①Edible species Artificially cultivated species are mostly consumed directly as food, and so are most of the collected wild mushrooms, which account for the majority of edible mushrooms. For example, artificially cultivated shiitake mushrooms, Agaricus bisporus, fungus, etc.; wild porcini mushrooms, chanterelles and so on.
② medicinal species refers to the fruiting bodies or mycelium directly or after processing and extraction of products can be used as medicine. Such as ganoderma lucidum, asparagus and other entities can be sliced and taken as a drink; Yunzhi, Poria seeds and mycelium can be extracted and processed into proprietary Chinese medicines; acacia ear, Cordyceps sinensis and chrysanthemum industrial fermentation of mycelium can be processed into a variety of pharmaceuticals.
3 food and medicine both kinds of Most edible mushrooms have a certain therapeutic effect. Such as monkey head on the digestive system diseases have a very good therapeutic effect, dense ring fungus on hepatitis has a good auxiliary effect, elm ear on dysentery has a special effect.
(2) Classification on nutritional mode
①Wood-rotting fungi, such as shiitake mushrooms, slippery mushrooms, fungus, etc., mostly use the wood chips (wood) of broad-leaved woody plants as the cultivation substrate. Under wild conditions, they often grow on dry wood.
②Grass-rotting fungi such as straw mushrooms, Agaricus blazei, etc., can not utilize woody materials, but mainly herbaceous plants, especially grass plants, straw (such as wheat straw, rice straw, corn cobs, etc.) as the main source of carbon. In the wild it is commonly found in rotting stable manure and rotting haystacks.
3) Dung-generating mushrooms such as Agaricus bisporus and Enoki mushrooms are commonly found in fermented cow dung and horse dung on dung heaps under wild conditions; only herbaceous straws can be used in cultivation, and a large amount of nitrogenous raw materials such as horse dung, cow dung, chicken dung, stable manure and fertilizers need to be added.
4 soil-borne bacteria under wild conditions, mostly occurring in woodlands, slopes, ditches next to the ground. Some of its occurrence in the soil layer below the substrate of its survival (dead branches, rotting roots, etc.), such as cockles, bamboo fungus, etc., this kind of fungus is easier to cultivate; while some are far from its growth substrate, such as morel mushrooms, most of these mushrooms are not easy to cultivate.
(3) the temperature required for the formation and development of the substrate
①high temperature fungi, the formation and development of its substrate requires a higher temperature (often above 25 ℃), the growth of mycelium requires a higher temperature than other fungi. For example, the appropriate temperature for the formation and development of the substrate of straw mushrooms is 30-32 ℃, and the appropriate temperature for the growth of its mycelium reaches 32-35 ℃.
②Medium temperature fungi, the formation and development of its entity in the appropriate temperature of 15 ~ 25 ℃, the growth of the mycelium of such fungi is generally in the temperature of 20 ~ 25 ℃, edible fungi such as this type of temperature is more, such as shiitake mushrooms, fungus, cockles, monkey head and so on.
3 low-temperature fungi, the formation and development of their entities need a lower temperature, generally lower than 15 ℃, higher than this temperature is not easy to form entities or can not develop normally. Such as golden mushroom and slippery mushroom.
(4) Morphological and structural classification of the substrate
①Umbrella fungi As the name suggests, umbrella fungi are those species with umbrella-shaped substrate, and these umbrella-shaped substrate is obviously differentiated from the two major morphological structures of the cap and the stipe, and the underside of the cap has a razor blade-shaped gills, and on both sides of the gills there are seeds, the tanspores. The two sides of the hyphae have their "seeds", the stramenospores. Most common edible mushrooms are umbrella mushrooms, such as Agaricus bisporus, shiitake mushrooms, enoki mushrooms, slippery mushrooms and so on, and umbrella mushrooms are mostly fleshy.
②Polyporous Fungi Porous fungi have a variety of forms of substrates, umbrella-shaped, fan-shaped, block-shaped and other shapes, texture of fleshy, semi-fibrous and wood column, etc., but their morphological **** the same feature is that there are tubular pore-like reproductive structures under the cap. Such as fleshy umbrella-shaped boletus, chanterelles, woody cylindrical fan-shaped Ganoderma lucidum, fleshy lumpy monkey head and toothed mushrooms.
3 Gelatinous fungi Gelatinous fungi have auricular or leaf-shaped substrates, some of which are brain-shaped, and are mostly gelatinous in texture, such as fungus, hairy fungus, silver fungus, golden ear, elm ear, blood ear, etc.. Their propagules, the tanspores, are inserted in the surface layer of the substrate, some on one side of the ear piece, some on both sides.
4 cystic fungi In addition to the above morphological groups, there are still some species, it is difficult to classify the morphology of the group, these are mostly artificial species have not been cultivated, such as the bell-shaped cap surface uneven like a sheep's belly of the morel mushrooms, the cap of the saddle-shaped saddle mushrooms, there are also irregular pieces of tuberous fungi. These bacteria from the classification status are far from the above three groups, belonging to the subphylum Cysticercus.
(5) The need for light for protoplast formation and development
①Light-loving type Under the stimulation of scattered light, it promotes the differentiation and development of protoplasts, such as shiitake mushrooms, straw mushrooms, slippery mushrooms, monkey head mushrooms, sidearms, and fungus species.
②Intermediate type Insensitive to light, can develop with or without scattered light, such as Agaricus bisporus, big fat mushroom.
3) Anaerobic type: no need for scattered light stimulation can form the substrate, such as Poria, truffles and other underground fungi.
There are many other ways to categorize edible mushrooms from different perspectives.
There are many other ways to categorize edible mushrooms from different perspectives.