Brief introduction loquat

Named by : (thunb.) lindl. English name: loquat Chinese pronunciation: pí pá "Compendium of Materia Medica" : "Quenches thirst and lowers qi, benefits the lungs, stops vomiting and thirsts for phlegm."

Edited Basic Overview

Loquat (scientific name: eriobotrya japonica; English name: loquat), known in ancient Chinese as lugang, also known as jinwu, luzhi, is a genus of small evergreen trees in the subfamily of apples in the family Rosaceae. Loquat

The crown is rounded, the trunk is quite short, and the tree is usually 3 to 4 meters high. The leaves are thick, dark green, tomentose on the back, and serrated on the edges. The loquat is native to southeastern China and is named for the shape of the fruit, which resembles a pipa instrument. Unlike most fruit trees, the loquat blossoms in the fall or early winter, and the fruit comes into being in the spring to early summer, earlier than other fruits, so it is said to be "the only one of the fruit trees that has the breath of the four seasons". The flowers of the loquat are white or yellowish, with five petals, about 2 centimeters in diameter, and are borne in clusters of five to ten. Mature loquat fruits also hang on the tree, each one 3 to 5 centimeters long and round, elliptical, or elongated "pipa-shaped". The surface of the loquat is smooth, and the skin is usually light yellow, but can be darker, almost orange-red in color. The flesh is soft and juicy, and comes in two colors: white and orange; called "white sand" and "red sand". White loquat is sweet, while red loquat is sour or quite sour. Each loquat fruit has five ovaries, of which three to five develop into brown seeds. The ripe loquat has a good flavor and is very nutritious, with a variety of fructose, glucose, potassium, phosphorus, iron, calcium, and vitamins a, b, and c. The carotene content is among the highest of all the fruits. The carotene content is the third highest among all fruits. Chinese medicine believes that loquat fruit has the effect of moisturizing the lungs, suppressing cough and quenching thirst. Peel the skin when eating loquat. In addition to freshly eaten, there are also batch loquat meat made of sugar water canned, or batch loquat wine. Loquat

Loquat leaves are also a kind of traditional Chinese medicine, with large pieces of loquat leaves dried in the sun to be used as medicine, have the function of clearing heat from the lungs and stomach, lowering the qi and resolving phlegm, and are often made into "Chuanbei Loquat Paste" with other medicinal herbs. However, like other related plants, the seeds and new leaves of loquat are slightly toxic, and when eaten raw, they release traces of cyanide, but because of their bitter taste, they are not usually eaten in quantities sufficient to cause harm. Loquat can bear fruit normally in places where the average annual temperature is above 15 degrees Celsius, and can grow in areas where the average temperature is above 12 degrees Celsius, and is very resistant to cold, with adult trees able to resist temperatures as low as -18 degrees Celsius, and flowers able to resist temperatures as low as -4 degrees Celsius, and have a long flowering period, and are less likely to suffer from full frost damage. In addition, the loquat does not require much soil and sunlight, so it has been planted in various places south of the Huaihe River in China. In addition to China, loquat has been planted in Japan, the United States (Hawaii and California), India, Brazil, Israel, Turkey, Spain and other places. Among them, the history of loquat cultivation in Japan has been more than a thousand years. The loquat tree is quite beautiful, and rapid growth, green and lush leaves, in many places are cut for horticultural ornamental plants. The English name loquat comes from the Cantonese translation of the word "loquat" (芦橘). This fruit was also mentioned in a poem by Su Shi: "Under the Luofu Mountain, there are four seasons of spring, and the luscious tangerine and poplar plums are new every time. If you eat 300 litchis a day, you will never quit being a Lingnanese".

Edit this paragraph Morphological features

Rosaceae loquat genus evergreen small trees. Branchlets densely rust-colored tomentum. Leaves leathery, oblanceolate, obovate to oblong, apex pointed or acuminate, base cuneate or attenuate into petiole, margin distally sparsely serrate, surface wrinkled, green, abaxially loquat

Surface and petiole densely gray-brown tomentose. Panicles terminal, pedicels, calyx tube are densely rust-colored tomentum, flowers white, fragrant. Flowers white, fragrant. Fruit spherical or oblong, yellow or orange. The fruit ripens from May to June.

Distribution

Subtropical species, native to China's western Sichuan, Shaanxi, Hunan, Hubei, Zhejiang and other provinces, provinces south of the Yangtze River, mostly for fruit tree cultivation, Jiangsu Dongting and Fujian Province, Yunxiao is a famous place of origin of loquat. Yunxiao County, Fujian Province is also known as the hometown of loquat in China, in March 28 every year will hold a large loquat festival party. Loquat, is China's southern endemic rare fruit, more information search loquat tree base, autumn buds, winter flowers, spring fruit, early summer maturity, bearing the four seasons of the rain and dew, for the "fruit of the four seasons of the unique gas"; its flesh is soft and juicy, moderately sweet and sour, tasty, known as "the king of the fruit! ". According to the analysis of the Department of Nutrition, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, loquat fruit edible part of each 100 grams, containing 0.4 grams of protein, 0.1 grams of fat, carbohydrates, 7 grams of crude fiber 0.8 grams, 0.5 grams of ash, calcium 22 milligrams, 32 milligrams of phosphorus, 0.3 milligrams of iron, 3 milligrams of C vitamins, carotenoids 1.33 milligrams of calcium, phosphorus and carotenoids are significantly higher than other common fruits and contain eight kinds of amino acids essential to the human body, which is the most common fruit. Contains 8 kinds of amino acids necessary for human body. Loquat is not only delicious and nutritious, but also has high health value. The Compendium of Materia Medica records that "loquat can moisten the five organs and nourish the heart and lungs", and traditional Chinese medicine believes that loquat fruit has the efficacy of expelling phlegm and relieving cough, generating fluids and moistening the lungs, and clearing heat and strengthening the stomach. Modern medicine has proved that loquat fruit is rich in vitamins, amygdalin and white rutabaga and other anti-cancer substances. In early summer, it is the season of loquat ripening. Loquat not only taste good, its nutrition is also very rich, according to analysis, its main components are sugar, protein, fat, cellulose, pectin, carotene, tannin, malic acid, citric acid, potassium, phosphorus, iron, calcium and vitamins a, b, c and so on. Among them, especially rich in carotenoids, high in the fruit in the 3rd place. Moreover, it is rich in sugar, mainly composed of glucose, fructose and sucrose, in addition, loquat is rich in vitamin B, on the protection of eyesight, skin health and moisturizing, and promote the physical development of children have a very important role. Pei Pa Koa is cool in nature, sweet and sour in flavor, and has the effect of moistening the lungs, quenching cough, quenching thirst, and stomach. Commonly used in dry throat and thirst, coughing and vomiting blood, eruption and other diseases. Loquat is not only the flesh of the fruit can be used as medicine, its core, leaves, roots also have medicinal value. Fresh loquat can be washed and eaten raw to treat dry mouth and thirst and other discomforts. In addition, 50 grams of fresh loquat, washed and peeled, plus 5 grams of rock sugar, boiled for half an hour after taking, for tonsil inflammation caused by sore throat redness and swelling is particularly effective. Loquat weight loss Loquat is rich in crude fiber and minerals. Each hundred grams of loquat meat contains 0.4 grams of protein, 6.6 grams of carbohydrates, and contains vitamin B1 and vitamin C, is very effective weight loss fruit. According to Chinese medicine theory, weight loss should be based on strengthening the spleen, promoting diuresis and resolving phlegm, and loquat has these effects, so it is a very good fruit for weight loss. Here are two ways to eat loquat: loquat paste Raw materials: loquat 500 grams of meat, 600 grams of rock sugar. Preparation: the sugar into the boiling water to boil until melted, add loquat meat to continue to cook until the thick paste is ready. Loquat porridge Raw materials: loquat meat 250 grams, 50 grams of round-grained rice, rock sugar. Preparation: Boil rock sugar in water, then add polished round-grained rice, cook until the porridge is cooked, add the loquat meat, and cook for 10 minutes. The scientific name of loquat is "eriobotrya japonica", it is a dicotyledonous plant, belonging to the Rosaceae family of evergreen trees, the height can reach as high as 10 meters. The leaves are oval, alternate, and serrated and incised. The surface is glossy and densely hairy inside. White flowers that give off a fragrant aroma begin to bloom in November. The fruits are ovate, oval, round and various other shapes. During the ripening season of orange-yellow fruits with strong fragrance from May to July, yellow loquats hang all over the branches in the verdant mountains of Dongting Mountain, which are called "golden pills" by some people and "small golden hammers" by others. Ming Dynasty Shen Zhou poem: "Who cast the gold 300 pills, bullet tire slightly wet dew stains. From now on, the magpies are not jade, and more tin syrup to percolate cold teeth." . The fragrant fruits are very valuable, and the seeds, leaves, and trunks also have 枇杷

many uses. (From Suzhou Sanshan Island Huifeng hostel) loquat

Edit this paragraph species classification

A, according to the regional classification of loquat loquat belongs to the Rosaceae loquat genus. The genus *** more than 20 species, the original China has 14 species, most native to the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River and the southwest mountains, mainly: 1. Common loquat The common loquat is a small evergreen tree, 6 to 10 meters high, the trunk is grayish-brown, rough, the new tops of densely covered with woolly hairs, the leaves are obovate or long elliptic, nearly sessile, leathery, the back of the leaf rust-colored tomentum, the edge of the leaf is serrated notched. Panicle, florets white, calyx and petals 5 each, stamens numerous, style 5-lobed, ovary depressed, 5-loculed, ovules 2 each. Fruit large, orange-red or orange-yellow. Seeds 2-6. All cultivars are wood species. Characterized by winter flowers and summer fruits. Native species are distributed in Hubei, Sichuan and other places. 2. Taiwan loquat Taiwan loquat, also known as red leaf loquat, native to Taiwan Hengchun. Leaves thin, small fruit, round, ripe in October, sweet and edible flavor, has the effect of curing fever, cold tolerance is weak. It can be used as a rootstock. It is characterized by summer flowers and autumn fruit. Taiwan, Guangdong distribution. 3.South Asian loquat South Asian loquat is also known as Yunnan loquat, light leaf loquat, Yunnan and northern India have native species. Evergreen large trees. Leaves are smooth and glabrous on both sides, glossy, petiole 2-3 centimeters long. Flowers have hawthorn aroma. Fruit small, ellipsoid. Seeds 1 to 2. Characterized by winter flowers and summer fruits. 4. Big-flowered loquat Big-flowered loquat has native species in western Sichuan. Leaf margins are revolute, initially velutinous, then glabrescent, with petioles 2.5 to 4.0 centimeters long. Flowers are large, 2.0 to 2.5 centimeters in diameter, 3 pistils. Fruit larger, suborbicular, orange-red, smooth. Seeds 1 to 2. Distributed in Sichuan, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Fujian. Characterized by spring flowers and autumn fruits. 5. oak leaf loquat Oak leaf loquat produced in Yunnan Mengzi and other western Sichuan. Small trees. Leaf back densely inverted gray hairs. Ovary semi-superior. Fruit small, ovate, thin edible flesh. Solitary nucleus (1 seed). Characterized by autumn flowers and summer fruits. 6. Nujiang Loquat The Nujiang Loquat is produced along the Nujiang River in Yunnan. It is a small tree. Leaf surface is glossy, and the back of the leaf is yellow villous. Fruit spherical. The fruit is spherical, with a single nucleus (1 seed), and matures from June to August. Characterized by spring flowers and autumn fruits. Second, other classifications loquat and cherry, prunes and known as the early summer three sisters, there are more than two hundred varieties. On the maturity of loquat, can be divided into early, middle and late three categories, early varieties of May that can be marketed, middle-maturity varieties in June, a large number of debut, late-maturity varieties can be delayed until the first half of July. According to the shape of the fruit, there are round fruit species and long fruit species, generally round fruit species containing more kernels, long fruit species with fewer kernels or a single kernel of the majority. According to the color of the fruit, it is divided into red flesh species and white flesh species, red flesh species loquat because of the golden skin is called "golden pill", such as the Song Dynasty Lu You wrote "difficult to learn from the right door heap of fire Qi, and from the son of the pick up the golden pill." White flesh species loquat flesh jade color, the ancients called "wax pill", as the Song Dynasty Guo Zhengxiang wrote "loquat taste is still sour, the North has been for Rui Zhi see. I don't know what is really comparable, I am afraid to send a letter to the wax pill". The former long life, strong tree, high yield, but the quality is not as good as the latter, the famous varieties of round species, egg red, etc.; white sand loquat growth, yield and so on are not as good as the red sand loquat, but the quality is excellent, the famous varieties of round species, species of breeding, egg white and so on. As far as the varieties are concerned, the red-fleshed species have thick skin and easy to peel, with sweet flavor and coarse quality, which is suitable for canning. The white flesh species of thin skin and thick flesh, fine flavor and sweetness, suitable for fresh food. Famous loquats are: "soft stripes of white sand" in Yuhang, Zhejiang Province, with white flesh and sweet flavor; "liberation bell" in Putian, Fujian Province, with thick and tender flesh, juicy and flavorful; and "light species of white sand" in Wu County, Jiangsu Province, with juicy and fine texture, sweet flavor. The "Shaoxing Baisha" of Wu County, Jiangsu Province, is juicy and fine, with a sweet flavor.

Famous varieties

1, Liberation Bell: famous varieties, selected in 1949. The fruit is very large, an average of 61.04 grams, but because of the poor early fruit, four years after planting fruit, easy to crack, susceptible to sunburn, especially the flavor is light, acidic, the quality is significantly less than the big five-star, in Chengdu Longquanyi District in the mid-80s that is eliminated, the origin of Fujian has basically stopped the development of loquat in the new areas of the development of the right amount, but should not be blindly expanding the scale of production. 2、Luoyang green: a famous variety in China. Average fruit weight of 32 grams, good yield performance, but the fruit acidity is large, small fruit type, poor appearance, poor commercial performance, can be developed in moderation as a processing varieties, but the fresh food-oriented areas should not be blindly on the horse. 3, Dahongpao: fruit type is small, no longer develop. 4, Dongting loquat: average fruit weight of 30.2 grams, light flavor, more acid and less sweet, poor quality, should not expand the scale of planting. 5, early bell 6: early maturity varieties, average fruit weight of 25 grams to 30 grams, but the fruit is small flavor light, selling price is general, the origin of Fujian has stopped the development of new areas can be a small amount of development. 6, White Jade: better quality, but the fruit is small, average fruit weight 25-30 grams, overripe after the flavor becomes light, can be a moderate amount of development. 7, Changhong 3: fruit weight 34.05 grams, fruit flavor is light, the tree is prone to premature failure, not suitable for large-scale development. Early five-star king of early loquat--Early five-star Longquanyi District, Chengdu, science and technology personnel selected from the live tree, the average fruit weight of 66 grams, very early maturity, in Chengdu area, generally mature on April 10 or so, than the five-star early maturity of 20 days or so, and the maturity period of the early bell 6 is comparable to the average weight of the fruit is obviously bigger than that of the early bell 6 one to two grades. Other traits are basically the same as the big five-star. The number of seedlings of this variety is very small, very precious. King of late-maturing loquat - late five-star (red lantern) The variety is Chengdu Longquanyi District, science and technology personnel in 1987 from the district of the village of Miman live trees, the original number 87-1-8. 2001 through the expert appraisal, named the red lantern, but in the local farmers in Longquanyi District, the average fruit weight is significantly larger than the early bell 6 one grade. Longquanyi District, the local fruit farmers mostly called the variety of late five-star or late five-star. This variety of tree strength in the middle, tree posture upright. The leaves are medium to large, thick green, and the surface of the new leaves is densely covered with white fuzz (one of the important features of this variety). Flowering is very easy, very productive, after picking the fruit of the summer end of the year into the flower rate of more than 80%, each spike with 5-10 fruit. Generally planted in the second year after the test flowers and fruits, the third year of formal production, 5 years old tree average yield of 25 kilograms, 11 years old tree yield of 75 kilograms, according to the average acre planted 111 calculated, 5 years old orchard average acre yield of 2750 kilograms. The yield is 161% higher than that of the same-age Early Bell VI orchard and 136.2% higher than that of the same-age Liberation Bell orchard. The fruit is ovoid or suborbicular, extremely large, with an average fruit weight of 65.3 grams. Fruit skin orange-red, no rust spots on the fruit surface or very little, fruit powder in thick, bright and beautiful. Fruit flesh orange-red, meat is very thick, the average meat thickness of 1.21 cm, tender meat, juice, flavor is strong and sweet. According to the Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Center Laboratory determination, soluble solids content of 13.5%, edible rate of 76%. The variety of drought-resistant ability is very strong, Chengdu Longquanyi District, most of the years of spring drought is serious, and planted in Longquan Mountain stone bone on the barren mountain orchards, late five-star every year can get a better harvest. The variety did not find any cracked fruit and pre-harvest fruit drop phenomenon occurs, in the case of not bagging also does not produce sunburn fruit, while the liberation of the bell if not bagged, the sunburn is very serious. The variety is very late, normal years generally in early June began to mature, the latest batch of fruit can be harvested in late June, than the five-star maturity of 20 days later than the famous late maturity of loquat varieties liberation bell more than 10 days later, is conducive to fill the market vacancies, the market price is higher than the five-star 50-100%. Late five-star loquat is one of the loquat varieties with the latest maturity period, which is in the early stage of development. Even in the Longquanyi District of Chengdu, the origin of this variety, the current area of loquat cultivation is less than 100 mu, and the area of production is less than 50 mu. Newest Breeding Variety--Yellow 5-star The newest breeding variety, with slightly higher sweetness than Da 5-star, smaller 5-star in the calyx pits of the fruits, and other traits are basically the same as Da 5-star. King of loquat--Daxingxing Loquat Daxingxing Loquat is the newest variety of loquat bred in Longquanyi District of Chengdu through live selection, and Daxingxing is a major achievement in loquat breeding since the founding of China. This variety has the following characteristics: ① Extra-large fruit, good commercial performance. After fruit thinning, the average fruit weight of 81 grams, the largest 194 grams, is currently the largest domestic fruit loquat varieties, fruit heavy five-star loquat fruit surface is extremely beautiful. Significantly more than the liberation bell, Luoyang Qing and other famous varieties (by the latest test on May 9, 2001, after strict fruit thinning, the average fruit weight of 80.91 grams, the maximum fruit weight of 206 grams; no fruit thinning orchard, the average fruit weight of 66 grams, the maximum fruit weight of 173 grams). ② Medium tree strength, early fruit performance is good, very productive. Generally planted the second year after the test flowers and fruits, than the liberation of the bell two years earlier than the production time. Planted 222 or 111 plants per mu, if not thinning fruit, mu yield of up to 5000 kilograms, but in order to ensure that the commercial performance of the variety, each year a large number of thinning fruit, generally thinning out more than 2/3 of the flowers and fruits, mu yield to maintain 2000 kilograms can be. In addition, the stable yield performance is also good, under normal management level, almost no large and small years or large and small years is not obvious. ③Flavor is strong and sweet, sugar is high, quality is very superior, overcoming the shortcomings of the liberation bell flavor is acidic. Sugar 11.5-12.6 degrees, soluble solids 13.5-14.8%, flavor significantly more than the liberation of the bell and other famous domestic varieties, is the production of high-grade loquat fresh fruit of the best varieties. 2000 May 15-16, there is a large company in the study of the domestic loquat production areas such as Fujian, Zhejiang, and then to Longquanyi, Tongliang, to study the big five-star loquat. On May 15-16, 2000, a large company visited Longquanyi and Tongliang after visiting the loquat producing areas in Fujian and Zhejiang, and the sugar level of the fresh fruits of Da Cinquan reached 13.2 degrees by the sugar meter, so it gave Da Cinquan the highest evaluation, and considered the variety as the best variety with the best comprehensive traits at present. ④ Strong resistance, wide adaptability, easy management, few pests and diseases, low production cost, suitable for all loquat producing areas in the south to develop vigorously. According to the feedback from the nine southern provinces and regions after the introduction of trial planting, the performance of Daxinwu in each province exceeds that of all local varieties, and the performance in Guangdong and Guangxi is excellent, with its quality, flavor and yield obviously exceeding that of Sichuan, and it has not been affected by the big freeze at the end of 1999. ⑤ The fruit is hard, the peel is tough and resistant to storage and transportation. Room temperature can be stored and transported for more than 10 days, under refrigeration conditions can be stored for two months. If air transportation from Chengdu to Shanghai market, the rate of good fruit can be kept above 99.5%. Therefore, it is favorable to occupy the northern market. Fruit harvesting period is long, generally from the first batch of fruit on the market to the end of fruit harvesting, before and after the time up to more than 20 days, greatly easing the sales pressure. (6) The edible rate is high, the color is golden, and the appearance is attractive. According to the statistics of May 12, 2000, the edible rate reaches 75.62%, which is obviously more than that of Liberty Bell and Early Bell No.6. In addition, the fruit surface is golden yellow, with few spots, which is favorable to enter the supermarket sales as a high-grade fruit. (7) off-season listing. Generally mature in early May in Chengdu, half a month earlier than the liberation bell. In southern Hunan, southern Guizhou, southern Jiangxi ripe in late April, in Guangxi, Guangdong in mid-April ripe. At this time the fruit is not ripe, just to fill the gap of other fruits, so the economic value is very high. This variety is the latest breeding, whether from the appearance, fruit weight, or from the productivity, quality, resilience, etc. are greatly more than the liberation of the bell, Luoyang green, Taicheng 4, Dahongpao, Tianzhong, Maoki, Early Bell 6, Mori Tail Early Born and other famous varieties, in the "99 Kunming Expo" won the Silver Medal (loquat varieties of the highest award). June 10, 2000, the selection of the big five-star won the "21st Century Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Science and Technology Achievement Expo" sponsored by the Thai Agricultural Economics Association and Taiwan Agricultural Products Development and Research Center, the Golden Elephant Award.

Edit paragraph cultivation characteristics

Loquat (4) loquat native subtropical, requiring higher temperatures, the average annual temperature of 12 ℃ or more that can grow normally, but the economic cultivation of the average annual temperature should be 15 ~ 17 ℃, and no severe cold weather. Loquat flowering in late winter and early spring, winter and spring low temperature will affect its flowering and fruiting. Temperature -6 ℃ on the flowering, -3 ℃ on the young fruit that produce frost damage; 10 ℃ above the pollen began to germinate, 20 ℃ around the pollen germination is most suitable. However, when the air temperature or ground temperature reaches 30 ℃ or more, the branch and root growth stagnation and poor, the fruit in the picking of 7 to 15 days before the encounter of 35 ℃ high temperature, it is easy to produce sunburn injury, and even loss of food value. Loquat on the soil requirements are not strict, adaptability is broader, general soil can grow results, but to contain sand or gravel more loose soil growth is better.

Edit paragraph cultivation method

A, the selection of the garden, land preparation, loquat planting should be selected level, the soil layer is deep and loose, fertile, rich in organic matter over the years of cultivation of high-yield dryland, to the soil ph6.0 for the most suitable, the selection of the land must be taken into account the source of water to ensure that the orchard can be irrigated in November of each year to the following year's May, traffic and transportation is convenient. It is not suitable to choose the land that is low and flat and prone to waterlogging. Before planting, plowing should be more than 30cm deep. II. Planting Planting period It is suitable to be planted in February to March when there are irrigation conditions; if there are no irrigation conditions, it should be planted in the middle of June (at the beginning of the rainy season). Planting density Warm climate, loquat tree grows fast, planting density of 960.5 plants / hm, plant spacing 3m × 3.5m, 3 years after planting can be put into production. After a certain number of years and then the implementation of inter-felling, is conducive to the management and early yield. Planting method In September to October of the year before planting, while the soil is wet, dig a 60cm deep, 80cm wide mouth, 70cm wide bottom planting pit, while the topsoil and subsoil are stacked separately. Each planting pit into the 30kg farmyard manure or sugar mud, 0.8kg calcium-magnesium phosphate fertilizer as fertilizer, mixed with the topsoil into the planting hole, and then all the original subsoil backfill. Backfill work must be planted loquat seedlings 2 months before the end, so that the base fertilizer is fully decomposed, fill the soil is compact. Transplanted seedlings should be selected without disease or insect, leaf color green, developed root system, grafting mouth thickness should be more than lcm, the interface is well healed, the interface above 45 ~ 50cm (preferably branched). When planting, the root neck of the seedling plant should be flush with the ground, not too deep, and some leaves and shoots should be cut to reduce evaporation. When planting, let the fine soil and the root system fully contact, compact the soil around the roots, each plant must be poured about 20l of root fixing water, wait for the water to seep down and then cover a layer of fine soil. In 45-50cm from the ground to set dry. Third, strengthen the management of young trees after planting the first year to be applied to the concentration of 10% to 30% of human urine 3 to 4 times; the second year of planting farmyard manure or rotted sugar mud 15kg and 0.8kg of compound fertilizer; pay attention to the prevention and control of pests and diseases, acidic soils should be applied to the right amount of lime, to promote the young trees to grow strong. Young trees that year, the branch tips, select l branch for the main trunk, stay 4 ~ 5 branches cultivated for the first layer of the main branch; trunk growth from the first layer of the main branch 50cm centering, prompted the sprouting of verticillasters to cultivate the second layer of the main branch 3 ~ 4 branches. The main stem growth from the second layer of the main branch 50cm and then centering, prompting the sprouting of whorls of branches to cultivate the third layer of the main branch 3 ~ 4 branches; the main branch and then grow to 70cm when pulled into a horizontal branch and centering, to promote the secondary main branch sprouting, so that the crown dwarfing. After two and a half years of cultivation, the branches reach 6 to 7 levels. After unifying the stem, the first branch tips are 4 to 5, which are cultivated as the first level of main branches, and the first 3 to 4 branch tips are drawn on each main branch to form the second secondary main branch, and 2 to 3 branch tips are drawn on each secondary main branch to form the 3rd level of backbone branches, and then fruiting branches are cultivated on the backbone branches. Promote and control flower bud differentiation Ring cutting, pulling branches, light folding and wounding branches to promote and control flower bud differentiation In late June, ring cutting 2 to 3 ways in the main trunk, using 50% tolbutazin wettable powder 50 times liquid coated wounds to prevent disease infection; in June to July, all branch diameter lcm or more, branch length of 70cm or more of the main side branch pulling and the main trunk at an angle of 50-55, traction branch tips to the horizontal direction, so that the branch grows at an inclined angle, a slight Drooping; other branches to take twisting, rubbing branches to change the direction of branch growth, in order to facilitate the formation of flower buds. 2.4.2 Fertilization to promote the control of flower bud differentiation June to August, do not apply nitrogen fertilizer, appropriate increase in phosphorus and potassium fertilizer; June to August after pulling branches to the flower buds before the formation of the branch, if you still can not control the growth of exuberant branches, can be in the foliar spraying of 600 to 800 times potassium dihydrogen phosphate and boric acid mixture of 2 to 3 times. 6 to September, on the growth of loquat trees, to open the ditch drainage of rainwater, reduce soil moisture, to cut off the topsoil appropriately, some of the root group , reduce branch moisture. 2.4.3 Use regulators to promote and control the differentiation of flower buds Use polyoxazole (pp333) soil application 0.5g/m foliar spray l 000mg/l, in June 20 and 30 days around each treatment; or in June to August each monthly foliar spray polyoxazole 1000mg/l once, so that the summer tips will soon stop growing, increase the concentration of the cellular fluid and the concentration of c/n, to promote the formation of flower buds. Fourth, fertilization management Fertilizer to organic fertilizer-based, balanced fertilization. The loquat garden in production each year, plant 25kg of farmyard manure and n, p, k content of 15% of the compound fertilizer 2kg. 9 ~ October flower spikes began to appear, the amount of fertilizer to account for the amount of annual fertilizer 20% ~ 30%; fruit thinning, to the compound fertilizer based on the application of potash, the amount of fertilizer accounted for the amount of annual fertilizer 20% ~ 30%; a large number of fruit before and after the picking of 1 week, to organic fertilizer based on the application of nitrogen fertilizer, fertilizer accounted for the annual amount of 40% to 50% of the amount of fertilizer. The amount of fertilizer applied is 40% to 50% of the annual fertilizer. Fifth, spiking, bud thinning, fruit thinning and bagging to remove the canopy is too small, improper location, too many flower buds flower spike. Branch axis just separated, cut off the majority of the flower spikes branch axis, leaving only the middle 2 ~ 3 more robust branch axis; can distinguish between good and bad fruit development when the fruit thinning, strong branches to stay, weak branches to stay less, leaving the middle section of the spike of similar flowering, the size of the same young fruits, stay fruit should not be dispersed. Large fruit type of early bell 6, liberation bell per spike to stay 3 to 5; medium fruit type of long red 3 per spike to stay 4 to 6. In the last fruit thinning after spraying an insecticide and fungicide, with kraft paper to make the right size of paper bags for cob bags, set when the paper bag bulging, to avoid fruit contact with the paper bag, the mouth of the bag with a fine wire tie. Sixth, the prevention of pests and diseases, pests and diseases are mainly leaf spot disease, leaf stain disease, branch brown rot, loquat tip breakers, pear small heartworm, red spider, bat. Prevention of leaf spot disease, leaf staining disease, to start spraying fungicides to protect the leaves when the new slight leaves grow to half, usually with equal amount of Bordeaux 0.5% to 0.6%, 50% doxycycline wettable powder or 50% carbendazim wettable powder, or 75% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder, or 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder, or 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 800 ~ l 000 times liquid spray, 10 ~ 15d spray once, **** 2 times. Prevention of brown rot of branches and trunks, to strengthen the fertilizer management, enhance the tree, found spots early scraping and burning the skin, in the scraping of the net wound coated with 50% carbendazim wettable powder 200 times liquid, dry and then coated with Bordeaux liquid is conducive to wound healing; large area of the spot, scraping difficulties, available sharp knife in the bark of the bark at intervals of 2cm longitudinal cuts l deep xylem wounds, coated with a concentrated alkaline water 1:15; the absence of disease Branches and trunks can be sprayed with 50% of the retreating fungicide wettable powder 600 times liquid sprayed every 15d, 3 times in a row, to be prevented. In winter, use lime slurry to brush the trunk, use 50% fenitrothion emulsion l 000 times, 40% oxalic acid emulsion 1,000 to l 500 times, 5% Nisolan wettable powder l 000 to 2,000 times spray control, can effectively control pests. Bats mainly harm the fruit, can be arranged in the orchard sticky net capture. Seven, loquat harvesting and processing 2.8.1 timely harvesting The fruit is fully colored, showing the inherent color of the variety, fully ripe, the best quality when harvested. The fruit is not harvested under the hot sun. Fruit harvesting must be gently held and put down, pinch the fruit stalk with your hand, carefully cut with fruit scissors, the fruit stalk is shorter than lcm, avoid rubbing off the fruit surface hairs, and can not touch the fruit, in order to avoid browning, which affects the appearance and reduces the value of the commodity. 2.8.2 Grading and packing After picking the fruits, the fruits will be graded and packed in the orchard according to the national standard (gb/tl3867-92 fresh loquat fruits) or according to the buyer's requirements. 2.8.3 Transportation Requires rapid, smooth, low temperature. If there are conditions to use refrigerated chain system is best. (Selected from Longchuan Agricultural Information Network)