A nurse refers to a health technician who has obtained a nurse's practice certificate after practicing registration, engaged in nursing activities in accordance with the provisions of these regulations, and performed the duties of protecting life, alleviating pain and improving health. The following is all the nursing knowledge I brought to you. Welcome to reading.
All-round knowledge of nurses 1, and the International Nurses' Day is May 12.
2. The first nursing school in the world was established: St. Thomas Hospital, England; China No.1 Institute: Guangzhou.
3. Modern nursing development stage: disease-centered stage; Patient-centered stage; A stage centered on human health.
4. Nursing tasks: promoting health, preventing diseases, restoring health and alleviating pain.
5. Research object of nursing: people.
6. Nursing methods: case nursing, functional nursing, group nursing, responsibility nursing and systematic holistic nursing.
7. Contents of nurses' quality: ideological and moral quality, scientific and cultural quality, professional quality, psychological quality and physical quality.
8. Functions of nurses: caregivers, planners, managers, consultants, coordinators, educators, researchers, spokespersons and protectors.
9. The basic framework of modern nursing theory: people, environment, health and nursing.
10. Basic human needs: physical, social, emotional, cognitive and spiritual.
1 1, the concept of health: not only there is no physical disease, but also physical and psychological integrity, good social adaptability and moral health.
12, the concept of nursing: it is to diagnose and deal with human responses to existing or potential health problems.
13, Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory: physiological needs, security needs, love and belonging needs, self-esteem needs, self-realization needs.
14, coping skills of stress: 1, reducing the stimulation of stress; 2. Correctly understand and evaluate stress; 3. Reduce stress response; 4. Seek professional help in time.
15. Nursing procedure: it is a working method to guide nurses to meet the physical and mental needs of nursing objects, promote and restore health, scientifically confirm the health problems of nursing objects, and provide systematic, comprehensive and holistic care for nursing objects in a planned way. Nursing procedure is a comprehensive, dynamic and decision-making feedback process.
16. Basic steps of nursing procedure: evaluation, diagnosis, planning, implementation and evaluation.
17. Classification of data: subjective data and objective data.
18, conversation mode: 1, conversation mode: formal conversation, informal conversation; 2. Question: Open and closed.
19 The nursing diagnosis established with Nantah consists of four parts: name, definition, diagnosis basis and related factors.
20. Sorting principle: 1, the first optimal problem; 2. Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory; 3. Problems that need to be solved urgently by nursing objects; 4. To analyze whether there is correlation between nursing diagnosis, we should first solve the causes of the problems, and then consider the resulting results; 5. Don't ignore the potential nursing problems.
2 1. Mission of the hospital: centering on medical work, on the basis of improving medical quality, ensure the completion of teaching and scientific research tasks, and constantly improve the teaching quality and scientific research level. At the same time, do a good job in expanding prevention and guiding grassroots and family planning technology.
22. Five-rescue articles: the number of varieties is fixed, placed at fixed points, kept by special personnel, disinfected and sterilized regularly, and inspected and maintained regularly.
23. The intact rate of first-aid articles should reach 100%.
24. Before the doctor arrives at the first aid, what the nurse should do is to measure blood pressure, provide food, suck sputum, match blood, establish intravenous infusion channels, perform artificial respiration and chest compressions.
25. Oral medical advice in the rescue process: All oral medical advice must be repeated to the doctor, and then executed after both parties confirm it is correct. After the rescue, please ask the doctor to fill in the doctor's orders and prescriptions in time. The observation time of emergency patients is generally 3-7 days.
26. The physical environment of the ward: neat and quiet (the noise intensity of the ward should be controlled at 35-40dB during the day) (the medical staff should walk, talk, operate and close the door lightly) and comfortable (the temperature of the general ward 18-22, the temperature of the newborn and the elderly ward is 22-24) (the relative humidity is 50%-24).
27, special patients need to leave a chaperone, in order to ask the patient's medical history.
28. The flat car takes the big wheel end as the head end.
29. Lying position is divided into: active, passive and forced.
30. Scope of application of semi-sitting and lying position: 1. Some patients undergoing facial and neck surgery can reduce local bleeding. 2, patients with dyspnea caused by heart and lung diseases, reduce lung congestion and heart burden. 3, abdominal cavity, pelvic surgery or patients with inflammation, can relax abdominal muscles, reduce the tension of abdominal incision suture, relieve pain, enhance comfort, and is conducive to incision healing. 4. Patients who are weak during the recovery period of the disease are conducive to the transition from standing to making them have an adaptation process.
3 1, head low and feet high application range: 1, pulmonary secretion drainage, making sputum easy to cough up; 2. Duodenal drainage is beneficial to bile drainage; 3, premature rupture of membranes during pregnancy can prevent umbilical cord prolapse; 4, traction lower limb fracture, human gravity can be used as reverse traction.
Scope of application: 1. It is used as a reaction force when a patient with cervical vertebra fracture is dragged to the upper skull. 2. Reduce intracranial pressure and prevent brain edema; 3. Patients undergoing brain surgery.
33, binding belt points: bandage binding (often used to fix the wrist and ankle; Shoulder restraint belt (used to fix shoulders and restrict patients from sitting up; Knee restraint belt (used to fix the knee and limit the activity of patients' lower limbs); Nylon strap (can be used to fix wrist, upper arm, knee and ankle)
34. Hospital infection refers to any definitely diagnosed interference or disease caused by the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms by patients, visitors and hospital staff in hospital activities.
Three links of hospital infection: source of infection, route of transmission and hepatitis B host.
The main factors of nosocomial infection are: wide sources of pathogens and serious pollution; The susceptible population increased; Hospital infection management system is not perfect; Medical staff have insufficient understanding of the seriousness of hospital infection; Disinfection and sterilization are not strict, and aseptic technology is not suitable; Infect the existence of the company; Interventional diagnosis and treatment methods have increased; Hospital layout is unreasonable, isolation measures and facilities are not perfect.
35. Cleaning: Remove all dirt on the surface of an object to remove and reduce microorganisms.
Disinfection: remove or kill all pathogenic microorganisms except bacterial spores on the surface of objects.
Sterilization: Kill all microorganisms on objects, including bacterial spores.
36. Combustion method: It is a simple, rapid and thorough sterilization method.
37. Aseptic technology: an operating technology to prevent all microorganisms from entering the human body and prevent sterile articles and sterile areas from being polluted in medical and nursing operations.
38. Sterile packaging is valid for 7 days and has not been contaminated; Sterile holding tongs and soaking containers are disinfected twice a week, and drying containers and holding tongs are replaced every 4-8 hours. Once the aseptic container is opened, the longest use time shall not exceed 24 hours. If it is not contaminated, the opened sterile solution can be stored for 24 hours. If the contents of the opened aseptic package are not used up at one time, it will be effective within 24 hours without pollution. Sterile trays should not be placed for too long, and the validity period should not exceed 4 hours.
39. Commonly used mouthwashes are: sodium bicarbonate solution, acetic acid solution and metronidazole solution.
40. The temperature of shampoo is 40-45℃;
The water temperature of shower and bath should be 40-45℃;
* * The water temperature for bathing is 50-52℃;
The water temperature for back massage is 50-52℃.
4 1, pressure sore: it is the tissue defect and necrosis caused by long-term compression of local tissues, blood circulation disorder and persistent ischemia, hypoxia and malnutrition. Mechanical factors of pressure sore: vertical pressure, friction and shear force work together.
42. prone position of pressure sore: 1. Supine position: occipital tuberosity, scapula, elbow, vertebral uplift, sacrococcygeal region and heel. 2. Lateral position: auricle, inside and outside knee joint, inside and outside ankle. 3, prone position: auricle, cheek, female breast, knee. 4. Sitting and lying position: ischial tubercle.
43. Pressure ulcer stage: blood stasis, redness, inflammatory infiltration and ulcer.
44. Normal adult body temperature: axillary temperature: 36.0-37.0℃; Oral temperature: 36.3-37.2℃; Anal temperature: 36.5-37.7℃
45. Heating process: 1. Temperature rising period: heat production is greater than heat dissipation, and there are two ways: sudden rise and gradual rise. /2. The duration of high heat, heat production and heat dissipation tend to be balanced at a high level. 3. During the cooling period, heat generation tends to be normal due to the increase of heat dissipation, and the temperature adjustment level returns to normal.
46. Abnormal pulse condition: 1, abnormal pulse rate (fast pulse and slow pulse) 2, abnormal rhythm (intermittent pulse and tight pulse) 3, abnormal strength (red pulse, silk pulse, cross pulse, odd pulse and water pulse) 4, abnormal arterial wall.
47. Abnormal sounds (cicada breathing, snoring breathing)
Dyspnea (inspiratory dyspnea, expiratory dyspnea, mixed dyspnea)
48. Factors affecting blood pressure: 1, the cuff is too wide and the cuff is too narrow; 2. The cuff is too tight and too loose; 3. The brachial artery is higher or lower than the heart level; 4, the line of sight is lower than or higher than mercury.
49. Hospital diet classification: basic diet, therapeutic diet and experimental diet.
50. Three methods to determine the gastric tube in the stomach: 1. The end of the gastric tube is connected with a syringe to suck and extract gastric juice. 2. Put the stethoscope into the stomach, and inject 10ml air from the end of the stomach tube with a syringe, and you can hear the sound of air passing through. 3. Put the end of the stomach tube into the water, and no gas escapes.
5 1. Record the inflow and outflow of liquid: intake: water consumption, water content in food, transfusion volume and blood transfusion volume. Excrement: urine, feces and other excreta.
52. Urine volume: 1, polyuria: 24-hour urine volume exceeds 2500ml, which is common in diabetes and diabetes insipidus. 2. Oliguria: 24-hour urine volume is less than 400ml or hourly urine volume is less than 17ml, which is common in heart and kidney diseases and shock. 3, anuria: 24-hour urine volume is less than 100ml or 12h anuria, common in severe shock and acute renal failure. 4. Bladder irritation: mainly manifested as frequent urination, urgency and dysuria. Common in bladder and urinary tract infections.
53. The color of urine is divided into hematuria, hemoglobinuria, bilirubinuria, pyuria and chyluria.
Color of stool: tarry stool can be seen in upper gastrointestinal bleeding, dark red stool can be seen in lower gastrointestinal bleeding, clay color can be seen in biliary obstruction, jam-like stool can be seen in amebic dysentery and intussusception, blood or stool drips from rectal polyps, anal fissure and hemorrhoids, and cholera and paracholera stools are white? Rice swill? Sample.
54. Precautions for enema: patients with gastrointestinal bleeding, pregnancy, acute abdomen and serious cardiovascular diseases. No enema; Patients with hepatic encephalopathy are forbidden to use soapy water enema; Accurately grasp the temperature, concentration, flow, pressure and dosage of enema solution; If the patient has diarrhea or abdominal distension during enema, he should be instructed to take a deep breath to relieve discomfort.
55. Drug preservation: 1. Drugs that are easily damaged by heat need to be stored in the refrigerator. 2. Volatile, deliquescent or weathered drugs need to be bottled and sealed, and the bottle cap should be tightly closed after use. 3. Drugs that are easy to oxidize and deteriorate when exposed to light should be packed in colorful closed-lid bottles and placed in a cool place, and the injection should be placed in a black paper shading medicine box. 4, flammable and explosive drugs, should be stored separately in the shade, away from open flames, to prevent accidents. 5, easy to expire drugs, should be checked regularly, according to the time limit of validity, use in a planned way, to avoid waste. 6, all kinds of traditional Chinese medicine in a cool and dry place, aromatic drugs should be tightly covered.
56. Principle of safe drug use: use drugs according to the doctor's advice, strictly implement the check system, and use drugs safely and correctly.
57. Injection principle: strictly abide by the principle of aseptic operation, strictly implement the check system to prevent cross infection, choose the right syringe and needle, choose the right injection site, prepare the liquid medicine now, exhaust before injection, check the blood return before injection, and master the painless injection technology.
58. Commonly used injection techniques: intradermal injection, subcutaneous injection, intramuscular injection (gluteus maximus injection positioning method: cross method, attachment method) (gluteus maximus and gluteus minimus injection are generally selected for infants under 2 years old, and it is dangerous to damage the sciatic nerve when injecting the gluteus maximus), and intravenous injection (superficial vein injection of limbs, femoral vein injection).
59. Characteristics of drug allergic reaction: It only occurs in a small number of drug addicts, and allergic reaction can occur in small doses, which has nothing to do with normal pharmacological reaction or toxicity, and generally occurs in the process of re-medication, and allergic reaction is related to physical factors.
60. Preventive measures for penicillin allergy: Before using penicillin, you must do an allergy test, and you must conduct a drug allergy test correctly. If it is positive, you should ban penicillin and prepare now to strengthen your sense of responsibility.
6 1, penicillin test solution contains 200-500 u of penicillin per ml, using isotonic saline as diluent, and injecting 4 ml for dilution. Vancomycin contains 500 micrograms per ml, diluted with 2ml isotonic saline. Tetanus injection contains tetanus antitoxin 1500IU/ml, taking 0. 1 ml, and adding 0.9 ml of isotonic saline.
62. First-aid measures for anaphylactic shock: five kinds of drugs (hormone, booster acid correction, antihistamine).
63. Intravenous infusion is based on the physical principle of atmospheric pressure and hydrostatic pressure. The purpose of intravenous infusion is to replenish water and electrolyte, maintain acid-base balance, supplement nutrition, supply heat energy, promote tissue repair, import drugs, treat diseases, replenish blood volume, maintain blood and improve microcirculation.
64. Calculation of infusion speed and time: Given the total amount of liquid input and the planned infusion time, calculate the number of drops per minute: (number of drops per minute = total amount of liquid * drop coefficient)/infusion time min.
65. Infusion reactions: fever reaction, acute pulmonary edema, phlebitis and air embolism.
66. The purpose of intravenous blood transfusion is to replenish blood volume, hemoglobin, platelets and coagulation factors, plasma proteins, antibodies and complements.
67. Blood transfusion reaction: fever reaction, allergic reaction, hemolytic reaction, massive post-transfusion reaction (acute pulmonary edema, bleeding tendency, sodium citrate poisoning), other reactions (air embolism, bacterial pollution reaction, transfusion-transmitted diseases).
68. Role of cold therapy: Control the spread of inflammation, relieve local congestion or bleeding, relieve pain and cool down. Cold therapy time is generally 20-30 minutes.
69. Contraindications to cold therapy: people with obvious poor blood pressure circulation, chronic inflammation or deep purulent lesions, tissue damage and rupture, people who are allergic to cold, and places where cold therapy is forbidden.
70, the role of hyperthermia: promote inflammation dissipation and localization, reduce deep tissue congestion, relieve pain, keep warm. The time is the same as cold therapy.
7 1, contraindications of hyperthermia: before the diagnosis of acute abdomen, when the facial triangle is infected, when the soft tissue is injured or sprained in the early stage, when the organs are bleeding, and others.
72. The principle of confession collection: follow the doctor's advice, be prepared, check strictly, collect correctly and send for inspection in time.
72. The general manifestations of critically ill patients are: pale face, gloomy expression, dim eyes, haggard description and listlessness. Pay attention to blood pressure.
73. State of consciousness: lethargy, confusion, lethargy and coma.
74. Rectum support nursing for critically ill patients: observe and record in the ward, keep the respiratory tract unobstructed, ensure the safety of patients, strengthen clinical nursing and provide psychological nursing.
75. Basic life support of cardiopulmonary resuscitation: open prayer, artificial respiration and chest compressions, namely ABC mulberry steps. Mouth-to-mouth breathing method: lift your chin on your back, hold your neck on your back, and lift your chin with your hands. Positioning method: the intersection of the double nipple line and the sternal midline. Pressing frequency: adult 100 times/minute. Compression depth: adult sternum subsidence 4-5cm. The ratio of artificial respiration to majestic compression: 2:30 for adults.
76. Conversion formula of oxygen concentration and oxygen flow: oxygen concentration %=2 1+4* oxygen flow L/min.
77, stop using oxygen should first pull out the nasal catheter, and then close the flowmeter. The insertion length of unilateral nasal catheter is 2/3 of the length from tip of nose to earlobe.
78. Oxygen safety: four precautions: shockproof, fire prevention, heat prevention and oil prevention. The oxygen in the oxygen bottle can't be used up, and the pointer of the pressure gauge drops to 5kg/cm2, indicating that it can't be used any more.
79, the purpose of gastric lavage: detoxification, reduce gastric mucosal edema, to prepare for surgery or some tests. Gastric lavage is not used for alcoholism for more than 4 hours.
80. Basic principles of hospice care: give priority to interconnected care, respect life, improve quality of life and attach importance to psychological support.
8 1, death criteria: irreversible deep coma, spontaneous breathing stopped, brain stem reflex disappeared, brain waves disappeared.
82. Stages of death: near death, clinical death and biological death.
83. The significance of medical records: providing patient information, teaching and scientific research materials, legal basis and evaluation basis. Principle: Timely, accurate, objective, complete, concise and clear.
84. Classification of doctor's orders: long-term doctor's orders, temporary doctor's orders and standby doctor's orders (long-term standby doctor's orders and temporary standby doctor's orders).
85. Nursing medical records: admission nursing evaluation sheet, nursing plan sheet, PIO nursing record sheet and discharge nursing evaluation sheet.
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