Enteritis is an acute or chronic inflammation of the intestinal mucosa. Enteritis is not an independent disease; it often involves the stomach and colon extensively. Therefore, the so-called enteritis is actually a collective name for gastritis, enteritis and colitis.

There are many causes of enteritis, the main reasons are as follows:

1 Viral enteritis is found in canine distemper virus, canine parvovirus, canine and feline coronavirus, feline panleukopenia virus, etc. Caused enteritis.

2 Bacterial enteritis includes Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Yersinia (causing enterocolitis), Bacillus trichoides, Campylobacter jejuni, Clostridium (canine hemorrhagic gastroenteritis), etc. Caused enteritis.

3 Fungal enteritis includes enteritis caused by Histoplasma, algae, Aspergillus, Candida albicans, etc.

4 Parasitic enteritis includes enteritis caused by flagellates, coccidia, Toxoplasma gondii, roundworms, hookworms, etc.

5 Ingestion of foreign bodies, contaminated or spoiled food, irritating chemicals (poisons or drugs, etc.), certain heavy metal poisoning, and certain allergies (eosinophilic enteritis, plasma cell lymphocyte Enteritis), etc. can cause enteritis.

6 The abuse of antibiotics changes the microflora existing in the intestines, or causes enteritis caused by the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains.

Key points for diagnosis

lThe main symptom of acute enteritis is diarrhea. Stomach and duodenitis or severe enteritis can all cause vomiting. Colitis, especially inflammation of the posterior segment, often presents with tenesmus. The feces passed during enteritis include watery stools, loose stools, jelly-like stools, black stools or bloody stools, etc. Some of the stools have an unpleasant odor. Diarrhea and vomiting often cause dehydration, electrolyte loss, alkalosis (mainly vomiting) or acidosis (mainly diarrhea) in animals.

Chronic enteritis often appears malnourished and emaciated due to long-term repeated diarrhea and dehydration in animals.

2 For enteritis caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites, see the corresponding diseases. Generally, enteritis caused by pathogenic microorganisms results in depression, elevated body temperature, loss of appetite or loss of appetite, and rapid weight loss; acute enteritis has abdominal pain symptoms such as uneasy arching of the back, and the abdomen is tense and sensitive to palpation. Some animals like to lie on the cold ground.

3 Canine hemorrhagic gastroenteritis may be caused by an allergic reaction to Clostridial endotoxin. Small ornamental dogs aged 2 to 4 years old often suffer from hyperacute vomiting, severe bloody diarrhea, rapid dehydration and shock.

Other common diseases that cause blood-like stools include canine parvovirus, canine parvovirus, canine distemper, coronavirus disease, piloform bacilli, campylobacteriosis, hookworm, and whipworm disease, coccidiosis, eosinophilic enteritis, etc.

4 Eosinophilic enteritis may be caused by dietary antigenic food or parasite migration. It manifests as intermittent vomiting, sometimes with blood. Diarrhea with black or bloody stools. Abdominal palpation showed thickened intestinal loops and enlarged intestinal lymph nodes. Blood tests show eosinophilia (2000-3000/μl); intestinal wall biopsy or postmortem intestinal tissue section examination can show a large number of eosinophils. X-ray examination shows intestinal thickening.

5 Plasma cell/lymphocytic enteritis may be caused by ingestion of antigenic food or local antigens. Generally, young to middle-aged German Shepherds and Bossen Dogs are most commonly affected by this disease. Manifested as anorexia, vomiting and chronic watery diarrhea. Presenting progressive weight loss. Abdominal palpation revealed thickened intestinal loops and enlarged intestinal lymph nodes. Blood tests were normal, and intestinal biopsy or postmortem intestinal tissue examination showed lymphocytes and plasma cells in the mucosa.

Prevention and treatment methods

1 Remove the cause of the disease.

2 Replenish lost water, electrolytes and correct acid-base balance imbalance. (1) Estimation of dehydration amount. Clinically, the amount of dehydration is estimated mainly based on mental state, skin elasticity, capillary refill time (normally 1.3S), dryness of mucous membranes, and degree of sunken eye sockets. The laboratory uses hematocrit (PCV), plasma protein and other items to judge. (See table for details) Of course, it is best to use laboratory tests and clinical judgment of the degree of dehydration to determine the amount of dehydration in the animal.

The determined amount of dehydration should be replaced within 4 to 6 hours through intravenous infusion, drinking, oral administration or enema. If the lost items continue to be replenished, the principle of replenishing the lost items should be adopted. In order to prevent endotoxemia, during intravenous infusion, add dexamethasone, 0.5~1.0 mg/kg, 1 or 2 times; (2) Replenishing lost electrolytes: Electrolytes lost in diarrhea or vomiting are mainly sodium and chloride. and potassium.

Clinical and laboratory judgment criteria for the degree of surface dehydration

Extent

Weight loss ()

Mental status

Duration of skin elasticity test (S)

Oral mucosa

Capillary refill time (S)

Sunken eye socket

PCV ()

Plasma protein (g/ml)

Fluid volume required (ml/kg)

Mild

5 -8

Slightly worse

2-4

Mild dryness

Slightly increased

Not obvious

50

8-9

30-50

Moderate

8-10

Poor, likes to lie down and move less

6-10

Dryness

Growth

Slightly

55

9-10

50-80

Severe

10-12

Extremely poor, cannot Standing

20-45

Extremely dry

More than 3S

Obviously

60

12

80-120

The calculation formula for the amount of sodium, chloride and potassium lost is as follows:

The amount of sodium lost (mmol/L) = (normal Sodium mmol/L - test sodium mmol/L) × (body weight kg × 0.2)

1 mmol/L sodium = 0.0589g sodium chloride.

The calculation of chlorine deficiency is the same as sodium.

Loss of potassium (mmol/L) = (normal potassium mmol/L - test potassium mmoI/L) × (body weight kg × 0.6)

lmmol/L potassium = 0.0759 chlorine potassium.

When it is impossible to test, it is best to use isotonic liquids, such as Renger's solution and normal saline, to supplement sodium and chloride. To supplement potassium, add 0.7 to 1.59 potassium chloride (10 to 20 mmo1/L) per liter of liquid. Only animals with normal kidney function and the ability to urinate can supplement potassium. Oral rehydration salt solution (formula: 3.5g sodium chloride, 2.5g sodium bicarbonate, 1.5g potassium chloride and 20.0g glucose, add 1500m1 of water) can also be used to supplement sodium, chlorine and potassium, by oral administration or enema; (3 ) Correct acid-base balance imbalance: Severe vomiting causes metabolic alkalosis, as well as hypokalemia, blood chloride, and blood sodium. It is better to use normal saline with potassium chloride added. Severe diarrhea often causes metabolic acidosis, and sodium bicarbonate or sodium lactate must be supplemented. The supplementary amount calculation formula is as follows:

Supplementary sodium bicarbonate amount (mmoI/L) = (normal sodium bicarbonate mmol/L - test sodium bicarbonate mmoI/L) × (body weight kg × 0.6)

Or supplement the amount of sodium bicarbonate (mmol/L) = (normal CO2 - CPml/dl - test CO2 - CPml/dI) ÷ 2.24 × (weight kg × 0.6) 5 bicarbonate commonly used in clinical practice Sodium solution, containing 0.6mmol sodium bicarbonate per milliliter; 11.2 Sodium lactate solution, containing Immo1 sodium bicarbonate per milliliter. When acidosis cannot be tested, it is recommended to give sodium bicarbonate 0.5~1.5mmoI/kg. First, 1/3 of the amount should be injected intravenously, and the other 2/3 should be injected slowly.

3 Animals suffering from severe enteritis need to be treated with antibiotics. If oral medication is difficult to take due to vomiting, parenteral medication can be used.

For example, carpenicillin 10 to 20 mg/kg can be injected intramuscularly or intravenously 3 to 4 times a day; gentamicin 10,000 to 20,000 IU/kg can be injected intramuscularly or intravenously at the same time. 2 times a day, double the oral dose.

Fungal enteritis is treated with amphotericin B, 0.2-0.4 mg/kg, added to glucose solution for intravenous injection. If there are no adverse reactions, the dose is increased to 1 mg/kg, once every other day, but the maximum cumulative dose cannot exceed 8 mg/kg. Amphotericin B can damage the kidneys, so care must be taken when using it.

4 To treat allergic enteritis, 1~2 mg/kg of prednisone can be taken orally every day for 5-7 days. If there is no effect, the dose can be increased. When symptoms improve, change to 0.5 mg/kg per day for another 5 to 7 days. Then, 0.25~0.50mg/kg, once every other day, for 10 to 14 days. During medication, antibiotics should be used at the same time. When prednisone is ineffective or has major side effects, the immunosuppressive drug azathioprine is taken orally at 2 mg/kg per day. The maintenance dose is 0.5-1mg/kg, once every other day.

5 Acute enteritis requires a reduced diet or even a hunger strike for 12 to 48 hours. After vomiting and diarrhea stop, small amounts of less irritating or hypoallergenic foods (such as rice, potatoes, minced mutton, yogurt, etc.) can be given multiple times, and after another 3 to 4 days, a normal diet can be given.