First, judge which of the following common diabetic emergencies the patient belongs to: 1. Mechanism of ketosis and ketoacidosis (1): Due to the lack of insulin, the available energy of cells decreases, which leads to the acceleration of fat decomposition in the body. Ketones are substances produced after fat decomposition, which are rarely detected in blood under normal circumstances. When the decomposition of fat is accelerated, the ketone bodies in the blood increase greatly, which is called ketosis. At this time, the blood will become acidic, which is called ketoacidosis, and in severe cases, coma will occur. (2) Manifestations: ① It is easy to occur when suffering from various infections or suddenly stopping diabetes treatment. ② Loss of appetite, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. (3) Sleepiness, confusion, accelerated breathing, breathing like rotten apples, and finally coma. ④ Laboratory examination: The blood sugar is very high, ketone bodies appear in the blood, and the blood is acidic. 2, hypoglycemia, hypoglycemia coma (1) mechanism ① There are two ways to treat diabetes, oral hypoglycemic drugs or insulin injection. As a result, it is easy to lower blood sugar. But if it is not used properly, the blood sugar will drop too much, which will cause hypoglycemia. ② If the patient has poor appetite for various reasons, or doesn't eat at all, and has diarrhea and vomiting, but still takes hypoglycemic drugs or insulin injections at the usual level, not only hypoglycemia reaction occurs, but also hypoglycemia coma can be caused in severe cases. (2) Identification of hypoglycemia ① Palpitation, cold sweat and trembling all over. ② Abnormal fasting or hunger and nausea. ③ Sleepiness, lethargy, headache and inattention. (3) Identify hypoglycemia coma ① I felt flustered, sweaty and nauseous before, and gradually fell asleep, so I should stop screaming. ② When I got up in the morning, I couldn't wake up, and I was cold and broke out in a cold sweat, but I didn't find any obvious abnormal vital signs. ③ Have a history of diabetes, take oral hypoglycemic drugs, have abnormal diet recently, or have diarrhea, vomiting, cold and fever, and gradually become unconscious and delirious, and develop into coma. The three main causes of diabetic coma are 1. Hypoglycemia coma is called hypoglycemia when the blood sugar is lower than 3 mmol/L, and severe hypoglycemia can cause coma. The common reasons are: too much insulin or too many oral hypoglycemic drugs, but less food; The amount of exercise has increased, but the amount of food has not increased accordingly. 2. The causes of coma caused by ketoacidosis are: 1. Diabetic patients stop or reduce insulin too fast, or their condition gets worse; 2. Various acute and chronic infections; 3. Stress state, such as trauma, surgery, delivery, pregnancy, acute myocardial infarction, hyperthyroidism, etc. ; 4. Eating disorders, eating too much or too little, drinking too much, etc. Non-ketotic hyperosmolar coma is more common in elderly diabetic patients over 60 years old. The main clinical manifestations are severe dehydration, hyperglycemia, high plasma osmotic pressure and neuropsychiatric symptoms. The first aid principle of diabetic coma has a history of diabetes before, and suddenly coma can't find other reasons. First, if you are suspected of diabetic coma, you can give first aid according to the principle of coma first aid. (1) The patient lies flat with his head tilted to one side, keeping the respiratory tract unobstructed, eliminating vomit and preventing suffocation by aspiration. (2) Carefully observe the changes of the disease, and once breathing stops, give artificial respiration immediately. (3) Call the emergency number "120" quickly and send the patient to the hospital for emergency treatment. Because of the coma caused by diabetes, in addition to hypoglycemia, the significant increase of blood sugar will also cause hyperosmotic coma, so in the case of unknown causes of coma, don't give patients sugar water casually to avoid aggravating the condition. Moreover, feeding sugar water to comatose patients can easily cause cough and even suffocation. Key points of first aid for diabetic coma: ① I had a history of diabetes in the past, and suddenly fell into a coma, and I couldn't find other reasons. First of all, I suspect a diabetic coma. ② According to the principle of coma first aid: keep the respiratory tract unobstructed and prevent vomit from being inhaled by mistake. ③ Call "120" emergency personnel to take the patient to the hospital. Check blood sugar first to determine the treatment direction. ④ Don't feed sugar water to coma patients casually, so as not to choke or even suffocate. The above points should be kept in mind by people with diabetes at home! Emergency measures for diabetic patients after falling 1 should judge whether they are sudden death or coma. Determine whether it is a transient ischemic attack (TIA) or a stroke. 3 judge whether there is a fracture. Attention should be paid to the level of urinary protein in the prevention of diabetic nephropathy [1] Researchers from Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School in the United States said: Before the onset of diabetic nephropathy 10, doctors had been able to identify a series of urinary albumin and determine who would turn into diabetic nephropathy and the main causes of diabetic nephropathy. Diabetic nephropathy is a serious and complicated nephropathy, and the patient's kidney will gradually lose its original function. Dr Ravishad Hani and his colleagues compared the urine albumin samples of 62 subjects with type 2 diabetes and normal renal function from Bama tribe in India. Shadhani followed up their diabetic nephropathy for 10 years. Researchers have confirmed that by identifying protein "signals", we can effectively predict the occurrence of diabetic nephropathy. Dr Shadhani said: "We still need to do a lot of work to identify and detect these markers. This provides a possibility for our clinical treatment. It only takes one day for us to predict whether patients with type II diabetes will develop renal failure before the onset of diabetic nephropathy. Therefore, this brings new hope for us to do early prevention work before the onset of patients. First, we need to identify the albumin that has been found, and then we need to verify it in other people with type 2 diabetes to determine whether these predictions are correct, "Shadhani explained. "After that, we will apply these studies to a wider population." Treatment remedies 1. Sea mussels take meat, mash it and stew it, and warm it several times a day. 2. Keep 20 big snails in a clear water basin, remove the sediment, take out the snail meat and add half a cup of yellow wine, mix, stew in clear water, and drink soup 1 time every day. 3. Podocarpus (also known as Podocarpus obtusifolia) is a fungus growing on the head of the old tea tree in Emei Mountain at an altitude of1500m. Taste: light and mild indications: diabetes is suitable for T-type E diabetes. When blood sugar drops to normal, we should eat healthily, keep exercising and keep blood sugar stable, and we should not rely on drug treatment. 4. 1 pig pancreas, mussel 45-80g. Wash mussels (dried products) first, then soak them in clear water for about 20 minutes, then put them into the soup, boil them for 10 minutes, and then add pig pancreas to the soup. Seasoning after cooking can also be eaten with meals. This prescription is an adjuvant therapeutic food for diabetics. 5. Spinach stalks 100g, excluding corn stalks. Decoct in water, remove residue, take juice and take it instead of tea. 6. 60 grams of fungus and lentils each. Grinding auricularia auricula and lentils into fine flour, 9g each time, 2-3 times a day, 1. 7. Boil half a catty of beans such as mung beans or peas until they are eight-cooked, then add1250g of corn flour or buckwheat flour and two cups of semi-cooked water to make 30 steamed buns with the same size, and steam for 20 minutes. Five times a day, 4 ~ 5 * * food. 8. Wrap your feet with a cold towel to relieve diabetes thirst. Wrap the whole footboard with a cold towel, and it will quench your thirst in about three to five minutes. By using this method before going to bed, you can ensure that you won't be thirsty and urinate all night. 9. Walking to treat diabetes. Take a walk before and after meals, three times a day, 120 and 500 steps, 1000 steps respectively 1/3. (Note: Walking twice before and after meals consumes a part of glucose in the blood, which solves the contradiction that blood sugar rises sharply after meals. ) Guo Quanren's natural therapy diabetes is a symptom of extremely low blood gas. Therefore, the method of health preservation, like most diseases, still needs to return to the first two of the three methods of nourishing blood and benefiting qi, that is, knocking on the gallbladder meridian and going to bed early and getting up early to make blood gas rise rapidly. Using Guo's holistic natural therapy to dredge the bladder meridian in the back and massage the liver meridian, spleen meridian and pericardium meridian has a good effect on eliminating toxins, lowering blood sugar, reducing insulin resistance and improving immunity. In the process of blood gas rising, with the increase of normal energy produced by human body, blood sugar will continue to rise, and then it will gradually decline until it returns to normal. After understanding this process, you don't have to care about the problem of high blood sugar. As long as you feel that your physical strength is constantly improving, your abnormal symptoms will gradually improve. In the case of any disease symptoms, it is the third of the first three strokes of nourishing blood and benefiting qi, massage pericardium meridian. [Edit this paragraph] It is not advisable for patients with weight loss to take metformin. Metformin can improve insulin resistance, at the same time, it can also adjust fat and lose weight, so metformin is listed as the first choice for obese patients with type 2 diabetes. However, thin diabetic patients should not take metformin, because metformin inhibits appetite, reduces weight, and will get thinner and thinner as they eat. We should be clear that not all diabetics need to control their diet, and even thinner diabetics need to increase their diet. The malnutrition and low immunity brought by thinness are sometimes more terrible than obesity. We often see such a patient in clinic, who turned out to be an obese diabetic. Taking metformin has made her lose weight obviously, and she has lost weight and is still taking it. This requires adjustment of drugs. Patients are prone to make mistakes. First, they don't control their diet. Diet therapy is the basis of diabetes treatment, and its purpose is to reduce the burden of islet β cells and help them recover their functions. It is wrong and dangerous to take more hypoglycemic drugs instead of controlling diet, just like "flogging a sick horse". Second, it is the right medicine. Typical symptoms of diabetes, such as excessive drinking, excessive urination, excessive eating and weight loss, only appear when blood sugar is very high. Many patients adjust the dosage of hypoglycemic drugs at will because there is no obvious discomfort, which leads to poor blood sugar control. Third, irregular follow-up visits. Some patients do not monitor blood sugar, blood lipid and blood pressure, pay no attention to the factors that affect their blood sugar and urine sugar changes, and do not summarize their own medication rules, but follow the trend to take medicine. This is the main reason why diabetic patients in China are more serious and have more complications than those in some developed countries. Fourth, don't take insulin treatment when you should use insulin. Fifth, I don't know the characteristics of oral hypoglycemic agents. For example, the efficacy of some sulfonylurea hypoglycemic drugs is gradually enhanced over time, so there is no hurry to change the medicine. Moreover, each hypoglycemic agent has a maximum effective dose. Don't jump to conclusions without using the maximum effective dose. Sixth, I think high-priced drugs are good drugs. There is no question of which medicine is better, and scientifically speaking, which hypoglycemic drug is more suitable. Drugs that are effective for A may not be effective for B, and may even be harmful. Seventh, blind pursuit of diabetes specific drugs that can be "uprooted". Some patients even stop effective treatment at this stage and look for a "panacea" when blood sugar has been well controlled. As we all know, the comprehensive treatment of diabetes, including diet, exercise and drugs, is the wisdom crystallization of people's long-term struggle with diabetes, and it is an effective method that has been strictly verified. Eighth, blindly worry about the side effects of drugs. Some people think that long-term medication will damage liver and kidney function. In fact, the dosage of hypoglycemic agents is safe as long as it is within the scope stipulated in the Pharmacopoeia. The side effects are only seen in individual patients, and disappear after stopping the drug, which will not bring serious influence. In fact, the consequences of uncontrolled hyperglycemia are much more serious than the possible side effects of taking medicine. [Edit this paragraph] Prevention 1. Don't overeat, live a regular life, chew slowly, eat more vegetables, and try not to eat foods containing a lot of glucose and sucrose in a short time, which can prevent blood sugar from rising rapidly in a short time and help protect pancreatic function, especially for friends with family history of diabetes! Second, the law of sexual life, to prevent infectious diseases; Don't take too many antibiotics. Some viral infections and excessive antibiotics can induce diabetes. Third, friends with abnormal glucose tolerance or family history of diabetes can prevent the occurrence of diabetes to the maximum extent: eating nicotinamide, Vb 1, Vb6 and methyl Vb 12 for three months every year can enhance pancreatic function; When changing seasons, take Vc and Ve for half a month, and the dosage should be large, which can improve your immunity and remove free radicals. (You can also inject Vb 12 intramuscularly for two weeks every year, one tablet a day. Fourth, exercise more and stay up late less. Diabetes is a common and frequently-occurring disease. At present, there are about 20-30 million diabetic patients in China. So far, this disease is incurable, but it can be well controlled. Under the guidance of specialists, most patients can live, work and support themselves like normal people if the three basic therapies including diet, exercise and hypoglycemic drugs are used correctly and treated for life. Diabetic patients should learn self-care knowledge, actively prevent the occurrence and development of various chronic complications, and avoid disability and death. According to epidemiological data, if fasting blood glucose is less than 7.2 mmol/L (130 mg/DL), postprandial blood glucose is less than 8.9 mmol/L (160 mg/DL) and glycosylated hemoglobin is less than 8. Therefore, diabetic patients must follow the principle of strictly controlling hyperglycemia and adhering to treatment standards, which is the fundamental guarantee for treating diabetes. They can't believe the fallacy of "seeing a doctor" in society, the so-called "covering doctors and treating diabetes". V. Sugar intake This is relative. People with diabetes can't eat sugar, which means they can't eat sucrose and glucose directly in their daily diet. Fructose is edible, and the decomposition of fructose does not require the participation of insulin. But the main components of honey are fructose and glucose, so patients should be careful to eat honey. [Edit this paragraph] The staple food of diabetes diet is standard rice100g, and about 200g of clean water. Wash the rice, put it in a small pot and add water. Put it on the drawer and steam it for about 30 minutes. Nutritional components of the finished product: calorie 324 kcal, protein 8g, fat 1.5g, carbohydrate 69.5g ..100g raw rice weighs about 285g after steaming, and the loss of nutritional components of steamed rice is less than that of fishing rice and braised rice. Coix seed porridge 100g Coix seed, 800g clear water, 20g red beans. Wash Coicis Semen and red beans and soak them in water. Put rice and beans in a pot, add water, bring to a boil with high fire, and then simmer for about 2 hours. Nutritional components of the finished product: calorie 40 1 kcal, protein 12g, fat 5g and carbohydrate 77g. 100g millet and 200g water. Remove the sand from the millet and wash it, then put it in water and cook it for about 40 minutes. Nutritional components of the finished product: calorie 362 kcal, protein 10g, fat 2g, carbohydrate 10g. Corn residue porridge 100g corn residue, 800g clear water, 20g coix seed. Wash and dry Coicis Semen, add water to corn residue, boil, add Coicis Semen, and cook on low heat for about 2 hours until the porridge becomes sticky. Nutritional components of the finished product: calorie 43 1 kcal, protein 12g, fat 3.5g, carbohydrate 88g ... beef noodle standard powder 100g, lean pork 50g, soy sauce 10g, cooking wine 5g, Chinese cabbage 250g, onion 5g, pepper 3g, and pepper 3g. (1) Wash beef and cut it into small pieces. Soak in soy sauce, salt, pepper and cooking wine for about 1 hour, put in a pot, bring to a boil, and simmer slowly. (2) Wash Chinese cabbage and onion, cut Chinese cabbage into inches, and cut onion into chopped green onion. (3) Wash the white flour with clear water, roll it out and cut it into noodles. (4) Cook a pot of green water. After the water boils, blanch the Chinese cabbage first, then take it out and drain it. Cook the noodles in a pot, take them out of the bowl, sprinkle with chopped green onion, and pour beef and beef soup. Nutritional components of the finished product: 472 kilocalories, 22 grams of protein, 8 grams of fat and 78 grams of carbohydrate. Buckwheat noodle soup with shredded chicken 100g, 50g of chicken, 3g of aniseed, pepper, 3g of ginger, 3g of onion, 3g of sesame oil, 5g of soy sauce, 5g of salt, 5g of dried shrimp, 0g of spinach 100g, 3g of vinegar, 7g of clear water and 7g of peanut oil. (1) Mix flour and water to make dough. Not too soft. Roll the flour into thin slices. If it is sticky, sprinkle more flour. Fold in half and cut into noodles with a knife. (2) Wash the chicken, boil it in clean water, remove the floating foam, add onion, ginger and aniseed, and cook for about 1 hour until cooked. (3) Soak the dried shrimps in warm water. (4) Put oil in the frying spoon, fry the shrimp skin, add salt and pepper, remove the pepper, and then add water. Boil it with spinach, soy sauce, etc. When the noodles are cooked, pour sesame oil and vinegar on them, shred the chicken and eat them on the noodles. Nutritional components of the finished product: calorie 539 kcal, protein 25g, fat 15g, carbohydrate 76g. Noodles are elastic and delicious, and the soup is rich and delicious, so it is a healthy food. Pork and leek steamed stuffed bun standard flour 100g, lean pork 50g, leek 150g, sesame oil 5g, shrimp skin 5g, soy sauce 5g, salt 3g, onion 3g, ginger 3g, vinegar 5g, clear water 5g, flour fertilizer 5g and edible alkali 5g. (1) Mix flour and flour fertilizer with water, knead into balls and mix well. When in use, the edible alkali is liquefied with water, added into the dough, and kneaded until it does not stick to hands. (2) Chop the meat into paste, cut the onion and ginger, and mix well with soy sauce and sesame oil. Wash leeks, cut into pieces, put them into meat pits, add salt and mix well to form pit materials. (3) Divide the kneaded dough into four parts, knead each part into a round dough, wrap it with stuffing and knead it tightly. Steam in a steamer for about 30 minutes. You can add vinegar to taste when eating. Nutritional components of the finished product: 602 kcal, 22g protein, 22g fat and 79g carbohydrate. Mutton and cabbage pie standard flour 100g, mutton 50g, cabbage 20g, onion and ginger 3g each, soy sauce 5g, sesame oil 5g, refined salt 5g, vegetable oil 5g, vinegar 5g and proper amount of water. (1) Flour is mixed with water, and the dough is slightly soft. (2) Chop mutton, cut ginger and onion, and mix with soy sauce, sesame oil and salt. Wash the cabbage, drain the water, chop it, squeeze out a little water, beat it into meat and mix well. (3) Divide the dough into four parts, knead each part into dough, flatten it, roll it into round dough with a rolling pin, wrap it with meat stuffing, and tightly knead it into the shape of steamed stuffed bun. (4) Heat the pancake pan, press the steamed bun head down on the pancake pan, cover the pan, and bake with low fire. Huang Shi side, turn it over and bake. After both sides turn yellow, add vegetable oil and turn it over from time to time until both sides turn brown. Nutritional components of the finished product: 630 kcal, 20g protein, 26g fat and 79g carbohydrate. Standard flour steamed bread standard flour100g, flour fertilizer is a little, edible alkali is a little, and water is about 50g (if fresh yeast is used, flour fertilizer and alkali are not needed). (1) Mix flour and flour fertilizer with water, put them in a warm place, and add edible alkali after flour is made (edible alkali can be adjusted into liquid). (2) Knead the dough evenly with good alkali, knead it into the shape of steamed bread with a round bottom plane, and steam it in a drawer for half an hour. Nutritional components: calories 354 kcal, protein 10g, fat 2g, carbohydrate 74g.