(1) Preparation before cultivation
1. Selection of strains: The main cultivated varieties of Flammulina velutipes are yellow (strain) Flammulina velutipes, and the main varieties are Flammulina velutipes No.12, P951 and F411, while varieties such as Jinza No.19, Jinsijin No.8 and No.9 have been cultivated less in recent years. Suitable varieties of white Flammulina velutipes mainly include F21 and Baixue.
2. Selection of plastic film tube:
Polypropylene film tube should be used for high-pressure steam sterilization, and low-pressure high-density polyethylene film tube should be used for atmospheric steam sterilization. The plastic film should be uniform in thickness, without creases and trachoma. Generally, transparent polypropylene plastic bags of 17 (circumference) ×33 (length )× .6 cm (thickness) or 17 (circumference )× 4 (length )× .6 cm (thickness) should be used, and the mouth of the bag should not be too wide. (You can choose one with a mouth at one end or two with a mouth at both ends, and only one with a mouth at both ends can grow mushrooms) < Flammulina velutipes is a kind of wood rot fungus, which can make use of monosaccharides, cellulose and other substances in wood. Generally speaking, all the leftovers of agricultural and sideline products rich in cellulose and lignin can be used to cultivate Flammulina velutipes. The commonly used raw materials are: cottonseed hull, waste cotton balls, sawdust corncob, bagasse, sugar aldehyde residue, rice straw, wheat straw, sorghum hull, bean straw chips, beer grains and so on. The most ideal raw material for cultivating Flammulina velutipes is cottonseed hull. The commonly used culture medium formulas are:
cottonseed hull nutrient formula
Formula (1) 89% cottonseed hull, 1% bran gypsum or 1% calcium carbonate, and the feed-water ratio is 1: 1.4-1.5
Formula (2) 96% cottonseed hull. The feed-water ratio of corn flour 3% and sucrose 1% is 1: 1.4-1.6
the formula of sawdust nutrient
the feed-water ratio of sawdust 73% bran or rice bran 25% sucrose 1% calcium carbonate or gypsum 1: 1.4-1.6
The common cultivation materials include corn cob, rice straw, etc.
(2) and the preparation of culture materials. The ingredients should be mixed on the cement floor, plastic film or in a cauldron, not on the dirt floor, otherwise the debris such as sediment will be mixed into the material. When mechanically mixing materials, the main materials, auxiliary materials and water are put into the mixer at one time, and the material can be discharged after 3-5 minutes of stirring. When mixing materials manually, first push the main materials into small piles on the ground, then sprinkle the auxiliary materials such as bran, rice bran and gypsum from the pile tip in several times and mix them repeatedly, then sprinkle the sugar, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, magnesium sulfate and enough water dissolved in advance into the materials in several times, and stir them repeatedly with shovel to mix the materials evenly. In order to reduce the pollution of miscellaneous bacteria, .5% carbendazim can be added to the material when mixing. Mixing materials should be sufficient, suitable for water, natural in PH, well mixed, soaked, and not too late. The water content should be controlled at 65-7%, and the pH value should be about 6. Mixing materials is usually carried out at night. After fully and evenly absorbing water in one night, the mixed materials are turned up and down the next morning and bagged. The culture material prepared on the same day should be stewed for one to two hours, and then bagged immediately after the material absorbs enough water.
2. Bagging
Bagging can be operated manually or by a bagging machine. When the bagging machine is charging, a plastic tube with a good mouth is sleeved on the sleeve of the bagging machine. Grasp the outlet of the sleeve lightly with one hand and hold it at the end of the plastic bag with the other hand, so that the material naturally falls evenly in the plastic bag. After loading 2 cm, take it off the sleeve. When it is not fully loaded by machinery, it should be filled manually and pressed to a suitable level, and the bag mouth should be tied with plastic rope.
manual bagging: firstly, tie one end of the drum with a plastic rope, then put the culture material into the drum, and gently compact it while loading, with even force to make the bag wall smooth without gaps. After the loading is about 2 cm, twist the tube mouth tightly and tie it with plastic rope, based on the principle that both ends of the bag tube can be tied to the dead mouth. Generally, each bag can hold about 4 grams of dry materials.
loading requirements: the following requirements must be met when loading: first, the loading must be done quickly, and it must be completed within 8 hours from the time of mixing with water to the end of bagging, so as to prevent the culture material from fermenting and turning sour for too long. Second, we should pack light and press lightly, and apply force evenly, that is, to prevent the plastic bag from being damaged, and to keep the culture material close to the film. If there is a gap, mushrooms will grow around the bag wall, which will reduce the yield. Mainly tie the bag mouth firmly to prevent the film from spreading due to gas expansion during sterilization. Fourth, it should be properly loaded, and too much loading can't give full play to the best economic benefits.
(3), sterilization and inoculation
1, high-temperature sterilization
High-pressure steam sterilization and atmospheric steam sterilization are used for sterilization, and atmospheric steam sterilization is generally used for sterilization in production. Before sterilization, the bag is placed upright in a sterilization pot, which is easy to be broken when placed flat, and the steam circulation is not smooth. Leave a gap when placing the bag, so as to facilitate the steam to revolve around the bag and improve the sterilization effect. Handling and stacking should be handled with care. Before ignition, the sterilization pot should be sealed tightly. After heating, the temperature should be relatively stable and kept at 1℃ for 1 hours. After sterilization, don't be too hasty in cooling and exhausting. It is best to use natural depressurization cooling to prevent the plastic bag from expanding outward or even bursting. High pressure steam sterilization, the steam pressure is 1.2-1.5 kg/cm2, and it can be maintained for about 1.5-2 hours.
2, cooling inoculation
The so-called cooling means cooling to normal temperature or about 25℃. When inoculated at low temperature, the cultivation bag can be inoculated as long as the temperature in the substrate is about 25℃ without cooling to normal temperature. In this way, the waste heat of the substrate can be used to speed up the colonization of mycelium. Inoculate the strains in time and carry out strict aseptic operation: inoculate in aseptic box or aseptic room. First, clean the inoculation box, scrub the box surface with 2% Lysol solution, then put the cultivation bag into the box, and put the inoculation tools into the box, and put the relevant instruments into a certain position in the box, and then put the strains into it. Fumigating and disinfecting the inoculation box or inoculation room before inoculation, using 8-1 ml of formaldehyde and 4-5 g of potassium permanganate per cubic meter, putting potassium permanganate into a glass, adding formaldehyde to generate gas, sealing and fumigating for 3min to 1 hour, and inoculating after disinfection, the vaccinator washes his hands first, then wipes his hands with alcohol, lights the alcohol lamp after entering the box, and starts the aseptic operation of inoculation.
(4), mycelial culture and fungus scratching
1, mycelial culture
Mycelial culture is also called cultivating bacteria, cultivating bacteria and spawning bacteria. The optimum temperature for spawning bacteria is 25℃. Since the temperature of materials is 2-4℃ higher than that of room temperature, the room temperature after inoculation should be controlled at 18-2℃. When the ambient temperature is high, the discharge density of bags should be thin, and it should be protected from light. The culture room should be ventilated, the room temperature should be stabilized, and the weak light and dark environment should be maintained. The discharge density of the bag should be high, so as to increase the temperature of bacteria and speed up the growth of bacteria, and to avoid premature fruiting of hyphae after being cultured. After 2-3 days of inoculation, hyphae begin to germinate, and after 7-8 days of inoculation, hyphae feed spread for 4-5 days, and the bags can grow full. Every 1 days or so, the cultivation bags are reversed up and down.
reference: ① Flammulina velutipes mycelium has the characteristic of forming fruiting bodies in a short time after propagation. Therefore, it is very important to maintain a suitable temperature and < P > accelerate the growth of mycelium during the culture process. (2) in the management, if it is found that the miscellaneous bacteria in the bacterial bag are seriously polluted, it should be removed immediately, and the culture room should be kept clean and hygienic at the same time. Lime water or 3% Lysol or .1% multi-bacteria should be sprayed every seven days for all-round disinfection.
2. Peeling and scratching fungi
Scratching fungi can stimulate hyphae to sprout earlier, and can improve the occurrence density, uniformity, robustness and yield of mushrooms. Scratching fungi of Cephalopodium erinaceus is generally carried out when the hyphae are full of bags or basically full of bags. Cut one end of the bag with a sterilized blade or knife, and then use a knife to remove and peel off the hyphae that are aging and dying from dry and wet on the inoculation block, exposing white hyphae with extremely rich basal buds and contacting them. There are many fresh mushrooms. Generally speaking, bottle-cultured mushrooms scratch lightly, bag-cultured mushrooms scratch slightly, late-growing varieties must scratch, and early-growing varieties do not scratch, but no matter what varieties, each mushroom must scratch after harvesting, and the thickness of the scratch can generally be scraped to the new mycelium layer. Generally speaking, late-growing varieties can scratch thicker, early-growing varieties can scratch slightly, and low-temperature seasons can scratch deeper, high temperature.
(5), mushroom cultivation in the later stage
1. cooling to promote mushroom cultivation
The cultivation bags with mature hyphae or peeled and scratched mushrooms should be transferred to the early management of mushroom production stage in time, and the temperature should be reduced, oxygen supply increased, temperature increased, light culture should be carried out to induce and promote primordia to occur as soon as possible. The requirements for temperature are different among varieties, generally 8-15℃, and water should be sprayed 2-3 times a day. A few days later, white sticky substance appeared on the upper part of the culture medium or amber water droplets were secreted on the surface of the substrate, which was the precursor of mushroom buds.
2. Low-temperature mushroom cultivation
Due to the different sizes of mushroom buds, when the number of mushroom buds reaches the required requirements, the environmental temperature of mushroom production should be further reduced, and the temperature of mushroom room should be reduced by making full use of nighttime cooling, so that the environmental temperature of cultivation bags should be kept at 4-6℃ as far as possible. The mushroom farm should be managed by shading or weak light to prevent premature coloring of mushroom bodies, and the relative humidity should reach 85%.
3, timely bagging
The suitable time for bagging is when the young mushroom strain is 2 cm high, and bagging is a plastic bag with a length of 35 cm and a width of 18 cm.
The bagging method is to tie the mouth upside down, which basically does not need management after bagging. After bagging, due to the respiration of the mushroom itself,
the generated heat and discharged carbon dioxide make the cultivation bag lack of oxygen and the carbon dioxide concentration is high.
The stalk will grow rapidly. The Flammulina velutipes grown by elongation and bagging are white and thick, with small cap and long stalk.
It is an ideal commercial mushroom, and the Flammulina velutipes produced by bagging have high yield and good quality.
4. During mushroom growing at constant temperature
, the temperature of mushroom room should be 8℃, the relative humidity in the bag should be controlled between 9-95%, and the mushroom room should be controlled between 85-9%.
The concentration of carbon dioxide in mushroom house should not be too high, otherwise, it is not conducive to the growth of mushroom. It is easy to form needle mushroom with slender stalk and aseptic cover, which < P > affects the yield and quality. It is only necessary to grasp the space to replenish moisture during the mushroom growing period, and it can be adopted when the mushroom development reaches the commercial standard.