Carmine:
Pigment for ceramic pastel. Commonly known as magenta. It is light rose, bright and transparent, and is mainly used for the washing and dyeing of flower heads or figures' clothes. The range of color burning temperature is very narrow, and the requirements for color burning temperature are basically based on it.
Rouge red glaze was burned at the end of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty, and it was burned in Yongzheng, Qianlong, Jiaqing and Guangxu dynasties, among which Yongzheng dynasty had the largest output and the best quality. It is a low-temperature red glaze with trace gold (Au) as coloring agent and baked at about 800℃ in a furnace.
Because this kind of red material is imported from Europe, it is called "foreign gold red" or "western red", while in the west it is often called "rose red" and "rose red". This kind of red glaze is also called "carmine" because it is quite like the color of rouge used by women for makeup.
The color of rouge red glaze can be divided into deep and light colors. The deep one is called "rouge purple", the light one is called "rouge water", and the lighter one is called "pale pink".
Carmine is different from copper red and alum red used in porcelain making in imperial factories in the past. It is a kind of pink colored with gold and purple tones. Because the glaze contains gold, it is often called "golden red".
This method of coloring by melting gold into glaze was not invented by Jingdezhen porcelain workers, but by Dutch Cassias in 1650.
1680 began to be used in porcelain painting, and it was not until 1682 (twenty-first year of Kangxi) that it was used in Jingdezhen. At that time, it was called "foreign color" and carmine was called "magenta".
The word "carmine" in the official kiln is just a general term for the above-mentioned red glaze with purple gold tone. Due to different factors such as formula, proportion of ingredients, glazing method and firing situation, "carmine" can present many different hair color states.
For example, in addition to the rouge infrared for local painting decoration, only its color glaze can be roughly divided into "pink", "carmine", "rouge water" and "rouge purple".