Historical knowledge about the Yellow River I
The Yellow River, the second longest river in China. Originated in the Yuegu Zonglie Basin at the northern foot of bayan har in Qinghai Plateau, it meanders eastward, crosses the Loess Plateau and the Huanghuaihai Plain, and flows into the Bohai Sea. The total length of the main stream is 5464 kilometers, and the water level drop is 4480 meters. The total basin area is 795,000 square kilometers (including 42,000 square kilometers of internal flow area).
According to the research of geological evolution history, the Yellow River is a relatively young river. In the Late Early Pleistocene1150,000 years ago, there were only some unconnected lake basins in the basin, each forming an independent interior drainage. Since then, with the uplift of the western plateau, rivers have been eroded and attacked. After the Middle Pleistocene of/kloc-0.05 million years, the lakes and basins have gradually connected, forming the embryonic form of the Yellow River system. It was not until the Late Pleistocene from 1 00000 to100000 years ago that the Yellow River gradually evolved into a big river from the source to the estuary. Legends about the Yellow River:
The legend of the Yellow River: Dayu controls water? In ancient times, floods flooded. In order to make people live a stable life, Shun Di sent Dayu to control the floods. Dayu went away for thirteen years. Three passes through the house and does not enter? The first time was one morning four years later. When Dayu approached the door, he heard his mother's scolding and his son's crying. He wanted to go in and persuade him, but he was afraid that he would annoy his mother even more. He kept nagging and delayed the water control, so he quietly walked away. After six or seven years of water control, Dayu passed through the house for the second time. At noon that day, as soon as Dayu boarded the hill at home, he saw the smoke from the chimney at home and heard the laughter of his mother and son. Dayu was relieved. In order to control water, he spared his family and rushed to the construction site. Three or four years later, one evening, Dayu came to his home because of water control. Suddenly it began to rain cats and dogs, and Dayu came to shelter from the rain under the eaves of his home, only to hear his mother say to his son: Your father will go home after the flood is cured. ? Dayu was very moved, strengthened his determination to control water, and immediately turned and set off again.
Historical knowledge about the Yellow River II
In ancient times, the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River had mild climate and abundant rainfall, which was suitable for primitive human survival. The loess plateau and the alluvial plain of the Yellow River have loose soil and are easy to cultivate, which are suitable for the development of primitive agriculture and animal husbandry. The characteristics of loess are conducive to the ancestors to dig holes and live together. The special natural geographical environment provided good conditions for the development of ancient Chinese civilization. As early as 1 10 million years ago, Lantian people? Living in the Yellow River valley. What else? Dali man? 、? Dingcun people? 、? Hetao people? And so on also thrive in the basin. Yangshao culture, Majiayao culture, Dawenkou culture, Longshan culture and many other ancient cultural sites are all over the river. These ancient cultural relics are not only numerous and full of types, but also developed continuously from far to near, systematically showing the development process of ancient civilization in China.
As early as more than 6000 years ago, agricultural activities began to appear in the Yellow River basin. About 4000 years ago, the Yellow River Basin was formed.
There are some blood clan tribes in the history of the Yellow River, among which Yandi and Huangdi are the most powerful tribes. Later, the yellow emperor obtained the status of the leader and merged with other tribes to form? Huaxia nationality? . Later generations regarded the Yellow Emperor as the ancestor of the Chinese nation. In xinzheng city, Henan Province, where the Yellow Emperor was born, there was The Yellow Emperor's Palace. Chinese people all over the world regarded the Yellow River Basin as the cradle of the Chinese nation and called it? Mother river? For? The Sect of Four Disgraces? , regard the yellow land as your own? Root? .
Historical knowledge about the Yellow River III
As early as more than 6000 years ago, agricultural activities began to appear in the Yellow River basin. About 4000 years ago, some blood clan tribes were formed in the Yellow River basin, among which Yandi and Huangdi were the most powerful tribes. Later, the yellow emperor obtained the status of the leader and merged with other tribes to form? Huaxia nationality? . Later generations regarded the Yellow Emperor as the ancestor of the Chinese nation. In xinzheng city, Henan Province, where the Yellow Emperor was born, there was The Yellow Emperor's Palace. Chinese people all over the world regarded the Yellow River Basin as the cradle of the Chinese nation and called it? Mother river? For? The Sect of Four Disgraces? , regard the yellow land as your own? Root? .
From the Xia Dynasty in 2 1 century BC to the historical period of more than 4,000 years, the time for the dynasties to establish their capitals in the Yellow River basin has lasted for more than 3,000 years. In the history of China? Seven ancient capitals? There are four in the Yellow River Basin and its neighboring areas: Anyang, Xi 'an, Luoyang and Kaifeng. A large number of Oracle Bone Inscriptions remains in Yindu (then belonging to the Yellow River Basin), creating a precedent for written records in China. Xi' an (including Xianyang), from the Western Zhou Dynasty, Qin Dynasty, Han Dynasty to Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty, has successively established its capital in 13 dynasties, with a history of thousands of years, which is famous? Eight waters imperial capital? .
After the Eastern Zhou Dynasty moved its capital to Luoyang, the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Wei Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty, the Houliang Dynasty and the Houzhou Dynasty all established their capitals in Luoyang, which lasted for more than 900 years. Ancient capital of nine dynasties? . Kaifeng, located on the south bank of the Yellow River, was called Bianliang in ancient times. In the Spring and Autumn Period, Wei Huiwang moved its capital to the girder, and the Northern Song Dynasty built its capital here, which lasted for about 200 years. For a long historical period, the political, economic and cultural center of China has been in the Yellow River Basin. The middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River are the areas with the earliest development of science, technology, literature and art in China.
Around 2000 BC, bronzes appeared in the Yellow River basin, and the bronze smelting technology in Shang Dynasty reached a fairly high level, and at the same time, iron smelting began to appear, marking the development of productive forces to a new stage. The iron shovel and axe unearthed in Luoyang after a series of treatments show that China developed the softening technology of cast iron more than 2000 years earlier than European countries.
Ancient China? The four great inventions, papermaking, movable type printing, pointing south needle and gunpowder, were all produced in the Yellow River basin. A large number of literary classics, from the Book of Songs to Tang poetry and Song ci, as well as a large number of cultural classics, are also produced here. After the Northern Song Dynasty, the national economic center of gravity gradually shifted to the south, but in the process of China's political, economic and cultural development, the Yellow River basin and the plain area in the lower reaches of the Yellow River are still in an important position. The long history of the Yellow River Basin has left a very precious legacy for the Chinese nation, leaving countless places of interest. The Yellow River is the pride of our nation.
Harnessing the Yellow River and building water conservancy have a long history. In the early Warring States period, large-scale water diversion irrigation projects began to appear in the Yellow River basin. In 422 BC, Ximen Bao, as an imperial edict, built twelve canals leading to Zhanghe River, a tributary of the Yellow River at that time, to irrigate farmland. In 246 BC, Qin built the Zheng Guoqu in Shaanxi Province, and irrigated more than 40,000 hectares (2.8 million mu today) with Jinghe River water? The land of brine? ，? So Guanzhong was Woye, and there was no fierce year. Qin was rich and strong, and he died and became a vassal? . It played an important role in the unification of China by Qin.
The Han Dynasty paid more attention to farmland water conservancy, and built six auxiliary canals and white canals, which expanded the irrigation area of Zheng Guoqu. At the same time, Chengguo Canal and Lingbi Canal were built on the Weihe River, and Guanzhong area became the earliest economic zone in China.
In order to consolidate the border area, the policy of stationing wasteland and guarding the border area was implemented from Qin and Han dynasties. In Huangshui River basin and Ningmeng Hetao Plain along the Yellow River, canals were opened to irrigate fields, which turned a large desert into a green state and won? Stuck in Jiangnan? Praise.
Historical knowledge about the Yellow River IV
In order to ensure the supply of Kyoto such as Chang 'an, Luoyang and Kaifeng, the water transport development in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River has a long history.
Dayu's achievements in harnessing water include harnessing the Yellow River, where he is found almost everywhere? Magic work? . After the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the documentary records of river management gradually increased, and a large number of precious historical materials were preserved.
As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, dikes were generally built in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. In 65 BC1year, Qi Huangong, one of the five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period? Will the princes be in Kwai Qiu? , put forward? No bend defense? Ban, solve the dispute between vassal states to build dikes. In the long historical period since then, with the frequent overflow and diversion of the Yellow River, defending against the Yellow River floods has become a major event of successive dynasties, and a lot of manpower and financial resources have been invested to continuously block the mouth and repair the defense. During the western Han dynasty, there were special? River bank messenger? 、? River embankment? And other official positions, the county officials along the river have the responsibility to defend the riverbank, and there are thousands of full-time riverbank guards. Ten counties near the river, and the annual cost of dike management is 100 million? The river defense project has reached a considerable scale. According to Hanshu? According to the records of Gou Yan Zhi, the Yellow River has been formed up and down the Qishuikou (now southwest of hua county). Ground river? , dike body? Four or five feet tall? (about 9~ 1 1 m), and the dike is also very high.
Historical Records? It is recorded in Hequ Book that before AD 109, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered? Ji Ren and Guo Chang sent tens of thousands of people to plug the scorpion? , and personally led the officials to the scene to participate in the closure, indicating that the closure of the Yellow River is already a quite huge project. The earliest large-scale river regulation project recorded in history books was in 69 AD? Wang Jingzhi River? ，? In the twelfth year of Yongping, it was discussed to build a tributary? ，? So he sent hundreds of thousands of soldiers to build a dike with Wang Wuxiu Canal, and traveled thousands of miles from Xingyang to Haikou. . ? In the summer and April of the thirteenth year of Yongping, it became a canal? Zhao yue: today, since dikes are built, canals are regulated, water is cut off, gates are erected, rivers and branches are diverted, and their old traces are restored? . ? Although the scene saves the service fee, it still costs tens of billions. . The invasion of the Yellow River south was curbed, and the water transport in the Bianqu was restored, which achieved good results.
Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, was seriously flooded by the Yellow River. The Song Dynasty attached great importance to river management, and set up a metropolitan water supervisor with greater authority to take charge of river management. Local officials along the river paid attention to river affairs, and set up river bank judges in various States to take charge of river affairs. The court was very important and participated in the dispute over the strategy of river management. During this period, the problem of river regulation has aroused many people's discussion, deepened their understanding of the Yellow River situation and water regime, and made great progress in river engineering technology. In particular, Wang Anshi presided over the mechanical dredging of the river, diverting water from the Yellow River and developing siltation irrigation, and made many innovations in the technology of river regulation.
After the Ming Dynasty, with the social and economic development and the aggravation of the Yellow River overflowing disaster, the imperial court paid more attention to river management, and the institutions for river management gradually improved. In the Ming Dynasty, the Ministry of Industry was in charge of river management, and the river was directly responsible. Later, the river was added with the title of military affairs of the prefect, so the army could be directly directed. Local officials below the governor of the provinces along the river also had the responsibility of river management, which gradually strengthened the unified management of river affairs in the lower reaches.
In the Qing dynasty, the governor of the river channel had greater authority and was directly ordered by the court. In the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, the cause of river regulation was greatly developed, and the technology of dike maintenance and management and maintenance made great progress, and a group of effective river regulation experts, represented by Pan Jixun and Jin Fu, emerged. During the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, wars continued, the national government declined, and the river management was also in a state of stagnation. In modern times, water conservancy experts, represented by Li Yizhi and Zhang Hanying, strongly advocated the introduction of western advanced technology and studied the general plan of comprehensive management of the Yellow River, but it was always difficult to make achievements due to the constraints of social and economic cooperation.