Du Fu's * * * has two poems, which were written in Chengdu in the second year of Guangde (764). In this poem, he wrote down his memories of Tang Suzong and Xuanzong Dynasty. The first is "recalling the past, the first emperor (Tang Suzong) traveled north" and the Tang Dynasty after the Anshi Rebellion. Du Fu wrote these poems during the reign of Tang Daizong, so he called Su Zong the first emperor. First, let the prosperous times reappear. The textbook only quotes six sentences at the beginning of the second song of Memories of Time Past, and there are 22 sentences below: "Wan Qi and Lu Cuo rushed to work, and men plowed and women wove together. The sage in the palace plays the cloud gate, and all friends in the world paint. More than a hundred years without disaster, uncle Xiao He's method. Have you heard that a silk is worth 10 thousand dollars, and there are still fields and valleys bleeding today. Luoyang Palace was burnt down.
Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty and Kaiyuan Rule
Li Longji, Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, also known as the son of Emperor Taizong Zongrui and the grandson of Emperor Taizong Gaozong Wu Zetian, participated in the killing of Wu and Wei's accomplices and settled the political turmoil of Wu Zetian in his later years. 7 12 ascended the throne, and it was changed to kaiyuan in 742. The reign of Kaiyuan generally refers to the 29th year of Kaiyuan (7 12 ~ 742). History is called the Tianbao Rebellion. After the Anshi Rebellion, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty fled to Shu in 756, and the Prince ascended the throne for Su Zong in the same year. In 762, Xuanzong died of depression in Chang 'an. During the Kaiyuan period, Xuanzong paid more attention to bureaucracy, appointed Yao Chong and Song as ministers, and reduced redundant officials. Attach importance to economic development, take measures to curb land merger, build water conservancy projects, and organize land reclamation. He also attached importance to the development of culture, education, science and technology, sorted out ancient books, appointed astronomers to reform the new calendar and measure meridian. At the same time, he also contributed to the harmony of neighboring nationalities, the stability of the frontier and friendly exchanges with foreign countries.
Yaochong
Yao Chong was a famous figure in the Kaiyuan period of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. In his early years, he was promoted and reused by Wu Zetian and served as assistant minister (equivalent to deputy prime minister) in Fengge. In the early years of Kaiyuan, it was highly valued by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. When he was reviewing the army, he was called to Yao Chong to discuss the country and wanted to use it more. Yao Chong talked with Kan Kan and put forward ten suggestions. History calls it "ten suggestions". These ten suggestions include: implementing benevolent government, not greedy for border affairs, approaching the imperial court according to law, eunuchs not participating in court affairs, refusing to build Buddhist temples, relatives not being officials in Taiwan, treating courtiers with courtesy, training them as good, and taking the exclusive rights of Han people as a warning. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty accepted it gladly and formally worshipped it the next day. After Yao Chong became prime minister, he promoted the advantages and eliminated the disadvantages.
Economic prosperity in the prosperous era of Kaiyuan
The policies of the rulers in the Kaiyuan period promoted the further development of social economy. At that time, the wasteland was mostly "barren mountains and full of thunder" ("Yuan Ci Shan Zhi"). According to Du You's "General Code", "In the 13th year of Kaiyuan (725), Mount Tai was sealed, and Mi Dou reached 13 grades, while Qing Guqi reached five grades. From then on, there is nothing of value in the world. A horse has 210 silks. To the east is the Song Dynasty (now south of Shangqiu, Henan Province), the border county (now Kaifeng, Henan Province), and to the west is qi zhou County (now Fengxiang, Shaanxi Province). There are many shops and restaurants, and there are plenty of wine. Every store is rented by donkeys, and suddenly it's called postal donkey. It is called Jingxiang in the south (now Jingzhou and Xiangfan in Hubei Province) and Xiangfan in the north. It can be seen that grain and silk were abundant at that time, with low prices, prosperous business, smooth roads and safe travel. In the 20th year of Kaiyuan (732), there were 786 1.236 households with a population of 4,5431.265, and the number of first-time registered households in Bitang increased by more than one and a half times.
During Xuanzong period, more than 40 large-scale water conservancy projects were built.
Xu Daoxun and Zhao's Biography of Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty made a table of water conservancy construction in Xuanzong period according to the records of New Tang Book Geography. According to statistics, 38 water conservancy projects were built in the Kaiyuan period of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, and 8 projects were built in Tianbao period, totaling 46 projects.
Development of Agricultural Technology in Tang Dynasty
Due to the long-term national unity and social stability in the Tang Dynasty, the agricultural economy in the north recovered and developed rapidly, and more and more farmland was intensively cultivated. In many areas, crops such as corn and millet can be planted three times a year after wheat harvest. The agricultural planting technology in the south has made remarkable progress. First, the planting area of rice, a high-yield crop, has greatly increased, and the cultivation method of transplanting seedlings is widely used. Du Fu described it as: "Dongtun (village, village)" In June, there were many green rice and thousands of green springs were chaotic; Transplanting is suitable for (just now) the cloud (as a language aid, meaningless), and water diversion (Li u, water flow) and irrigation have been added. "At that time, there was a large area of rice planting in the Jianghuai area, followed by a large number of early rice, which could be harvested in June and July. Seedling transplanting and early rice planting create conditions for multiple cropping of wheat or other crops on the same land.
Jiangnan has fertile land, warm climate, abundant rain, long frost-free period, large population and abundant labor force. In the Song Dynasty, people further improved the land utilization rate and vigorously developed the rice-wheat rotation system. "When the land is fertile, the crops are harvested and sown, and they can be harvested in one year." (Continued from Wu Jun's picture) This double cropping system appeared in the Tang Dynasty.
New vegetable varieties in Tang Dynasty
Social Life History of Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties and Illustrated History of Ancient Agricultural Science and Technology in China hold that new vegetable varieties in Tang Dynasty include spinach, lettuce and edible fungi. The History of Ancient Agricultural Science and Technology in China also mentioned that Zizania latifolia was also used as an edible vegetable in the Tang Dynasty. The book also said: "Zizania latifolia is a unique aquatic vegetable in China, and it is cultivated as a vegetable only in China."
Tea production and drinking methods in Tang Dynasty
China is the hometown of tea, and it is the first country to grow, make and drink tea in the world. Tea was originally considered as a medicinal material. In the long-term medical practice, people realize that tea can not only cure diseases, but also has a fragrant taste and can clear away heat and quench thirst. This is a good drink. During the Western Han Dynasty, the transition from medicine to drinking was completed. At that time, it was recorded that tea was boiled and sold. Hua Tuo, a famous doctor in the Eastern Han Dynasty, said: "Bitter tea is good for a long time." He realized that tea can stimulate people's brains and hearts. During the Three Kingdoms period, the habit of drinking tea was formed in Jiangnan area. The Biography of the Three Kingdoms Wei Yao said: Sun Hao, the emperor of Wu, forced his ministers to drink at least seven liters of wine at every banquet. Wei Yao can't drink, Sun Hao.
In the Tang Dynasty, the north and the south were unified, and all localities had close contacts. The custom of drinking tea spread from the south to the north, and then from the middle of the Tang Dynasty to the Great Wall, and gradually became a necessity for people of all ethnic groups in daily life. The prosperity of tea drinking in Kansai, Shandong and other places in the Yellow River valley has reached the point where "you can't eat without tea for a day". "From Miyako Province to the city, tea is food, just like rice and salt." In some cities, special teas have appeared.
Due to the great increase in demand for tea, the production and trade of tea have been stimulated, and a large number of artificial cultivation have been carried out in addition to wild tea trees. In the Tang Dynasty, tea was produced in Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Anhui, Hubei, Hunan, Henan, Shaanxi and other provinces. Tea production has become an important sector of Jiangnan agriculture. "1923, people in the Yangtze River and Huaihe River basins took tea as their business." People who have been engaged in the tea industry have made great progress in tea cultivation techniques and management methods. After planting tea trees for three years, the yield of fresh tea per mu can reach 1.20 kg. Every tea harvest season, tea producing areas are unprecedented, and businessmen from all directions come here to purchase in large quantities. Tea from the south is transported to the north in large quantities through the Grand Canal and land. Such as Meng Ding and Shi Hua. In 793, the Tang government levied "one of the ten taxes" on tea, with an annual tea tax of 400,000 yuan, equivalent to115 of the annual income.
The tea industry in the Tang Dynasty not only developed rapidly on the basis of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, but also influenced the world. Since the Tang Dynasty, China's tea has been exported to all countries in the world. Today, the pronunciation of the word tea in various languages comes from the word tea in China, which shows that tea is a great contribution of our ancestors to human drinks.
Lu Yu and The Book of Tea
Lu Yu, a famous tea expert in ancient China, was born in Jingling, Fuzhou (now Tianmen, Hubei) in Tang Dynasty. The book Tea Classic has a wide range of contents, which comprehensively and systematically discusses the origin, characteristics and types of tea, the origin of tea, the instruments for picking tea, the process of making tea, the methods of making tea, the tea set for drinking tea, the distinction between good and bad tea and the identification of water quality.
Haus der Musik
Production tools are an important factor of productivity, and a certain type of production tools marks a certain level of productivity. The improvement and extensive use of farm tools played an important role in the development of agricultural production in Tang Dynasty. Before the Tang Dynasty, the heavy long straight-axis plough was difficult to rotate and cultivated land was laborious. Farmers in the south of the Yangtze River have created a portable short crankshaft plow in their long-term production practice, also known as Jiangdong plow.
Schematic diagram of Quyuanli structure
In the Jing Lei written by Lu Guimeng in the late Tang Dynasty, it was recorded that Qu Yuan's plow was composed of 1 1, with three major improvements: 1? The long straight axis becomes a short curved axis. The length of the old plow is generally about 9 feet today, reaching the front shoulder of the cow; The length of Qu Yuan's plough is about 6 feet, only the back of a cow. The plow frame is smaller, lighter in weight, easy to rotate, flexible in operation and saves animal power. The old plow was changed from two cows to one cow for traction. Moreover, this kind of plow is especially suitable for paddy field cultivation in the south because of its small area, so it is popularized in Jiangdong area. Plow evaluation installed. Because the thickness of the plow evaluation is gradually decreasing, the plow evaluation is improved, so that the plow arrow goes down and the plow goes deep into the ground. Retracting the plow, making the plow arrow upward and shallow ploughing into the ground can meet the different needs of deep ploughing and shallow ploughing. The plow wall has been improved. The plow wall in the Tang Dynasty was round, so it was also called a plow mirror. It can push the turned-up soil aside to reduce the resistance to progress, and it can also turn up the clods and cut off the growth of grass roots. After this kind of plow appeared, it gradually became popular and became the most advanced farming tool at that time. The plow has been basically shaped, which is a major improvement of the working people in the Tang Dynasty.
Same car
All kinds of waterwheels were widely used in farmland irrigation, which was an important factor in the development of agricultural production in Tang Dynasty. Du Fu wrote the poem "Spring Water" in Sichuan, saying that "even small gardens are irrigated with buckets." Shi Li explained this sentence: "The waterwheel in Sichuan is like a spinning wheel, with thin bamboo as the backbone and tied with bamboo tubes. When they rotate, they scoop water at low places and drain water at high places. " This is a tubular car that rotates with water. It can rotate freely. Many small bamboo tubes or small wooden tubes are installed obliquely around the wheels. Put this wheel on the stream, let its lower part immerse in the water, be impacted by the current, and rotate by itself. The small tube hanging obliquely around the wheel is full of streams when submerged and rises with the rotation of the wheel. Because the nozzle is inclined, the water in the pipe will not overflow. When the vertical wheel rotates180, the small tube has been laid flat. Water is discharged into the drip tank from a height and flows into the farmland on the shore. This is of great significance to solve the irrigation problem in areas with low water level and rapid water flow. This drum car, which keeps turning and making noise all night, is really good for fields without irrigation. It can irrigate 100 mu of land one day and one night (according to Song Dynasty's Heavenly Creations).
It is particularly noteworthy that the waterwheel of the Tang Dynasty has spread to Japan. In 829, the Japanese "Taifu Fu" specifically talked about "waterwheels to be made", saying: "It is said that the wind of the Tang Dynasty made canals and weirs inconvenient, so more waterwheels were built. There is no water, lest we lose its benefits. People here are unprepared. If they are in a hurry, they will look down on people and make spare parts. "
Yao Chong catches locusts.
In the fourth year of Kaiyuan (7 16), a serious locust plague occurred in Shandong. Influenced by superstitious ideas, the local people burned incense and kowtowed in succession, praying for God's blessing, and the civil servants in the Qing Dynasty were helpless. Yao Chong wrote to the emperor, citing the ancient Book of Songs and the imperial edict to exterminate locusts in the Eastern Han Dynasty, indicating that the positive way is to exterminate locusts. He suggested that Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty send "locust catchers" to Shandong to exterminate locusts. Advise Xuanzong to act quickly. Xuanzong finally agreed to send a special envoy to catch locusts, and stressed: "I discussed it with Xian, and anyone who dares to talk nonsense will die." In the process of exterminating locusts, Yao Chong rewarded diligence and punished laziness, and severely reprimanded those local officials who delayed taking the initiative to catch locusts, saying that "ancient times were heavily guarded and locusts did not enter the country. Today, it is proved that it is immoral not to kill locusts. "
Silk weaving industry in Tang dynasty
The silk weaving industry in the Tang Dynasty was very developed, and the silk weaving technology was exquisite. There are many kinds of silk fabrics, such as silk, silk, brocade, silk, yarn, silk and so on.
Twill is a kind of silk fabric woven with twill, which is as bright as a mirror. Silk is a plain fabric woven from raw silk, which is mainly produced in the north of the Tang Dynasty. The striking feature of silk is its light weight. According to Taiping Guangji, there is a kind of light silk, one of which is four feet long and weighs only half a catty. Found in the Thousand Buddha Cave in Dunhuang, Gansu Province, the banners in the Tang Dynasty were all made of an almost transparent filament and hung on the aisle of Buddhist temples. Cutting clothes is really smoke. "Yarn is a kind of silk fabric whose surface is covered with yarn holes. Bozhou organza is too thin and thin. If it has no weight at first, it is really like wearing a light fog. This organza is a kind of lightweight yarn discovered by a lady in Turpan, Xinjiang in the Tang Dynasty, which is extremely light and delicate. Brocade is a high-grade silk fabric with colorful flowers. Yizhou, Yizhou
Silk in the Tang Dynasty is extremely rich in color. Someone has made a chromatographic analysis of the Tang Dynasty silk unearthed in Turpan: red has five colors, such as silver red, water red, scarlet, crimson and crimson purple, yellow has six colors, such as goose yellow, chrysanthemum yellow, apricot yellow, golden yellow and khaki, and blue has six colors, such as egg blue, azure, emerald blue, cyan and navy blue.
Ceramic industry in Tang dynasty
The ceramic industry in the Tang Dynasty reached a high level. Porcelain manufacturing is completely separated from pottery manufacturing and becomes an independent handicraft production department. Porcelain has also replaced gold, silver and lacquer, becoming an indispensable daily utensil. At that time, a batch of white porcelain produced in the famous porcelain kiln Xing Kiln and Dayi, Sichuan Province appeared, with firm tires and white glaze. Du Fu said: "The porcelain burned in Dayi is light and strong, and the buckle is like mourning jade (crisp) and sent to Mao Zhai in a hurry. Poor." Yuezhou celadon has fine clay, thin fetal quality, high porcelain quality and crystal clear and moist glaze color. Lu Guimeng said: "Autumn dew opens a kiln, which wins the green color of a thousand peaks." He said that the color of celadon glaze is crystal clear as autumn dew and the color is like a thousand peaks. Lu Yu commented on celadon and white porcelain and said: "If porcelain is prosperous, it will be silver, and porcelain will be jade. The more porcelain is like ice (white and transparent). " These comments capture the different characteristics of famous kiln porcelain. Tang Sancai is a kind of lead glazed pottery. It is first made of white clay and then fired in a kiln. After the pottery is fired, it is glazed and fired. Coloured glaze is mostly white, yellow, green, brown and blue. Chemical analysis shows that the colored glaze is mainly lead silicate. Then, various metal oxides are used as colorants to fire the glaze. Skilled craftsmen can match the colors of light yellow, emerald green and sky blue. Because of the fluidity of lead glaze at high temperature, it flows downward when firing, showing a level from thick to light, becoming a world-famous three-color Tang Dynasty. This shows that the craftsmen's understanding of the characteristics of chemical raw materials and the control of flame at that time have reached a very high level.
Chang 'an, Tang Dou
Chang 'an, the capital of the Tang Dynasty, was called Daxing City when the capital was established in the Sui Dynasty, but it was customarily called Chang 'an City. Chang 'an City in the Tang Dynasty continued to be built under the old system of Daxing City in the Sui Dynasty, making it more magnificent. Layout characteristics of Chang 'an City: 1. Palace, mansion, square and city are separated. Miyagi is located in the middle of the north of the city and is a palace area. To the south is the imperial city, where the central government office is located; Outer Guo Cheng guards the Imperial City and Miyagi from the east, west and south, and is a residential and commercial area for civilians and bureaucrats. The famous square in the residential area, the famous city in the commercial area and the square city are separated. Palace area is located in the center of the north of the city, which obviously means that the emperor is "supreme and the south is king", which can be said to be the central idea of Yu Wenkai's design of Chang 'an pattern in that year. 2. The north-south central axis of the city is symmetrical on both sides. There are Wannian County and Dongcheng in the east. Chang 'an County is located in the west, and there is a western city. Most of the 54th Square in the east and the 55th Square in the west are symmetrical, which is slightly changed due to the renovation of Xingqing Palace and Daming Palace. 3.worry-free chessboard street is straight. The streets in Chang 'an city are arranged in the north-south and east-west directions, perpendicular to each other, straight and upright, and open-minded. There are 1 1 streets in the east, west, north and south. These streets divide Guo Cheng into 109 rectangular squares and two cities, east and west, with each city occupying two squares. Bai Juyi's poem "Climbing the Guanyin Terrace and Looking at the City": "A hundred schools of thought are like a chess game, and twelve streets are like vegetable beds" embodies this uniform chessboard pattern. There are drains on both sides of the city streets, and locust elms are planted. The avenue is straight and tree-lined. This situation is reflected in Miyagi and Imperial City. 4. Closed workshops and concentrated cities. The structure of the workshop is closed, each with a wall, and the doors of the house are in the workshop. Except for Workshop 36 south of the Imperial City, there are only east-west doors and only east-west streets. Other workshops have four doors: east-west, north-south and cross street. A well-shaped street divides the market into nine squares. Every side faces the street, and shops are distributed around. Shops in the same industry are concentrated in one area, called the line. East City Line 220 (some people say 120 line), West City is "the shops in the city are also like East City". Xicheng is the place where Chang 'an's business is concentrated and the economy of Chang 'an.
Chang 'an, Tang Dou was an international metropolis at that time.
Chang 'an was the most populous city in China at that time. On the right to suspend elections this year in the Complete Works of Han Changli: "There are no fewer than one million people in the capital today." "Complete Works of Han Changli: Going Out": "A million people in Chang 'an have nothing to do when they go out. "It is said that Chang 'an has a population of one million. In Chang 'an, Tang Dou, it is said that Chang 'an has two counties in ten thousand years. With the royal family, soldiers, slaves, monks, nuns, Taoist priests, crowns (female Taoist priests), ethnic minorities and foreign guests, the population of Chang 'an can reach one million. This goal comes from Han Yu's above poem. "Millions of wealth" should be a virtual reference to describe Chang 'an's large population, because if a family is counted as 10, then the wealth of this family is 10 billion.
The Tang Dynasty was a unified multi-ethnic country. Emperor Taizong's more enlightened ethnic policy promoted ethnic harmony, and the population of ethnic minorities who moved to Chang 'an was considerable. During the Zhenguan period alone, there were 10,000 Turks who moved to Chang 'an, and more than 100 Turkic nobles who were appointed by the Tang government as generals and corps commanders. The frontier nationalities dressed in various costumes gathered in Chang 'an, making Chang 'an the center of ethnic exchanges in China.
Chang 'an is also an international metropolis and the center of economic and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries. The Six Classics of the Tang Dynasty records that the Tang Dynasty had contacts with more than 300 countries and regions, and a large number of foreign guests came to Chang 'an every year. In the Tang Dynasty, specialized institutions (Hongqiao Temple and Government House) were set up to receive foreign guests, provide translators and provide various conveniences. The etiquette map of the east wall of Wangling Road, Zhang Huai, Ganxian County, Shaanxi Province vividly depicts the scene of friendly exchanges between China and foreign countries. Persia (Iran) once sent envoys to Chang 'an, and Persian merchants spread all over Chang 'an, Luoyang, Guangzhou, Yangzhou and other places. Many Persians have lived in Chang 'an and other places for a long time. Li is a Bosi, an official in the Tang Dynasty and a servant in the city. Many Persian businessmen are engaged in jewelry industry, most of them live in western markets, and some are engaged in general business. There are Persian dwellings in Chang 'an (for Persians to live or live in).
There are 1 million people in Chang 'an who need a large supply of goods. Businessmen and foreign businessmen from all over the country gathered in Beijing to promote trade and make the business of Chang 'an East and West Cities prosperous. As far as historical records are concerned, the industries in the two cities include iron shops, meat shops, pen shops, coat shops, Qiu (qiú, the belt on the back of cattle) (pèi, the reins for driving animals), drug shops, scale shops, silk shops, bran shops, fish shops, wine shops, silk shops, clothing shops, consignment shops (consignment shops) and Persian mansions. In the late Tang Dynasty, the two cities flourished. Large and small businesses have developed in various squares around the two cities and near the city gates, such as the "street meeting" in Chongren Square.
Chang 'an City is large in scale and reasonable in layout, which has great influence at home and abroad. Japan's Pingan Jing (Xijing) is modeled after Chang 'an.