(2) Sentence:

Is it because his intelligence is inferior to the former one? That's not true.

Is it because his intelligence is not as good as others? Say: it's not like this.

I am close to people when I start from the sun, but I am far away when I am in Japan.

I think the sun is closer to people when it first comes out and farther away at noon.

Who is Zhihu?

Who says you are knowledgeable?

(3) Translation:

Learn chess

Yiqiu is a national chess player. He taught two students to play chess, and one of them was very absorbed and only listened to Yiqiu's teaching. Another student, while listening to Yiqiu's lecture, kept thinking that there was a swan flying in the sky and wanted to shoot it down with a bow and arrow. Although they study together, the latter student doesn't study as well as the former. Is it because his governance is not as good as others? Say: it's not like this.

Debate between two children

One day, Confucius visited the East and saw two children arguing about something, so he asked what the reason was.

A child said, "I think the sun is closer to people when it first comes out and farther away at noon."

Another child thinks that the sun is farther away from people when it first comes out, but closer at noon.

A child said, "The sun is as big as the hood when it first comes out, but it looks like a plate at noon. Isn't this the reason why it looks small when it is far away and looks big when it is near?"

Another child said, "When the sun just came out, it felt cool, but at noon it felt like putting your hand into hot water. Isn't this the reason why you feel hot when you enter and cold when you are far away?"

Confucius could not judge what was going on.

The two children smiled and said, "Who says you are knowledgeable?"

Lesson 2 "Hurry" (Prose)

1 Recite the text.

2. Knowledge points:

The author of Hurriedly is Zhu Ziqing, a famous prose master. His famous essays include Hurriedly, Back, Moonlight on the Lotus Pond and so on. This paper closely follows the word "hurry", depicts the trace of the passage of time delicately, and expresses the author's helplessness and regret over the passage of time.

3. Understand the sentence:

(1) Swallows have gone, and sometimes they will come again; Willow withered, there is a time to be green again; Peach blossoms have withered, but they bloom again. But, smart, tell me, why are our days gone forever?

The sentence pattern of parallelism shows that the prosperity of nature is the trace of time flying. "Why are our days gone forever?" It seems to be asking, in fact, it expresses the author's helplessness over the passage of time and his deep memory of the past days.

(2) Like a drop of water on the needle tip in the sea, my days are dripping in the stream of time, without sound or shadow.

Metaphorical sentences. Compare your past 8,000 days to a water drop on the tip of a needle, and compare the flow of time to a vast sea. Time flies so quickly, silently and without a trace, showing the author's very helpless sadness.

(3) When washing hands, the days pass from the basin; When eating, the days pass from the rice bowl; When I am silent, I pass by my eyes.

Parallelism sentence From the details of people's daily life, the author shows that days come and go inadvertently in life.

(4) The past days were like light smoke, dispersed by the breeze, and evaporated by Chu Yang, like mist; What traces do I leave?

Unique metaphor and novel association. The days are so fleeting.

4. Recite "Tomorrow Song".

5. Sentences about cherishing time:

(1) An inch of time is worth an inch of gold, but an inch of gold cannot buy an inch of time.

(2) Time flies, the sun and the moon fly.

(3) Black hair doesn't know how to study hard early, and Whitehead regrets studying late.

Lesson 3 "mahogany" (writing characteristics: borrowing things to describe people)

1, recite paragraph 4, 13, 14.

2, the understanding of the sentence:

(1) Strangely, he comes here irregularly, every three days, every five days, and sometimes every ten days. The amount of water is not necessarily, sometimes it is watered more, and sometimes it is watered less.

This sentence is about the strange way of planting trees. There are two strange things: first, the time of coming is uncertain, and it comes every three or five days; Second, the amount of watering is uncertain, sometimes long and sometimes short. The author compares the growth of orange saplings to the growth of people, and writes a seedling raising method in which the tree planter lets the trees learn to find water in the land by themselves, which shows the important significance of enduring the test of life and overcoming dependence in a difficult environment for people's growth.

(2) Not only trees, but also people. People who live in uncertainty can stand the test of life and exercise an independent heart.

The "uncertainty" here refers to some unpredictable bumps, twists and turns and hardships in life. Only by standing the test of ups and downs in life can you become a strong person and a successful person.

(3) People who plant trees will no longer come, and mahogany will not wither.

Because the purpose of planting trees is to adapt trees to the environment, turn few nutrients into huge energy, stand the wind and rain, learn to find water in the land, take root deeply and grow sturdily. As the tree planter wishes, mahogany will not wither now, which shows that he has planted trees successfully.

Review. Expansion I

1, accumulate over a long period: the motto of life philosophy

(1) People are not born knowing, who can be without confusion? Teacher's theory

(2) muster, then decline, three and exhausted. Zuo zhuan

(3) There is no beauty in the world. Mozi

(4) Those who plant trees must cultivate their roots, and those who plant virtues must cultivate their hearts. Practice book

(5) Hold a thousand songs and then know the sound, watch a thousand swords and then recognize the device. Wen Xin Diao Long

2, toddler-metaphor blindly imitating others, not only can not learn the skills, but also lost the original skills.

Lesson 6 Spring Festival in Beijing

1, recite paragraph 7, 1 1, 12.

2. Author: Lao She. Formerly known as Shu Qingchun, a Manchu, his masterpieces include Camel Xiangzi, My Life, Four Generations under One Family, Under the Red Flag and so on. Lao She's language style: Beijing charm, popular understanding, humor and humor.

3. Spring Festival in Beijing is written in chronological order.

Detailed arrangement of customs and habits in the natural period of time

Boil Laba porridge from the first ten days of the twelfth lunar month to the end of the year1-6; Soak laba garlic; Eat sugar; Clean up; On purchasing new year's goods

On New Year's Eve, every family lights up all night, guns are heard, family reunion dinner is eaten, and the year is celebrated in detail.

On the 8th-9th day of the first lunar month, men go out to pay New Year greetings, women receive guests at home, and children visit temple fairs.

The sixth day 10 store opened; Guys take turns visiting temple fairs, flyovers and go to the opera.

On the fifteenth day of the first month, Lantern Festival11-12 Watch lanterns, set off firecrackers and eat Yuanxiao.

On the 19th of the first month 13, the Spring Festival ended, and the children went to school while the adults were busy.

Like this, I want to briefly introduce the custom of celebrating the Spring Festival in old Beijing. The advantages are the combination of points and aspects, prominent focus and clear priorities, which makes the Spring Festival in Beijing leave a deep impression on people.

Review. Expansion II

1, accumulate over a long period

(1) "Yuan Ri" Song Wang Anshi

The roar of firecrackers, the old one year has passed; The warm spring breeze came to the new year, and people drank happily the newly brewed tu su wine. The rising sun sheds light on doors of each household, New peachwood charm is put up to replace the old.

(2) Guizi in Tianzhu Temple on August 15th, Tang Pi Rixiu.

The jade star Shanshan got off the moon wheel and picked up the dew in front of the temple. So far, there is no such thing as heaven, but Chang 'e should throw it at people.

2, different winds in a hundred miles, different customs in a thousand miles.

3. "January Day" is about New Year's Eve, and "Guizi in Tianzhu Temple on the night of August 15th" is about the Mid-Autumn Festival. Traditional festivals in China include Qingming Festival, Dragon Boat Festival and Begging for Cleverness Festival. The poems describing traditional festivals in China are: "Being a stranger in a foreign land, I miss my relatives twice every festival"; "There are many rains during the Qingming Festival, and pedestrians on the road want to break their souls".

Lesson 10 Memories of Sixteen Years ago (Memoirs)

1, recite paragraphs 5, 7, 17, 19, 22.

2. Memories of Sixteen Years ago tells the story of Li Dazhao in the order of before arrest, at the time of arrest, in court and after murder. Before he was arrested, he wrote that his father burned documents and books, and worker Yan Zhensan was arrested, reflecting the sinister form and the danger of the situation; When he was arrested, he wrote about the enemy's guilty conscience, cruelty and his father's calm; The court described Li Dazhao's calmness and composure; After being killed, he wrote about the great grief of the whole family.

The article shows the great spirit of revolutionary martyrs' loyalty to the revolutionary cause and the noble quality of being firm and unyielding in the face of the enemy, and expresses the author's admiration and deep nostalgia for his father.

3. Understand the sentence:

(1) Father is very kind, never scolds us, let alone hits us. I always like to ask my father many childish and ridiculous questions. No matter how busy he is, he is always interested in my problems and always tells me patiently. This time, I don't know why my father gave me such a vague answer.

From this sentence, I can see that my father is usually very kind and patient; This time, he answered me impatiently and vaguely, because the situation was very serious at that time, and it was not the time to talk with children, and it was not clear in a few words. Here, I wrote Li Dazhao's kindness to relatives and seriousness in his work.

(2) The situation is getting more and more serious, and my father's work is getting more and more tense. His friends advised him to leave Beijing, and his mother advised him several times. The father said firmly to his mother, "Didn't I always tell you?" I cannot leave Beijing easily. You need to know what time it is and how important the work here is. How can I leave? " Mother had to say nothing more.

Li Dazhao regards revolutionary work as more important than anything else. It shows his spirit of being highly responsible for the revolution.

(3) In court, we met our father. Father is still wearing his old grey cotton gown, but he doesn't wear glasses. I saw his calm and kind face under his long tousled hair.

It can be seen from this sentence that although my father was tortured by the enemy, he was still calm and kind. "No glasses" and "untidy long hair" indicate that the enemy imposed a heavy punishment on Li Dazhao, "calm" indicates that Li Dazhao is still strong after cruel torture, and "kindness" reflects Li Dazhao's love for his loved ones.

4. The connection between the last three paragraphs of the text and the beginning is: the beginning and the end echo. The advantage of this writing is that it makes the article look very compact, and at the same time highlights the author's thoughts and feelings that have always kept his father's murder in mind.

Lesson 12 "Serving the People" (Argumentative Paper)

1, recite the full text.

2. Serving the People is an argumentative paper, which generally contains three elements: argument, argument and argumentation. The author of this article is Mao Zedong, who gave a speech in memory of Zhang Side. At the beginning of the article, it clearly puts forward the purpose of China's * * * production party and its Eighth Route Army and New Fourth Army-to serve the people completely and thoroughly; Then combined with the current reality, it explains how to serve the people completely and thoroughly from three aspects: first, establish the concept of life and death that "to die for the benefit of the people is more important than Mount Tai"; Second, treat criticism correctly, uphold the good and correct the wrong for the people's interests; Third, do a good job of unity, overcome difficulties, improve courage and love each other, so that the whole people can unite.

3. Understand the sentence:

(1) Our * * * production party and the Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army led by the * * * production party are revolutionary teams. Our team is entirely for the liberation of the people and works for the interests of the people thoroughly.

Point out the theme at the beginning of the article. The whole passage shows that serving the people wholeheartedly is the fundamental purpose of the Party and the revolutionary army. Our team will serve the people 100% at any time and no matter what work it does. Complete meaning: there is no other purpose except serving the people; Thorough means to carry it out to the end.

(2) Our cadres should care about every soldier, and all people in the revolutionary ranks should care about each other, love each other and help each other.

The meaning of this sentence is that people in the revolutionary ranks come together for a common goal. Therefore, both cadres and soldiers should care, love and help each other. Only in this way can we better unite and work together to achieve our goals.

4, * * * a few words? What does each sentence mean? How are sentences connected?

Because we serve the people, we are not afraid of being criticized and pointed out if we have shortcomings. Whoever it is will point it out to us. As long as you are right, we will correct it. What you say is good for the people, so we will do as you say.

This passage ***3 sentences. The first sentence is that we welcome criticism, the second sentence is that we welcome criticism from anyone, and the third sentence is that we accept criticism from anyone as long as it is correct. Sentences are closely related with each other, and their meanings are progressive. By analyzing the related words in this passage, we can further clarify that there is only one criterion to measure whether criticism is correct or not, that is, whether it is in the interests of the people. As long as anyone accepts correct criticism, there is only one purpose, that is, to serve the people.

Review. Expansion III

1, "Prison Song", by Ye Ting, the door for people to enter and leave is locked.

The hole for the dog to climb out is open,

A voice shouted:

-climb out and set you free! ||

I long for freedom,

But I deeply know-

How can a human body climb out of a dog hole! ||

I hope one day

Underground fire,

Burn me and this living coffin together,

I deserve eternal life in fire and blood!

2. The characters in Red Rock are: Jiang Jie, Xu Yunfeng, Hua Ziliang, radish head ...

Revolutionary novels

Flying tigers, by Liu Zhixia; "Red Sun", by Wu Qiang; "Private Zhang Ga", by Xu Guangyao; "Little Guerrilla", by Wang Yuanjian; The Red Boy, by Zhang Pincheng.

Lesson 14 The Little Match Girl

1, recite 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10,1,12 natural paragraphs.

2. This text is a famous fairy tale by Danish writer Andersen, which tells the story of a little match girl who froze to death in the street on New Year's Eve. Features: Realism and fiction alternate, beautiful illusion and cruel reality alternate, highlighting the tragic fate of the little girl.

Thumbelina, Daughter of the Sea and Ugly Duckling are also works of Andersen.

3. The article "The Little Match Girl" focuses on the little girl lighting matches five times, and four visions appeared in front of her eyes. I saw the warm stove for the first time, because the little girl was very cold and she longed for warmth. The second time I saw the fragrant roast goose, because the little girl was very hungry and she was eager for food. I saw the beautiful Christmas tree for the third time, because the little girl was in great pain and she longed for joy. I saw my kind grandmother for the fourth time, because the little girl was very lonely and she longed for love.

4. Understand the sentence:

(1) flew to a place where there was no cold, hunger and pain.

The little girl passed away and died in a wonderful illusion. No longer have to endure cold, hunger and pain.

(2) How happy she was, she followed her grandmother to the happiness of the New Year. (What are the meanings of two "happiness"? )

The former "happiness" is that the little girl spent her life in a beautiful illusion before she died, and she was happy; The latter "happiness" is that when the little girl dies, there will be no cold, hunger and pain, and she will be completely happy. Through these two "happiness", we can feel the author's pent-up grief, his deep sympathy for the poor people and his strong dissatisfaction with the social reality of the disparity between the rich and the poor.

Lesson 15 "Fanka"

1, recite paragraphs 6, 8, 2 1.

2. The fact that the text wrote a letter to grandpa through Fanka reflected the tragic fate of poor children in Russian society under the czar and exposed the darkness of the social system at that time.

In his letter, Fanka confided his unbearable miserable apprenticeship to Grandpa, and repeatedly begged Grandpa to take him out of here and go back to the country, and recalled two scenes of life in the country: one was the scene of Grandpa's vigil; The second is the scene of Christmas.

This paper has two characteristics in expression: first, when talking about Fanka's tragic experience, the author's narrative, Fanka's letter and his memories in the process of writing letters are interspersed and set off each other. Secondly, the expression methods of contrast, contrast and suggestion are adopted.

Review. Expand 4

1, The Tip of the Day.

Integrity is the foundation of morality. -(Egypt) Mehafuz's Epic of the Common People

Tears cannot wash away the pain. -(Iceland) Laxnes "The Clock of Iceland"

The greatest ideas are the simplest. -Lord of the flies by Golding (UK)

People live for their own hopes. -(Soviet Union) "Quiet Don River"

Trustworthiness is a treasure and should not be squandered at will. -(Colombia) Marquez's One Hundred Years of Solitude

It is not the hammer that makes the pebble perfect, but the water that sings and dances. -Tagore's Birds (India)

Only those who are brave and calm can get through the darkness and usher in the light. -(Guatemala) asturias (Corn Man)

A man is not born to be defeated. You can destroy him, but you can't beat him in class. -(America) Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea

2. Knowledge points:

The Little Match Girl by Danish writer Andersen, Fanka by Russian writer Chekhov, Robinson Crusoe by British writer Defoe and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by American writer Mark Twain.

Lesson 18 "Beauty Over a Hundred Years"

1, the "hundred years" in the title refers to eternity, Madame Curie's great discovery has made eternal contribution to society, and her excellent quality and personality spirit are eternal.

2. Recite paragraphs 2, 4, 5 and 6.

3. Understand the sentence:

(1) This precious personality and lofty pursuit made Marie Curie discover the meaning of life almost at the same time as her great natural discovery.

"This great natural discovery" refers to Madame Curie's discovery of radioactive metal element radium, and "the discovery of the meaning of life" refers to Madame Curie's understanding that the value of life lies not in youth, beauty, money and fame, but in making contributions to science and humanity.

(2) She changed from a beautiful little girl, a dignified and determined female scholar, into a new term "radiation" in science textbooks, into a new unit of measurement in physics, into a series of scientific laws, and she became an eternal milestone in the history of science.

The "change" here is a kind of promotion of life value and a leap in life realm. The four "changes" summarize Madame Curie's struggling life and immortal achievements.

Lesson 20 Truth is Born After a Hundred Question Marks

1, recite 1, 2, 6, 7, 8 paragraphs.

2. "Truth is born after a hundred question marks" is the main point of the text. It is expounded with facts that truth can be found in real life as long as you are good at observing, constantly asking questions, constantly solving questions and persistently seeking the source.

The text cites Theory of Three Represents examples in the history of scientific development: First, Professor Xie Piluo found problems in the whirlpool of bath water, and through repeated experiments and research, he found that the rotating direction of the whirlpool of water was related to the rotation of the earth; Second, Boyle, a famous British chemist, accidentally discovered that hydrochloric acid would turn petals red, and then carried out many experiments and finally invented the acid-base test paper; Third, Austrian doctors inferred from the phenomenon that his son rolled his eyes when he was dreaming, and after repeated observation and analysis, the general law that all sleepers said they were dreaming when they rolled their eyes.

3. Understand the sentence:

(1) Finally put "?" Straighten into "!" , found the truth.

"?"here It's a problem found, it's a constant question, "!" It is through exploration that the doubts are solved and the truth is discovered. The advantage of this writing is that this sentence expresses an abstract truth in an intuitive and vivid way, leaving a deep impression on people.

(2) People who are good at "asking what comes next" have found something, invented something, created something and achieved something.

The image of "ask what comes next" expresses the spirit of perseverance and constant exploration. The four words of "discovery", "invention", "creation" and "achievement" are arranged in descending order of harvest, which also shows that ordinary things contain truth and great achievements, which can only be achieved by those who ask what comes next.

(3) As long as you know a little, be good at asking questions and keep exploring, then you can find the truth after you have answered several question marks.

The meaning of "seeing the micro-knowledge": seeing the signs of things, we can know its development trend or the essence of the problem. This sentence uses the sentence pattern of "as long as ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Review. Expand Five

1, Tip of the Day

Make an effort to be strong and persevere in facing difficulties.

Brainstorm, brainstorm, innovate and be unconventional.

Be creative, draw inferences, seek truth from facts, and express your opinions.

Don't be ashamed to ask questions, learn from others, strive for perfection, make the past serve the present

2. "Give up the basics" is a metaphor for doing things without grasping the main problems, but focusing on the details.