Ginseng fleshy roots are hypertrophy, fine wrinkles, cylindrical or hammer-shaped, yellowish in color, often oblique, with many fibrous roots. There is a rhizome at the top of the main root, commonly known as "reed" or "reed head" green straight stem, about 30-70 cm high. Impeller, palmately compound leaves, the number varies with age. Only three leaflets are born in the first year, which is called "three flowers"; In the second year, there were 5 leaflets, which became a complete leaf, called "slap"; In the third year, two complete compound leaves were born, called "Jiazi"; In the fourth year, three compound leaves were born, called "Guangtai", and in the fifth year, four compound leaves were born, called "four loquat leaves". In the future, the number of compound leaves will increase with age. A few leaves are called a few loquat leaves, and there can only be 30 leaves at most. If you grow up in the future, the number of leaves will not exceed 30. The upper leaves are large, the lower leaves are small, oval and serrated, with dark green leaves and light green back. Umbrella, solitary at the stem end, with pale yellow and green flowers, 5 corollas, 5 stamens and 2 styles. Berry, kidney-shaped, 2-loculed, bright red when ripe. It blooms in June-July and bears fruit in August-September every year.
Ginseng likes low temperature, which is mostly distributed between 39-48 degrees north latitude and 0/17.5-134 degrees east longitude. In China, Changbai Mountain in the northeast, Daxing 'anling and Xiaoxing 'anling are the main producing areas, especially Changbai Mountain in Jilin Province, which has the largest quantity and the best quality, so "Jilin Ginseng" is famous all over the world. It is mainly born in dense mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests, and grows in places with thick humus layer, humidity, little light and good ventilation under shady forests.
In China, there are many historical legends about ginseng, and there are also many descriptions in literary works and folk stories. Bajie, a China pig, loves ginseng fruit. In A Dream of Red Mansions, Mrs. Wang rummaged through the closet looking for ginseng, which is a well-known story. In the northeast of ginseng's hometown, there are more interesting myths about ginseng, which have been compiled and published by the publishing department. In these stories, ginseng is often regarded as the embodiment of justice and kindness. Sometimes it is a clever little boy in a red coat, sometimes it is a beautiful girl with red hair and green coat, sometimes it is a kind old man with a handsome face, and sometimes it shines with the light of the Big Dipper. I don't know how many years these stories have been circulating, but they are still beautiful and charming. Although these legends are different, they all reflect people's understanding, love and cherish of ginseng.
Ginseng had many aliases and nicknames in ancient times. Such as: Shencao, Jing Wong, Goblin, Goblin, Polygonatum, Ginseng, Human Title, Human Micro, and so on. The title of "King of Herbs" was translated from Manchu. Manchu people call ginseng "Orhouda", which is the general name of grasses. "da" means leader and leader, which translates into Chinese as "king of all kinds of herbs". People call ginseng "the king of herbs", mainly based on its own value. In the Qing dynasty, an old ginseng with the best quality (wild ginseng called ginseng) could greatly exceed the price of gold with the same weight. Qing emperor Qianlong praised it as "an earlobe like Tianzhu Dan" in Ode to Ginseng.
In the medical history of China, the use of ginseng has a very long history. As early as the Warring States Period, the famous doctor Bian Que knew the medicinal properties and curative effects of ginseng. Shen Nong in Qin and Han Dynasties listed ginseng as a top-grade medicinal material in Materia Medica Classic. There are 1 13 prescriptions in Treatise on Febrile Diseases written by Zhang Zhongjing, a famous doctor in Han Dynasty, and there are 2/kloc-0 prescriptions using ginseng. There are also a lot of records in Compendium of Materia Medica. According to legend, more than 400 years ago, Li Shizhen's father, Li Eon, heard the monograph "Biography of Ginseng in the Moon Pool".
Before the Yuan Dynasty, ginseng was basically mined and traded freely. In the Liao Dynasty, a large ginseng market was set up in Ningjiangfu (now Shichengzi, Fuyu County, Jilin Province) for people to trade ginseng. After the Ming Dynasty, the mining and trading of ginseng were controlled by the ruling class regime at that time because of the higher and higher price of the right to speak. The government determines the number of people who dig ginseng every year, and after approval, it issues red tickets and waist tags before they can dig in the mountains. But ginseng must be selected by the government first. At that time, Bohai people always regarded ginseng as a treasure to pay tribute to the Central Plains regime in China. Collecting ginseng is also a very hard and extremely dangerous thing. People who dig ginseng are called "planers" or "heads". They should go hand in hand, carry dry food deep into the mountains and forests where wild animals haunt, sleep in the wind, work hard and share life and death. Whenever you find a ginseng seedling, you must dig it out carefully so as not to damage any roots.
According to physical and chemical analysis, ginseng contains ginsenoside, ginsenoside, volatile oil, ginseng acid (including hard acid, soft acid and linoleic acid) and sterol (phytosterol), in addition to a variety of organic and inorganic substances, such as phosphoric acid, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, enzymes, sugar, resin, starch, bitter fat, and vitamins A and B65438. There are two kinds of ginseng, wild and cultivated. Although they have different functions, they are all treasures of traditional Chinese medicine and have special curative effects incomparable to other drugs. The ancients said that ginseng can make people live longer, rejuvenate and even live forever. This is of course an exaggeration, but it does have a strong, nourishing and exciting effect. After many years of clinical experiments in traditional Chinese medicine, ginseng can nourish blood and replenish qi, strengthen body fluid and soothe the nerves, improve eyesight, improve intelligence and soothe the nerves, lower blood sugar, strengthen stomach and diuresis. It is very effective for patients who are weak after a long illness. Indications are neurasthenia, various neuropathy, autonomic nervous disorder, sexual neurasthenia, mental retardation, anemia, diabetes, stomach diseases, liver diseases and cardiovascular diseases. In addition, taking it for a long time can also increase people's resistance to various pathogenic factors without any side effects and harm to human body.
Ginseng not only has special medicinal efficacy, but also has high economic value. The finished ginseng after processing is even more expensive than the same weight of gold. Although it is not "priceless" as the ancients said, it is also priceless in today's world. Artificial cultivated ginseng (garden ginseng) is not as expensive as mountain ginseng, but it is also quite noble. Exporting 1 ton of finished ginseng can earn hundreds of thousands of dollars. If farmers plant 1 mu ginseng, the annual income can reach several thousand yuan, which is several times to ten times the income from grain growing.
Chemical composition:
Ginseng roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits are rich in various ginsenoside. In addition, ginseng root contains 0. 12%, stem and leaf contains 0. 13%, and flower contains 0.29%. The nonpolar part of ginseng root contains panaxynol, α-ginsenoside, β-ginsenoside and sterols. Ginseng also contains amino acids such as lysine, histidine and arginine, vitamins, various organic acids, flavonoids and sugars.
Ginseng plants are all used as medicine. According to the external morphology and saponin composition of underground parts, ginseng plants can be divided into two categories. One group of plants has erect rhizomes and well-developed fleshy roots, mainly containing dammarane-type tetracyclic triterpenoid saponins, while the other group has well-developed rhizomes with bamboo whips or rosary-shaped fleshy roots, mainly containing oleanolic acid-type pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins.
Pharmacological action:
Ginseng has the effects of invigorating primordial qi, restoring pulse and resolving hard mass, invigorating spleen and lung, promoting fluid production and calming the nerves.
1, the influence on the central nervous system. Ginseng has both excitatory and inhibitory effects on the nervous system, especially the excitatory effect. Ginsenoside Rg has an exciting effect, while Rb has an inhibitory effect. Ginseng can improve intelligence, Rg 1 is related to learning process, and Rb 1 is related to memory and stability. Ginsenoside can obviously reduce the convulsion rate caused by pentylenetetrazol and the mortality rate caused by strychnine in mice.
2, the role of the immune system. Ginseng can comprehensively enhance the immune function of the body, and its active components are mainly saponins and polysaccharides.
3. The role of cardiovascular system.
(1), cardiotonic effect. Therapeutic dose of ginseng can strengthen the contractility of many animals' hearts and slow down the heart rate, especially when the heart function is insufficient.
(2) Anti-myocardial ischemia. Oral ginsenoside can obviously improve the electrocardiogram and serum enzymology of isoproterenol-induced myocardial ischemia in rats, and its effect is similar to propranolol.
(3) Effects on blood vessels and blood pressure Ginseng can dilate the coronary artery, cerebrovascular artery, vertebral artery and pulmonary artery of the whole animal and improve the blood circulation of these organs.
4. Influence on blood and hematopoietic system. Ginsenoside can prevent blood coagulation and promote fibrinolysis; Reduce erythrocyte aggregation, increase blood fluidity and improve tissue perfusion. Ginseng extract can promote the hematopoietic function of bone marrow, significantly increase the number of WBC, RBC, Hb in blood and nucleated cells in bone marrow.
5, the role of internal subsystems.
(1), the effect on the axis of drooping brain-pituitary-adrenal cortex. Proper amount of ginseng can excite the drooping brain-pituitary-adrenocortical axis and enhance its function.
(2) The role of drooping brain-pituitary-gonad axis. Ginsenosides Rg 1 and Rb 1 can increase the release of gonadotropins in the anterior pituitary gland. In addition, ginseng can also increase the thyroid function of rabbits.
6. Effect on substance metabolism.
(1), and its effect on glucose metabolism. Ginseng has hypoglycemic effect on hyperglycemia caused by injection of adrenaline and hypertonic glucose. In addition, ginseng can also increase the blood sugar decreased by insulin injection, indicating that it has a two-way regulation effect on glucose metabolism.
(2) Effects on protein and nucleic acid metabolism. Protein synthesis promoter and total saponins in ginseng can promote the biosynthesis of protein, DNA and RNA, and increase the activity of RNA polymerase and the contents of albumin and γ-globulin.
(3) Effect on lipid metabolism. Ginseng can improve the increase of serum LDL-C and fatty liver in rats fed with high cholesterol diet and patients with hyperlipidemia, promote cholesterol excretion and prevent the formation of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis.
7, enhance the body's ability to withstand stress. Ginseng can enhance the body's adaptability, enhance the body's nonspecific resistance to physical, chemical, biological and other harmful stimuli and injuries, and restore the disordered function to normal, that is, it has the function of "adapting to the original".
8. Anti-shock effect. Ginsenoside can obviously prolong the survival time of animals with anaphylactic shock and scald shock. The frequency of cardiac contraction in animals with hemorrhagic acute circulatory failure increased significantly.
9, anti-aging effect. Ginsenoside can obviously prolong animal life and cell life; Inhibit the activity of MAO-B in the brain stem of old animals, and make the level of NA in the cerebral cortex close to that of young animals; Eliminate free radicals that lead to aging in the body and protect biofilm.
10, anti-tumor effect. Ginseng extract, ginsenoside and ginseng polysaccharide all have anti-experimental tumor effects.
1 1, other functions. Enhance the detoxification function of liver, and inhibit the increase of ALT and the decrease of P-450, RNA and sugar content in liver of mice poisoned by carbon tetrachloride and thioacetamide. Anti-gastric ulcer.
Logo:
[Character recognition]
The sun-dried ginseng taproot is cylindrical or spindle-shaped, with a length of 3- 15cm and a diameter of 1-2cm. The surface is grayish yellow, with shallow and intermittent thick horizontal stripes and obvious longitudinal wrinkles on the upper part or all, 2-3 branched roots on the lower part, many slender fibrous roots (all of which are sun-dried ginseng), and occasional inconspicuous small wartlike protrusions on the fibrous roots. The apical rhizome (commonly known as reed head) is 1-4cm long and 0.3- 1.5cm in diameter, with many contractures and bends, adventitious roots (commonly known as Polygonum hydropiper) and sparse pit-like stem marks (commonly known as Luwan). Hard, yellow-white in cross section, powdery, with brown and yellowish-brown dotted resin channels, and radial cracks on the epidermis. The gas is slightly fragrant and specific, and the taste is slightly bitter and sweet.
Total length of red ginseng is 6- 17cm. The length of taproot is 3-10 cm; ; The surface is reddish brown and translucent, with occasional opaque dark brown patches, longitudinal grooves, wrinkles and fine root marks, ring marks on the upper part and 2-3 branches on the lower part. There are stem marks on the rhizome. Hard and brittle, flat and horny.
The taproot of white ginseng is 3- 15cm long and 0.7-3cm in diameter. Its surface is yellow and white, with many intermittent ring lines at the upper end and 2-3 branch roots at the lower part. You can see the needle marks when processing, and it tastes sweet.
The dried wild ginseng taproot is short and thick, mostly herringbone or cylindrical, with two branches, 2- 10cm long and 1-2cm in diameter. The surface is gray-yellow, with longitudinal stripes, with thin and deep annular horizontal stripes at the upper end, sparse and slender fibrous roots and obvious verrucous protrusions (called pearl points). Rhizomes are slender, often equal to or longer than the main roots, with dense stem marks on the upper part. Epiphytic reed has 1-3 adventitious roots, which are thick and short with sharp ends. A section of rhizome near the main root is smooth without stem marks (called round reed).
Sun-dried ginseng, red ginseng and sun-dried ginseng are all better, thick, hard and complete. White ginseng is better with thick, complete strips, thin skin and yellow-white color.
[Microscopic identification]
Cross section of taproot: ① cork layer is a series of cells, and there are a series of cork cells inside. ② There are scattered resin channels in phloem, which contain yellow secretions, and there are many resin channels near cambium. The primary phloem usually has cracks. Phloem rays are 3-5 lines wide. (3) The cambium forms a ring. (4) Most xylem vessels are arranged in a single row, which is sparse in radial direction. Wood rays are wide, and primary xylem vessels can be seen in the center. ⑤ Thin-walled cells contain the finest starch granules (red ginseng has been gelatinized). The inner layer of suppository, wood parenchyma cells and wood rays contain calcium oxalate clusters.
Powder: light yellow (raw ginseng) or reddish brown (red ginseng). ① The resin duct fragments are tubular and contain yellow drops or lumps of secretions. ② Calcium oxalate cluster crystals, 20-68μm in diameter and angular. ③ There are many starch granules, and a single granule is spherical, with a diameter of 2-20μm, and the navel is punctate, fissured or star-shaped; Composite particles are composed of 2-6 parts. ④ The vessel is reticulate or trapezoidal, with few threads, and the diameter is17-50μ m. Wood fibers are occasionally seen beside the vessel in the rhizome. ⑤ Cork cells are square or polygonal with thin walls and reddish brown.
【 Physical and chemical identification 】 ① Take about 0.5g of powder, add 5ml of ethanol, shake well for 5min, and filter. Take a small amount of filtrate, put it in an evaporating dish to dry, and add a chloroform solution saturated with antimony trichloride dropwise, which is purple.
② Take 2g ginseng powder (40 mesh), add 25ml methanol, leave it overnight, heat and reflux for 6h, filter, take filtrate 12.5ml, evaporate to dryness, dissolve it in 15ml water, extract it with ether for 2-3 times, discard the ether solution, extract the water layer with saturated n-butanol for 4 times, combine the n-butanol solutions and wash it with water for 2-3 times. G stands for adsorbent. The developing agent is n-butanol-ethyl acetate-water (4: 1:5). Span 1 1cm. The developing agent is sulfuric acid-water (1: 1) spray. After color development, it was baked at 65438 005℃ for 65438 00 minutes, and observed by ultraviolet lamp (365nm), and 7-8 spots were found. AccoRding to the comparison of chRomatogRams published in the literature, ginsenoside ro, ra, Rb, Rc, rd, re, Rf, Rg 1 are in order from bottom to top.
Handling:
1. Take raw ginseng, remove the reed head, fully moisten, slice, dry or mash.
2. Ginseng Radix Rubri takes the original medicinal materials and is processed into ginseng Radix Rubri by cooking. When in use, the reed head is removed, steamed or slightly soaked, baked and softened, and sliced and dried. Or directly mashed or ground.
Handling:
Processing technology of red ginseng
Ginseng is generally harvested in mid-September every year and processed at the same time, which has strong seasonality and strict quality requirements, so it needs to be fully and properly prepared in advance.
Red ginseng is the most important processed product at present, and its main technological processes are selecting ginseng, cutting, washing ginseng, brushing ginseng, steaming ginseng, drying ginseng, drying ginseng (baking ginseng), moistening, cutting, re-drying, selecting branches, grading and packaging.
(1) The raw material for selecting workers' red ginseng is that the pulp is filled with air (firm, full and good hardness); Ginseng Rubra can be processed by people with long body length, beautiful appearance, no scar, no decay, no injury and no broken legs.
(2) Xu Xia, also known as Xu Xia, means to pinch off all the Mao Mao on the main root and the branched root, leaving a hawthorn about 0.2cm long, so as to prevent the skin of ginseng from being torn or causing wounds, so as to avoid bursting belly or cracking seeds when steaming ginseng, and also to prevent the slurry from overflowing and losing. The small one must be separated from Mao Mao after falling, which is convenient for direct processing.
(3) Wash Ginseng Put fresh ginseng into a small round basket, dip it in water and gently shake it from side to side, so that the roots of ginseng collide and rub with each other in vibration, and the soil is washed away, commonly known as "water impact". In recent years, roller or high-pressure water jet ginseng cleaning machine has entered adult factories, which not only saves manpower, but also improves work efficiency.
(4) Brush fresh ginseng cleaned by manual or ginseng cleaning machine. Basically, the surface soil has been washed clean, but there is still residual soil at the intersection of the diseased scar and the branch root at the reed bowl of the rhizome, which needs further manual brushing and scraping off the diseased scar with a bamboo knife. Don't touch the branches and roots when brushing ginseng, don't brush the broken skin, and don't brush off the surrounding skin to make it thin, so as to prevent the roots from cracking when steaming ginseng. The main thing is to clean the soil to achieve whiteness. Put the washed fresh ginseng in the order of large, medium, small, old and tender, and steam it in the drawer.
(5) Smooth the white beard. According to the species of roots and Polygonum cuspidatum, the cleaned white beard is preserved into small bundles with a diameter of 4-5cm, and then the small bundles are tied with iris or torn corncob leaves for steaming ginseng. White mixed whiskers and curved whiskers should be tied up in groups, and steamed ginseng should also be prepared.
(6) At present, there are two kinds of steamed ginseng: pot steamed ginseng and pot steamed ginseng. Either way, we should master the parameters of steaming time and temperature. When the time is long and the temperature is high, the color of the finished red ginseng is not bright or black, and the texture is light; If the time is short and the temperature is low, it will not show white heart (also called raw heart) and the color will be light.
1.
(1) Drawers should be loaded separately according to the parameter size. Spread the drawer cloth first, then put the fresh ginseng one by one, with the reed head down and the ginseng beard up, and then cover it with the drawer cloth.
(2) Steam a large wok with enough water, the water surface is about 25cm away from the bottom of the drawer, boil the water, then lift the drawer to the spout and cover it tightly. Start with strong fire (firepower) for about 30 minutes, then start steaming and keep steaming for 2 hours, 30 minutes or 3 hours; Cease fire for 30 minutes to 1h, and then take out the drawer.
(1) The steaming time is calculated from the round steaming. Ginseng and fresh ginseng aged 8- 10 need to be steamed for about 3 hours, the first product aged 6-7 needs 2 hours and 50 minutes, the second product needs 2 hours and 40 minutes, and the third product needs 2 hours and 30 minutes.
(2) The temperature of steamed ginseng reaches about 80℃ when it enters the drawer, 95-99℃ when it enters the round steaming, and keeps about 99℃ when it enters the drawer.
(3) Steam in turn (fire) can be used before fire extinguishing, and slow fire (slow fire and small fire) is used from steam in turn to cease fire to keep the temperature. When burning, it is not allowed to add fire or remove fire (grilled fire) casually, so as to avoid the size of firepower. Excessive firepower and a sharp rise in temperature are likely to cause root cracking (broken belly) and pulp loss (pulp loss) of ginseng; If the firepower is insufficient, fresh ginseng is easy to produce white skin, which affects the quality of finished red ginseng.
(3) Put down the drawer. Lift the drawer down from the cauldron and put it on the drawer board prepared in advance to prevent cold air from entering from the bottom of the drawer. Don't take away the drawer cloth in a hurry to make the drawer temperature drop sharply, so as not to break the root. Stop for 20-30 minutes, and then open the drawer cloth to get ginseng after the temperature drops slowly. When taking ginseng, gently put it down, put a branch on the ginseng drying plate, and bake it after exposure to the sun.
2. steaming ginseng in ginseng pot is an advanced method of steaming ginseng in China at present. There are two kinds of ginseng steaming tanks, one is cement ginseng steaming tank, and the other is metal ginseng steaming tank, which have similar performance and the same effect.
(1) Tray loading (curtain setting) shall be carried out according to fresh ginseng grade. First, a row of ginseng is placed horizontally at one end of the plate, and then fresh ginseng with reed head down and ginseng beard up is placed side by side at an angle of about 45 degrees until it is completely filled. Straighten ginseng when loading to prevent it from being placed horizontally and vertically. Proper tightness will affect the steaming parameters of each can, and it is easy to break the reed and leg. Too tight and poor air permeability, uneven steaming is easy to produce white skin. Put the plates into a steamed ginseng rack, cover each plate with a piece of white cloth and collect steamed ginseng oil. Each can can hold 13- 15 plates, and can steam about 750- 1000kg of fresh ginseng.
(2) Steaming ginseng pushes the steaming ginseng rack into the steaming ginseng tank, closes the door of the tank, closes it, opens the steam supply valve, so that high-pressure steam is introduced into the tank, and the temperature is slowly raised. After about 30 minutes, the temperature in the tank reaches 90℃, then steam is introduced to make the temperature in the tank reach 80- 100℃, and then steam is introduced to maintain 98- 100℃. When the temperature drops slowly, reduce the temperature difference between inside and outside, then open the tank door to exhaust, stop 10-20min, pull out the ginseng steamer, and put it on the plate to dry.
The other is long steaming at low temperature, the temperature is from 30℃→60℃→90℃→98℃→60℃, and the ginseng is taken out of the drawer and steamed for 5-6 hours.
According to the grade of fresh ginseng, the time and temperature of steaming ginseng are compiled into a software program according to the order requirements and input into the computer. When steaming ginseng, it is automatically controlled by electronic computer, so that the appearance, color and quality of red ginseng can be kept consistent and will not be uneven.
(3) Pick and dry ginseng, pull out the steamed ginseng cart, let it cool a little, carry the ginseng tray outside and put it on the ginseng drying rack, and start picking ginseng, which is also called "reversing the tray". According to the direction of adding ginseng before steaming, pick it first, then pick it after adding ginseng, and gently take it down layer by layer in order. Don't pull out reeds and pull them back. Protect ginseng whiskers. The big-headed ginseng should be carried out by hand, and the ginseng taken should be placed on another plate line by line. When placing it, it is necessary to put it for 6-8 hours, and the roots should not be pressed. After putting it away, lift the board to the clothes rack.
(4) Collection of Ginseng Dew Ginseng Dew is a by-product in the process of steaming ginseng. The steamed ginseng dew contains volatile oil, which is composed of sesquiterpenes, aromatic alcohols and aldehydes and ketones, and has a special aroma. Aromatic substances, including pyrazine compounds and maltol, are excellent additives for high-grade nourishing drinks. The time for collecting ginseng dew is generally 30-40 minutes. When the temperature reaches 70-80℃, the ginseng dew is collected for about 15 minutes, so the quality of ginseng dew is the best. But many experiments have proved that collecting ginseng dew can reduce the yield of red ginseng by 5-7%. If ginseng is collected in a pot for 7-8min, and each pot contains 400kg of ginseng, the ginseng with big branches can receive 13- 14kg of ginseng dew, and the ginseng must receive 15kg of ginseng dew, which not only has little effect on the yield of red ginseng, but also has high quality of ginseng dew. The collected ginseng dew should be put into a clean and disinfected container and stored in cold storage to prevent fermentation deterioration. If the time of earning ginseng dew is prolonged indefinitely, not only the yield of red ginseng is reduced, but also the quality of ginseng dew is obviously reduced.
(7) Drying is also called drying goods. At present, all state-owned ginseng farms use hard air drying method, and some small collectively operated ginseng farms still use indigenous drying method for drying.
1. Soil drying mainly adopts heating and drying methods such as fire wall, stove and charcoal fire, which has the disadvantages of poor sanitary conditions and high labor intensity.
The first temperature is (1), the temperature is 65-72℃ for the first 8 hours, and then it is kept at 50-60℃ for about 4 hours. The second drying, the temperature is 50-60℃ in the first 8 hours and 49-50℃ in the last 4 hours.
(2) In the process of drying, water should be drained every 2 hours.
2. The hard gas drying method uses the boiler to supply gas, and introduces it into the exhaust pipe through the pipeline to release heat for drying. It has the advantages of safety, sanitation and easy temperature control.
(1) The first drying is also called wet goods drying. After a day of drying, the steamed ginseng can be transported into the drying room. In order to prevent ginseng from fermenting and turning sour, the first drying temperature should be higher. The temperature of the drying room should be kept at 70-72℃ and the baking time should be 8- 10h. In the baking process, the ginseng tray should be drained every 30 minutes, and the position should be changed up and down every 2 hours to make the ginseng dry evenly and prevent burning. If the baking is excessive, the color will become dirty and dark, and the color will turn black, and it will be easy to be hollow, which will not only reduce the production but also reduce the quality.
When the taproot is half dry and the lateral root and fibrous root are dry, the ginseng tray should be carried out of the drying room the next morning and put into the drying field for exposure to increase the luster of ginseng.
(2) The main purpose of wetting is to wet and soften the dry branches and roots and ginseng whiskers, so as to prevent the branches and roots from breaking and facilitate the shaping of the whiskers. There are usually three ways to beat the trend.
(1) Pick the ginseng on the plate into small handfuls, gently pinch the upper part of the taproot with both hands, then soak the ginseng in warm water for a while, and then put it in a wooden box. When the wooden box is full, cover it with a wet sack and moisten it 10- 12h to soften the branched roots and fibrous roots.
(2) Another method is to put the reed of ginseng root on the bottom of the wooden box face down, then gently spread a layer of ginseng on it, then cover it with a wet sack and leave it indoors for 16-24 hours to soften it, so that the washed ginseng has a good color.
(3) Another method is to spray warm water directly on the ginseng tray with a sprayer, and then lay the ginseng tray layer by layer after spraying water, and wait for 1-2h. When the ginseng whiskers are not easy to break, put the ginseng in the tray into a wooden box and cover it with a wet sack to keep it moist. This method is simple, easy to operate and has little loss.
(3) Cutting scissors is also called cutting red beard or cutting middle tail. According to the specification, all softened red ginseng and Mao Mao must be cut off. When cutting roots, the thicker roots can be left long and the thinner roots can be left short. It is necessary to consider the symmetrical beauty of parameters and grasp them flexibly. Falling fibrous roots should be stored separately according to their size. If the fibrous roots are more than 3cm long, they should be neatly stacked and bundled into small handles with a diameter of about 4cm to make straight red whiskers, and the rest of the broken whiskers and hairs should be made into red mixed whiskers or red curved whiskers.
(4) Put the red ginseng with red beard for the second time into different plates according to the size of the supporting head, and put the tied red straight beard into the drying field for drying, and then carry it into the drying room. The temperature is controlled at 40-50℃ until it is completely dried, which takes about 48-72 hours.
Sun-dried red ginseng can be put in a well-ventilated warehouse, and red straight beard can be directly boxed and put into storage.
(8) Selection and grading are based on the specifications and grades of red ginseng.
1. Ordinary red ginseng is divided into 20 pieces, 32 pieces, 48 pieces, 64 pieces and 80 pieces, and each specification is based on the weight of 500g. There are also small commodities. * * * is divided into six specifications, and each specification is divided into three grades: 1, 2, 3.
2. Ginseng Rubra 16, Ginseng Rubra 25, Ginseng Rubra 35, Ginseng Rubra 45, Ginseng Rubra 55 and Ginseng Rubra 80. Each red ginseng weighs 500g, and there are seven specifications such as small red ginseng. Each specification is divided into three grades: 1, 2, 3.
(nine) according to the selected specifications and grades of packaging. Generally divided into large packages, each box is 20-25kg. Ginseng Rubra is packed in small packages, one yard and one kilogram per box (equivalent to 1.2 1 kg).
Comprehensive utilization:
Ginseng is not only used as medicine, but also used as tonic and various cosmetics. For example, ginseng jujube juice prepared by ginseng, angelica, licorice and medlar is a kind of advanced tonic. When processing red ginseng, the volatile ginseng oil is collected, which has special fragrance and can be made into ginseng dew, ginseng paste, ginseng toothpaste and so on. The remaining sugar juice can be made into ginseng sugar.
Ginseng leaves contain a large number of active substances similar to ginseng roots and can be used as tea drinks. Ginseng tea is dark green, fragrant and slightly bitter, and has the effects of invigorating the stomach, refreshing, relieving summer heat, nourishing and strengthening the body. If the leaves and flowers of star anise are made into "ginseng clove tea", it will increase its functions of invigorating stomach, resolving phlegm and moistening lung.
Ginseng flower also contains high ginsenoside content, which can be used to make advanced supplements such as tea and ginseng flower essence. Ginseng fruit is red. After the seeds are kneaded and propagated, the pulp containing various chemical components can be used to make ginseng juice and brew ginseng fruit wine.
Resource allocation:
Ginseng is the root of Araliaceae ginseng. It was first seen in Shennong Materia Medica Classic and listed as the top grade. Has the effects of invigorating primordial qi, resolving food stagnation, promoting salivation, and calming the nerves.
There are 8 species of Panax in the world, 6 species and 5 varieties in China. There are only 1 species of ginseng recorded in China Pharmacopoeia. After cultivation and screening, the product has formed a number of farm strains: horse tooth strain, long neck strain and so on.
In terms of species distribution, ginseng is produced in northeast China, Korea and the Far East of the former Soviet Union. The distribution of wild ginseng is limited to Changbai Mountain and Xiaoxing 'an Mountains in the northeast of China. It is also distributed sporadically in Suizhong, Liaoning, Qinglong, Xinglong, Hebei and mountainous areas of Harqin Banner, Inner Mongolia.
Ginseng is a shade or semi-shade plant that grows in the mountains. Ginseng mainly grows in mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests and miscellaneous forests. The former is mainly composed of Pinus koraiensis, Pinus tabulaeformis, Acer negundo, Tilia amurensis, Tilia amurensis, Phellodendron amurense and Ulmus pumila. The main tree species of the latter are Quercus mongolica, Castanea mollissima, Acer negundo, Tilia amurensis, Ulmus pumila, Ulmus pumila and Betula platyphylla. Shrubs mainly include honeysuckle. Plum. Acanthopanax senticosus And Aralia elata. Related herbs include fennel, hawthorn, Chinese herbal medicine, viola, anemone, impatiens and so on.
Clinical application:
Can be used for treating asthenia, weakness of limbs, anorexia due to spleen deficiency, cough and asthma due to lung deficiency, thirst due to body fluid injury, cough due to internal heat, palpitation and insomnia due to chronic illness, impotence and palace cold; Heart failure, cardiogenic shock.
1, arrhythmia. Ginseng tablet has certain curative effect on arrhythmia of epidemic hemorrhagic fever. Taking ginseng decoction pieces has a certain therapeutic effect on atrial fibrillation, sick sinus syndrome and indoor.
2, angina pectoris. Oral ginsenoside sugar-coated tablets have certain effect on controlling angina pectoris.
3. Leukopenia. Ginseng injection has a certain effect on leukopenia in tumor patients after radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
4. Hepatitis. Oleanolic acid tablets have a good effect on reducing jaundice and alanine aminotransferase in patients with acute hepatitis, and ginseng polysaccharide has a certain effect on reducing circulating immune complex and restoring T lymphocyte function in patients with chronic hepatitis.
5. Tumors. Prostaglandin is a kind of ginseng extract, which can be used for gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, colon cancer, thyroid cancer, sarcoma and so on. It can improve clinical symptoms and prolong the survival rate of tumor patients.
6. Diabetes. Ginseng extract can control diabetes to a certain extent: combined with insulin, it can reduce the dosage of insulin and prolong the hypoglycemic effect time.
7. delay aging. Oral ginsenoside sugar-coated tablets can improve mental retardation, memory loss and mental retardation of elderly patients.