Special-shaped thorn
Spine is the skeleton of an extinct odontoid, which exists in marine strata formed by marine sediments from Cambrian to Triassic. Conodonts are very small, generally only about 1mm, and the largest is only 7 mm. They have various shapes, such as pyramid, rake and platform, and have different colors. They are widely distributed in marine strata and are an important kind of microfossils. Survived from CAMBRIAN to Triassic. It has great practical value and occupies an extremely important position in biological evolution.
Huaxia eel
Huaxia eel is an animal 530 million years ago, and it is the oldest known primitive chordate animal on the earth. This research achievement has advanced the evolutionary history of chordates by10 million years. Its body is 22 cm long, with branchial cleft, sarcomere and notochord, and its V-shaped cross section along the abdomen is very similar to that of amphioxus with primitive chordates. There is a deep crease along its back, which is the mark left by the animal spinal cord. The spine of vertebrates evolved from this rod-like fleshy notochord structure of primitive chordates.
Haikou fish
The fossils of Haikou fish were found in Chengjiang fauna (Maotianshan layer) in Yunnan, dating back to Cambrian, and are considered as the oldest fish ever discovered. Haikou fish is indeed the oldest known vertebrate, and its discovery has a great influence on paleontology and the theory of animal origin, because it pushed back the time when scientists first predicted the appearance of vertebrates to 500 million years ago. The body structure of Haikou fish is close to the existing seven-gill fish. The head has six to nine gills and obvious dorsal fins. It is a giant in the evolutionary history of life, with a solid shell and a unique body.
alkekengi
Physalis 1 species, belonging to brachiopods, arthropods, longhorns and perforators. Distributed in Japan, South Korea and China (south coast of Liaodong Peninsula, north coast and south coast of Shandong Peninsula). The morphology is that the tentacle crown belongs to the twisted crown type and the double wrist type. The calcareous shell is slightly oval and red, which looks like a bivalve mollusk, but there are two shells on the back and abdomen, which are symmetrical on both sides and different in size. The dorsal shell is small and flat, the ventral shell is large and convex, the rear end is slightly bent into a bird's beak shape, and there are 1 round holes (inner stem holes) in the middle, from which thin and short inner stems protrude and attach to foreign objects, thus growing permanently. The shell surface is decorated with fine holes, and the concentric growth lines are thin and clear. There are muscle marks in the shell, and the edge of the shell is wavy. There are 1 grooves in the center of the back shell, and 1 protrusions on the belly shell corresponding to these grooves. The shell is calcium carbonate. They mainly live in shallow coastal areas with a water depth of 280 meters below the low tide line, and their lifestyles are fixed. They usually inhabit rocky coasts and outcrops on the seabed, or attach to the shells of mollusks, and many individuals can often adhere to each other to form grapes.
Mussel shrimp
Ostracoda appeared in Ordovician and continued until modern times. Ostracoda is an invertebrate that grows in water. Big like a grain of rice, small can't be seen clearly with naked eyes, usually only 0.5 ~ 1 mm in size. Looking for oil is always indispensable. Because ostracods look different in sediments on land or in the ocean. With this kind of ostracods with different shapes and ornamentation, petroleum geologists can judge the stratigraphic age in boreholes as deep as several thousand meters. Through the comprehensive analysis of a large number of borehole data, we can master the distribution law of oil-bearing strata in the oilfield.
conodont
Conodonts are very small, less than 0. 1 mm to 4 mm. Undamaged conodonts are generally amber luster, light brownish yellow, grayish white, transparent or opaque. Its main chemical composition is calcium phosphate, which is composed of fibrous or flaky apatite minerals. Conodonts are very similar to the teeth of some fish or the jaws of annelids, so they are called conodonts, and some people call them conodonts. Conodonts are tiny, generally 0.3-2.0 mm, with various forms, simple or complex, mainly composed of flaky calcium phosphate, mostly gray, amber or black, transparent or opaque. ?
Armored fish
Squid lived in Paleozoic from 400 million years ago to 500 million years ago. Most of the front ends of their bodies are covered with hard bone armor, which looks like fish, but there are no paired fins, so their mobility is poor. At the same time, it has no upper and lower jaws, which limits its active predation ability and narrow food range, so it has no future. ?
Graptolite animal
Graptolite is an extinct marine animal. The bones secreted by graptolites are called graptolites. Generally, the graptolite body is several centimeters or dozens of centimeters long, and the big one can reach more than 70 centimeters. The composition of graptolite used to be considered chitin. From 65438 to 0966, the analysis results of Foucard and Genio showed that graptolite bone did not contain chitin, but contained many amino acids such as glycine and alanine, which may be derived from hard protein. Transmission electron microscope shows that the ultrastructure of bone has the appearance of collagen, and its material composition may be collagen. Therefore, the composition of graptolite seems to be non-chitin organic matter. Graptolite fossils are often preserved in carbon films, much like traces written on rocks with pens, hence the name "graptolite".
Sword pen stone
The sword pen stone is an ancient invertebrate. It belongs to straight graptolite, with Axa suborder. The graptolite body consists of two upward climbing graptolite branches, each of which has a central axis and extends out of the graptolite body. In a narrow sense, a double graptolite refers to a graptolite with a square cell tube at the beginning and a straight tube at the end. From Ordovician to Silurian. ? At first, the tracheid bends to form a square mouth, which looks like a graptolite tracheid, then the tracheid slowly bends into a graptolite tracheid, and finally the tracheid is a straight tube. Middle Ordovician to Early Silurian, Asia, Europe, America and Oceania. China is mainly produced in the south of Upper Ordovician and the northwest of Lower Silurian.
Myrtle shell
Brachiopods, belonging to brachiopods, are marine benthic fixation animals with two shells of different sizes, each of which is symmetrical. The big shell is called the belly shell, and the small shell is called the back shell. There is a hole in the back end of the abdominal shell, called succulent stem hole, from which a succulent stem extends to fix the substrate or dig a hidden hole. The shell is transverse ovoid or ovoid, and the beak of the abdominal shell is towering and curved. The ventral shell and dorsal shell are almost biconvex, and the maximum thickness is located behind the shell, in the Middle Devonian. Because of its shape like a stork, a fierce eagle, its head was named Stork Head.
pentamerida
Five-chambered shells are usually larger. Biconvex. The hinge line is short and curved. The shell is mostly oval, and the beak of the abdominal shell is curved and overlaps with the dorsal shell. The hinge surface disappeared, and some turned back. Triangular holes are usually open. The shell surface is smooth or has a shell line, and sometimes there is no obvious middle groove or midrib, which makes the front edge of the shell slightly trilobal. The ventral spoon-shaped platform is supported by two middle partitions, which is called double-column spoon-shaped platform. The rear spoon-shaped platform is developed and also presents a double-column type. Primitive pentapod may have appeared in CAMBRIAN, mainly flourished in Ordovician and Silurian, and died out in Devonian. Five-cavity shellfish originated from ORTHOPTERA.
Yanbei order
Most ostriches do not have a rash shell, and a few have a rash shell. The shells extend laterally, some of which are Fiona Fang or oval. The hinge line is usually straight. Biconvex. The shell surface is decorated with radial shell, concentric shell or smooth shell. The ventral sulcus and dorsal midvein are mostly developed; The shell surfaces on both sides of the groove are called sides and are usually wide. The development degree of dental plate is different. Wrist cochlea, the top of which points to the back or right.
Shield fish
Shielding fish may be the most primitive jaw. They first appeared in the upper SILURIAN and ruled this water area in Devonian, so Devonian is called the age of fish, because this kind of animal is very rich. At that time, crustaceans declined, and cartilaginous fish only saw clues. At the end of Devonian, most shield fish perished. After the end of Paleozoic, this animal ceased to exist.
Spiny fish
Early extinct fish. They lived in fresh water or salt water, lasting from the late Silurian to the early Permian, and in about? 1.500 million years. Sea urchins usually have spindle-shaped bodies. Small size, except for a few species whose body length can reach 2.5 meters, most early species are generally less than 20 cm. With what? 1 or 2 dorsal fin, 1 anal fin, paired pectoral fin and ventral fin. The front ends of these fins are supported by hard spines. In primitive species, there are pairs of intermediate spines between pectoral fin and ventral fin, the number varies, up to 6 pairs; It is generally believed that the more the number of intermediate spines, the more primitive they are. The head and body are covered with square scales, which are flat and do not overlap each other. Has a crooked tail. Big eyes, located on the front side of the head; There is a well-developed scleral ring around the eyes, which is generally composed of five bone pieces. Small nose. In primitive species, each pair of gill slits has its own gill cover. The first pair of gill covers are supported by the lingual arch, and the rest are supported by the branchial arch. In evolutionary species, the gill cover supported by the lingual arch expands and replaces the rest.
Single pen stone
Single graptolite lived from Silurian to Devonian, and the graptolite body was single-branched, straight or slightly curved. The orifice of the cell tube is bent outward and hooked. It is an ancient invertebrate. It belongs to straight graptolite, with Axa suborder. There is only one climbing branch in the graptolite body, so there is only one row of brain tubes. In a narrow sense, a single graptolite refers to a graptolite with a hooked cell tube. From Silurian to Devonian.
Pazi graptolite
Rake graptolite lived in Silurian; Distributed all over the world, it belongs to colony algae, which is delicate because of few sheaths. There is a curved and delicate stem. The sheath is long and independent, and the narrow tube has holes. This species can't survive in harsh environment. Living in the ocean, attached to the graptolite. The rake graptolite body has only one graptolite branch, which is thin and curved. The tracheid is slender and isolated, without covering, nearly perpendicular to the graptolite branch axis, and the mouth is bent into a hook shape. * * * The groove is extremely thin. Early Silurian, Asia, Europe and North America. Produced in southern China and Lower Silurian of Qilian Mountains.
talcum
A main branch of the graptolite body is bent or curled, and graptolite gives birth to young branches from the cell mouth of the main branch, and some young branches regenerate secondary young branches or younger branches. Tracheids are usually triangular. Late Early Silurian to Middle Silurian, mainly Middle Silurian, Asia, Europe, Oceania and North America. China is mainly produced in the Middle Silurian in the south and northwest.
Saw pen stone
The stone body of the saw pen stone is straight or slightly curved, and there is only one new single pen stone branch. Tracheids are simple straight tubes, or their ventral edges are slightly curved. Silurian, Asia, Europe, North America and Oceania. Southern China is more common in the Lower Silurian, but also in the Upper Silurian and Middle Silurian. The graptolite body has only one graptolite branch, straight or curved, and only one side has tracheids, which are straight and tubular and arranged in a zigzag pattern.
Plaid graptolite
The graptolite is straight and has double row tracheids. The cell tube is strongly bent, and the ventral edge is twisted into an "S" shape to form a square mouth. The ventral edge of the knee is straight and parallel to the graptolite body, that is, the grid graptolite cell tube. ?
Orthomorphic shell
There are many kinds, shapes and quantities of orthomorphic shellfish. Typical examples are orthomorphic shellfish, orthomorphic shellfish and orthomorphic shellfish in China, which were widely distributed in southern China in the early Ordovician. According to the properties of shells, orthomorphic shells can be divided into two categories, namely orthomorphic shells without sprouting shells and Dengbei shells with sprouting shells.
Twisted moon shell
The shell of this medium-sized brachiopod has a convex arm flap and a concave foot flap, which is widest when unfolded along the hinge line. There are well-developed nests and an important protrusion (a protrusion attached to the hinge line of abductor muscle) in the arm flap. There are few holes inside and outside the foot, and they are partially covered by bone plates. There are slender veins on both petals, which spread to the front of the shell. The hawksbill can lie down at will, and the arm flap lies in different soft sediments when resting.
Complex and small (body diameter is generally 0.5 ~ 4 mm); Bed board development; Various connecting structures (connecting holes, connecting pipes, connecting plates, etc. ); Plate partition wall is not developed, and prickly partition wall structure (partition wall thorn and partition wall scale) is often developed; The propagation mode is mainly bud division, such as intermediate bud division and combined structure bud division.
Four-shot coral
The skeleton of coral is a gray seat, which is where coral grows and inhabits. The external structure of coral is generally surrounded by the outer wall, and the surface wall is located on the surface of the outer wall. A layer of gray film on the surface is growth line secreted by the drooping part of coral body wall during the upward movement. Thin lines are called horizontal lines, and vertical lines are called wrinkles. According to modern coral research, each thin growth line represents a day and night, and each growth zone or growth week represents a growth cycle of one month and one year. Therefore, when the coral body surface is well preserved, we can calculate the number of growth lines contained in each growth wrinkle and the number of days in each year at that time, which is the so-called "ancient biological clock" study. And calyx, which is the habitat of coral. The internal structure is complex. The longitudinal structure is: partition wall and shaft structure. The horizontal structure includes a horizontal plate, a scale plate and a foam plate. According to the horizontal structure and vertical structure, coral bones can be divided into single band type, three band type and foam type.
Spiny caterpillar
The taxonomic status of spiny caterpillars is uncertain? 1 class, fossils appeared in strata from Paleozoic to Cenozoic in geological history. When alive, spiny caterpillars live in shallow waters and secrete hard calcareous bones during their growth. What remains in the stratum as fossils is their calcareous hard parts. The calcareous skeleton fossils of spiny caterpillars are usually tumor-shaped, massive and plate-shaped. These groups are composed of tiny angular columnar individuals, most of which are honeycomb-shaped and look like hair on the side, hence the name. The body cavity of an individual has a blunt thorn-like protrusion perpendicular to the body wall, and at the same time, the body cavity is separated by a flat transverse plate. Asexual reproduction (division, budding, etc. ). With the continuous growth of the protrusions in the individual, the mother finally separated into two new daughters. There have been coral reefs made up of spiny caterpillars in geological history. There are different opinions about the taxonomic status of spiny caterpillars. Some paleontologists have found that some fossils have connecting holes and adjacent protrusions, and they think they belong to platen corals. However, Soviet scholars believe that it is a kind of hydra, but some species have uniaxial siliceous spicules on the tube wall, which is considered to be related to hard sponge.
Total finned fish
The whole fin fish has a strong and semi-curved tail, two pairs of leaflike lateral fins, two dorsal fins and thick scalelike teeth. The inner arm of the total fin fish has a strong spinal cord, and the skull and maxilla are completely ossified. The upper jaw has teeth, sharp and sharp, which is very suitable for catching prey, so the total fin fish is obviously a carnivorous fish. Cross-cutting the teeth of the total fin fish, under the microscope, we can see that the enamel layer is strongly folded, forming a zigzag maze-like pattern. This kind of tooth is called labyrinth, which is similar to the tooth structure of early amphibians. At present, there is not enough evidence to prove that the total fin fish has internal nostrils and there are no living deep-sea species. Of particular importance is the internal structure of the lateral fin. In the lateral fin, there is a bone related to the limb band. Below this bone are two bones related to limb band, and below these two bones are some bones radiating to the distal end of fin. Compared with the limbs of terrestrial vertebrates, these bones are equivalent to the humerus (femur), radius and ulna (tibia and fibula) of the limbs, but these structures are still far from the limbs of terrestrial vertebrates. So the scientific community is still vacillating between lungfish and total fin fish on the question of who is the ancestor of amphibians.
Early reptile fossils were found in the lower part of Upper Carboniferous, namely Hylonomus in Bellosaurus. However, compared with labyrinth seal, its characteristics are not ideal. Based on comparative anatomy, Seymour (lizard or Simon's salamander) of the Lower Permian found in Simon Town, Texas, USA is a transitional type between reptiles and amphibians. Seymouria's skull and teeth keep the characteristics of amphibians, while the bones behind its head have the characteristics of reptiles. Seymour appeared too late to be the ancestor of reptiles.
Simple?
The shell rolls tightly inward and has a narrow core. The suture line includes a pointed part and a circular part with a zigzag structure. The thin shell is decorated with fine growth lines. What is the basic suture? Eight leaves: three ventral leaves, a pair of first lateral leaves formed by the division of lateral saddle, a pair of lateral leaves near navel, a pair of middle leaves and a dorsal leaf. Each leaf can be split into two or three by one or more leaves to form more leaves.
Poseidon stone
The inner rotating shell has a broad and open inner core, which is almost smooth with fuzzy and slightly curved growth lines. Crustal extrusion, round abdomen and single bone seam. Origin: This genus is a primitive ammoniacal order, which is common in rocks of late Devonian, but it is not well preserved. ?
handicraft articles made from bamboo with its green covering removed
The shell of slubby stone is slender and conical, and the length of the shell is only about 1 mm to 1 cm. Some seed shells are covered by horizontal rings such as longitudinal edges. Living in Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian. It is one of the important fossils to divide and correlate Devonian strata. What we see today is only the shell of a fossilized slubby stone. According to the thickness of the shell wall, the shape of the original house and the existence of the next door, the slub stone mound can be divided into three steps, namely thick-shell slub, thin-shell isopod slub and pearl embryo slub. Bamboo subfamily has a thick shell wall, a partition wall, a sharp cone-shaped primary chamber, and different types of transverse rings on the shell surface, and lives from Ordovician to Devonian. Isosceles are thin-walled shells, with a small number of partitions, conical primary chamber tips and only horizontal rings on the shell surface, which lived in Devonian; Pinctada is a thin shell without partition walls. Primary cells are generally bead-shaped, and a few are pointed cones with tubular protrusions at the top. Shells have various decorations on their surfaces, and they lived in Devonian. In each purpose, different families, subfamilies, genera and species can be divided according to the signs of shell shape and decorative type. Thin-shell bamboos, especially Pinctada molecules, evolved rapidly in Devonian, with a wide variety, abundant quantity and wide distribution. According to some of these species, Devonian strata can be divided into more than 20 bamboo stone belts, each of which can be used for intercontinental or large-scale correlation and plays an important role in Devonian biostratigraphy.
Tajieshi
Tahitian invertebrates, molluscs, Shigang, Tahitidae. The shell is slender and conical, about 1 mm to 10 mm in length. The primary chamber is bead-shaped and has obvious boundary with the shell. The shell wall is thin, and the surface of the shell is decorated with sharp transverse rings and longitudinal ribs perpendicular to the transverse rings. Distributed in marine Devonian strata all over the world, it is an important symbol fossil.
dragonfly
Visible lenticular or spherical, generally about 3 cm in size. Life age began in the late Early Carboniferous, peaked in the early Permian, declined in the late Permian, and was completely extinct at the end of Permian. It is an important standard fossil of Carboniferous and Permian. ? Living in a tropical or subtropical normal shallow sea environment with a water depth of about 100 m, it is benthic. The shell is generally the size of a wheat grain, with a minimum of less than 1 cm and a maximum of more than 20__30 cm. A convoluted shell with multiple atrioventricular chambers, the primary chamber-the first atrium. Atrium-the space between two adjacent walls. Next door-divided into two next doors. Anterior wall-the shell wall in front of the terminal chamber. Spiral wall-the shell of a dragonfly. Axial section-the section perpendicular to the growth direction of the shell wall. The spinal plane grows square parallel to the shell wall.
Besides, this era is a giant bug era.
The Carboniferous period was called "the age of giant insects" because the oxygen content in the atmosphere was very high at that time and insects grew very big. Here are some famous arthropods:
Giant spiders belong to the suborder Araneae. Head size. It lives in its own cave and uses spider silk to detect the movement outside.
The giant Ma Lu is a polypod, with a length of about 3 meters. It wears hard armor and has a sharp jaw. It is the largest terrestrial arthropod ever.
Giant dragonflies are the biggest insects ever. The wingspan is nearly one meter.
These species are also extinct. ......
ammonite
A subclass of Cephalopods of Mollusca. It is an extinct marine invertebrate, living from Middle Ordovician to Late Cretaceous. It first appeared in the early Devonian of Paleozoic (about 400 million years ago), flourished in Mesozoic (about 225 million years ago), and was widely distributed in Triassic oceans all over the world. It is a marine invertebrate that died out at the end of Cretaceous (about 65 million years ago). It lived from Middle Ordovician to the end of Cretaceous, so it was named because its surface usually had chrysanthemum-like lines. The knowledge about ammonite animals mainly comes from ammonite shells and covers preserved as fossils, which are obtained by observing the distribution and preservation of ammonite in strata and comparing it with nautilus animals living in modern oceans. The shape of a shell? The shell of ammonite is a conical tube, and its main component is calcium carbonate. The initial end of the shell tube is small, usually spherical or barrel-shaped, which is called fetal shell. Most ammonite shells revolve around the fetal shell in a plane, and a few shells are straight, spiral or other irregular shapes. Each shell ring of a planar spiral shell is called a spiral ring, its periphery is an abdomen, the side around the internal spiral ring is a back, and the shell surface between the abdomen and the back is a side. In the process of growth, ammonites periodically move forward in ascending order, and behind them, a partition wall is secreted by the mantle to support the animal's body, increase buoyancy and strengthen the shell. Therefore, shells can be divided into two parts: the part where animals live without partition walls is called the living room; The part with a series of partitions is an air shell, and the space separated by two adjacent partitions is called an air unit. The partition wall is a curved surface, which usually has a complex shape, especially near the shell wall. The contact line between the partition wall and the shell wall is called suture line, which is a very important symbol in the classification of ammonites. Each partition has a circular partition hole, which is where the barrel is located. The body tube can connect the soft body and the shell, and adjust the buoyancy to lift the shell. It is usually located at the edge of the abdomen, but a few types of body tubes are located at the back or near the center. The spinning degree of ammonite shell is very different, which can be roughly divided into loose winding, contact winding, external winding, semi-external winding, semi-internal winding and internal winding. Shells are also varied in shape: from thin plates to spheres, some are triangular spirals, some are straight rods or rings, and the abdomen is pointed, flat or round.
Cartilaginous scleroderma
Lepidoptera, Lepidoptera, is a general term for all species. Various shapes vary greatly, but adults have bony skulls, which are divided into two parts: the larger ethmoid bone and the smaller occipital bone; The brains of sturgeon and sturgeon are mostly cartilaginous, and only some areas are bony. It first appeared in the Middle Devonian, and the existing representatives are sturgeon and paddlefish, or the genus Polyptera and Phragmites are also included in this subclass. It has no important economic value except that sturgeon can be eaten and used as the raw material of caviar. Most ancient cod were spindle-shaped, with blunt nose and mouth, eyes in front, ventral fins in the middle of the body, curved tail and rhombic scales. The body length can reach 1 m, which was the largest and most widely distributed in Carboniferous, decreased sharply in Triassic and became extinct at the end of Cretaceous. ?
Sea scorpions are thought to have lived 390 million years ago. Because this claw is about half a meter long, the scorpion is estimated to be about 2.5 meters long, almost half a meter longer than previously estimated. This huge scorpion claw fossil proves that ancient arthropods, including spiders, insects and crabs, have segmented trunks, connected limbs and hard shells, which are much larger than previously thought. ?
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