Sun Simiao (54 1 year-682), a native of Jingzhao Huayuan (now Yaozhou District, Tongchuan City, Shaanxi Province), was a famous medical scientist and Taoist priest in the Tang Dynasty, and was honored as the "King of Medicine" by later generations.
In the seventh year of the Western Wei Dynasty (54 1 year), Sun Simiao was born into a poor peasant's family. He was clever since he was a child. When he grew up, he began to like Taoism, Laozi and Zhuangzi, and lived in seclusion in Zhongnanshan, Shaanxi Province, and gradually gained a high reputation.
Sun Simiao attached great importance to folk medical experience, accumulated visits and recorded them in time, and finally finished his book "A Thousand Daughters Should Be Prescribed". After the establishment of the Tang Dynasty, Sun Simiao accepted the invitation of the imperial court and cooperated with the government to carry out medical activities. In 659, the world's first national pharmacopoeia "Tang Xin Ben Cao" was completed.
Major achievements
medical skill
Sun Simiao is not only good at internal medicine, but also good at gynecology, pediatrics, surgery and five sense organs. It was he who first advocated the establishment of a separate department for the treatment of women and children's diseases, and first discussed gynecology and pediatrics in his works, stating that it was "the meaning of respecting the roots." Under his influence, future generations of medical workers generally attach importance to the study of treatment techniques for gynecological and pediatric diseases. In addition, he also has a lot of research on acupuncture, and he has the book "Ming Tang Acupuncture Map", which uses acupuncture as an auxiliary therapy for drugs. He believes that "the way to be a good doctor must first diagnose the pulse prescription, then acupuncture, and help each other inside and outside, and the disease must be cured." Actively advocate comprehensive treatment of diseases.
Sun Simiao attaches great importance to the study of common diseases and frequently-occurring diseases. For example, people in mountainous areas are prone to goiter (commonly known as thick neck year) because of iodine deficiency in food, and he has long observed and explored the cause and treatment. He believes that this disease is caused by the unclean water quality in the mountains, so it is treated with the thyroid gland of marine plants and animals such as seaweed, which has good results. He made a detailed study of beriberi, and first put forward that porridge cooked with Gu Bai peel can be prevented. The drug he chose to treat beriberi is rich in vitamin B 1, and the effect is very good. In his long-term practice, he also summed up the specific prescription for treating dysentery, tapeworm, night blindness and other diseases. When he lived in Taibai Mountain, he personally collected medicinal materials and studied their properties. He believes that it is extremely important to collect herbs in time. As early as possible, the medicinal potential has not been achieved, and as late as possible, the medicinal potential has been exhausted. Based on his own experience, he determined the appropriate collection time of 233 drugs.
Sun Simiao attached great importance to the prevention of diseases, emphasizing the view that prevention is the first priority. He put forward "never forget death, never forget danger in peace", emphasizing that "it is better to regulate qi, tonify diarrhea, massage and guide every day, and don't take health as Chang Ran." He advocated paying attention to personal hygiene and sports health care, and put forward the idea of combining dietotherapy, medication, health preservation, nourishing and health care to prevent and treat diseases.
In the process of studying medicine, he mixed sulfur, saltpeter and charcoal into powder, which was used to ignite an alchemist. This is the earliest formula of gunpowder in the existing literature in China. In his book "The Method of Sulphur Covering in the Danjing", he described the method of making the method of sulphur covering fire.
He insists on the method of syndrome differentiation and treatment, and thinks that if people are good at taking care of life, they can be free from illness. As long as "a good doctor guides it with a medicine stone and saves it with an injection", "there are curable diseases in the body shape, and there are disasters that can be eliminated in the world." He attaches great importance to medical ethics, regardless of "rich and poor, young and old, jealous of friends, and ignorant". It is said that "human life is the most important thing, and there is a precious daughter." He attached great importance to maternal and child health care, and wrote three volumes of Women's Prescription and two volumes of Young Infants and Children's Prescription, which were placed at the top of Qian Jin Yao Fang.
Sun Simiao also summed up the diagnosis methods of good doctors: "Bold desire is great, but the heart desire is small, and intellectual desire is round, but the behavior is square.". "Boldness" is to be as confident and temperament as a warrior; "Being small" means being as careful as walking on thin ice and landing on the edge of a cliff. "Zhiyuan" means that when things change, you must not stick to it, and you must have the ability to defeat enemy planes first; "Hangfang" means that you are not greedy for fame or profit, and you have an open mind. "
Sun Simiao has a profound study of classical medicine and attached great importance to folk prescriptions. He devoted his life to medical clinical research, and he was proficient in internal medicine, surgery, gynecology, pediatrics, facial features and acupuncture. Twenty-four achievements have created a precedent in the history of medicine in China, especially discussing medical ethics, advocating gynecology, pediatrics and acupuncture points.
In clinical practice, Sun Simiao summed up many valuable experiences, such as "Ashi point" and "pain as the focus", treating night blindness with animal liver, treating endemic goiter with sheep thyroid, and preventing beriberi with milk, beans and chaff. For pregnant women, it is suggested that the residence should be clean and quiet, the mood should be kept comfortable, and don't be nervous when giving birth; For babies, it is suggested that breastfeeding should be done regularly and quantitatively, that it should be sunny in normal times, and that clothes should not be worn too much ... These ideas still have certain practical significance today.
1.The medical masterpiece Qian Jin Fang is the first encyclopedia of clinical medicine in the history of China, which is praised by foreign scholars as "the treasure of mankind";
2. The first person to fully discuss medical ethics;
3. The first person to advocate the establishment of gynecology and pediatrics;
4. The first leprosy expert;
5. The first to invent the finger-specific acupoint selection method;
6. The first person to create a color "Three-person Map of Mingtang";
7. The first to promote beauty drugs to the people;
8. The first to create "Ashi point";
9. The first to expand the strange points and compile acupuncture and moxibustion prescriptions;
10. The first one proposed compound therapy;
11.He was the first to put forward diversified drugs for external treatment of dental diseases;
12. The first person who proposed to feed cattle with herbs and use their milk to treat diseases;
13. He was the first to put forward "acupuncture can be used for both acupuncture and medicine" and "health care moxibustion" for prevention;
14. The first person who systematically, comprehensively and concretely discussed the cultivation, collection and collection of drugs;
15. The first wild drug variety was put forward and successfully tested;
16. The first method of processing Radix Rehmanniae and detoxicating Fructus Crotonis;
17. First use placenta powder to treat diseases;
18. Animal liver was first used to treat eye diseases. Animal liver is rich in vitamins.
19. He was the first to treat beriberi and was the first to cook porridge with the bark of Polygonum cuspidatum to prevent beriberi and the recurrence of beriberi. He was one thousand years earlier than Europeans, and the bark of Polygonum cuspidatum was rich in vitamin B1;
20. It was the first time to treat malaria with arsenic (realgar, etc.), which was 1000 years earlier than Fuller's made of arsenic by the British;
21.First put forward the medical thought of "prevention is more important than cure";
22. Treat goiter with sheep's gizzard (year of sheep's thyroid) for the first time;
23. He is the first doctor in the history of China to go deep into the people, learn modestly from the masses and peers, and collect the secret recipe of calibration;
24. The first inventor of urethral catheterization.
medical book
Sun Shi thought that "human life is the most important thing, and there is a precious daughter, and one side helps it, and the virtue is beyond this", so he named his own two works as "Thousand Daughters" and called them "Thousand Daughters" and "Thousand Daughters and Wings". Drawing on the theory of zang-fu organs in Huangdi Neijing, he put forward the classification, differentiation and treatment of miscellaneous diseases centered on cold and heat deficiency and excess of zang-fu organs for the first time in Qianjin Yaofang. After sorting out and studying Zhang Zhongjing's Treatise on Febrile Diseases, typhoid fever is classified into twelve treatises and fifteen taboos, which provides a way for future generations to study Treatise on Febrile Diseases, especially for generalized typhoid fever. He founded the method of studying Treatise on Exogenous Febrile Diseases from three aspects: prescription, syndrome and treatment, which set a precedent for future generations to use prescription as syndrome.
The 30-volume "Qianjin Yaofang" contains 5,300 prescriptions and treatises, with a wide range of prescriptions and rich contents. The contents of the book include medical theories such as diagnosis and syndrome, as well as clinical subjects such as internal medicine, surgery, gynecology and pediatrics. Divided into 232 branches, it is close to the classification method of modern clinical medicine. It involves not only detoxification, first aid, health preservation and dietotherapy, but also acupuncture, massage, guidance and breathing, which can be described as a good summary of the development of traditional Chinese medicine before the Tang Dynasty. Qian Jin Yao Fang is a representative masterpiece of China in the development of medicine in Tang Dynasty, which has obvious influence and contribution to the development of medicine in later generations, especially prescription science. It also plays a positive role in the development of medicine in Japan and Korea. Qianjin Yaofang, the earliest medical encyclopedia in China, is complete in theory, method, prescription and medicine. One is the ancient books and records, and the other is the folk unilateral prescription. Widely absorb the strengths of all aspects, and reward elegance and vulgarity, with appropriate priorities, today. Many contents still play a guiding role, have high academic value, and are indeed precious treasures of traditional Chinese medicine. Qianjin Yaofang is a great contribution to the development of prescription science. The book collects the clinical experience from Zhang Zhongjing's time to Sun Simiao's prescription achievements for hundreds of years. After reading Zhongjing's prescription, reading Qian Jin Fang can really open your eyes and broaden your thinking, especially the prescription medication with different origins, which shows Sun Simiao's extensive medical sources and superb medical skills. Later generations called Qian Jin Fang the ancestor of Fang Shu.
The 30-volume "Qianjin Yifang" belongs to his later works and is a comprehensive supplement to the "Qianjin Yaofang". The book is divided into 189 branches, with more than 2,900 pieces of prescriptions, theories and methods, covering materia medica, women, typhoid fever, children, nourishing, tonifying, apoplexy, miscellaneous diseases, sores and carbuncle, color pulse and acupuncture, etc., especially treating typhoid fever, apoplexy, miscellaneous diseases and carbuncle. Among the more than 800 kinds of drugs collected in the book, more than 200 kinds of drugs introduced the relevant knowledge of drug collection and processing in detail. It is particularly worth mentioning that the book included the articles of Treatise on Febrile Diseases that had been lost to the people in the Jin and Tang Dynasties, and formed nine or twelve volumes alone, which became the only research work of Treatise on Febrile Diseases in the Tang Dynasty and played a positive role in promoting the preservation and spread of the articles of Treatise on Febrile Diseases.
medical ethics
Sun Simiao is a first-class master in ancient and modern medical ethics. He believes that doctors should take relieving patients' pain as their sole duty, while others "want nothing" and treat patients equally, "all are supreme", "Chinese people are foolish and intelligent, and ordinary people are equal". He put himself into practice, devoted himself to salvation, did not crave fame and fortune, and spent his whole life realizing his own Taoist medical ethics thought. He was the founder of China's medical ethics thought. In Sun Simiao's famous work "Thousand Golden Recipes", the medical ethics standard of "great doctors are sincere" is also put in an extremely important position to make a special topic and focus on it. And he himself is also one of the representatives of moral cultivation, moral cultivation and moral and artistic double fragrance.
Sun Simiao has a noble medical ethics, and everything is based on saving lives. He cares about people's illness and pain, thinks about patients everywhere, and treats people who come to seek medical treatment equally, regardless of nobility, wealth, age, closeness and alienation. He went out to treat diseases, day and night, did not avoid cold and heat, regardless of hunger and fatigue, and went all out. In clinical practice, concentrate, be serious and responsible, don't be hasty, don't consider personal gains and losses, don't be dirty and foul, and concentrate on rescue. In particular, when he advocated that doctors treat diseases, they should not take the opportunity to ask for property, but should have nothing to ask for. His noble medical ethics is a model for later generations. For more than a thousand years, he has been praised by people and medical workers in China, and he has been honored as the "King of Medicine".
Sun Simiao doesn't use animals as medicine. He said: "since ancient times, famous people have treated diseases and used their lives to help the crisis. Although they are called cheap animals and noble people, they love people and animals." It's bad for others and good for yourself, and it's bad for people to shout! Husband kills life to survive, and goes further to live. I don't need life as medicine in this side, so it's good for me. "
health maintenance
Sun Simiao advocates health preservation and practices it. It is precisely because he is familiar with the art of health preservation that he can be over 100 years old and never lose sight of it. He combined the health care thoughts of Confucianism, Taoism and foreign ancient Indian Buddhists with the health care theory of traditional Chinese medicine, and put forward many practical health care methods, which are still guiding people's daily life today, such as keeping a balance of mind and not blindly pursuing fame and fortune; Diet should be moderate, don't overeat; Pay attention to the circulation of qi and blood, and don't be lazy and sluggish; Life should be regular, not against the laws of nature and so on.