First, compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (diversity)

Prokaryotic cell eukaryotic cell

These cells are smaller (1-10 micron) and larger (10-10 micron).

There is no shaped nucleus in the nucleus, and nuclear substances are concentrated in the nuclear area. No nuclear membrane, no nucleoli. DNA does not combine with protein, but has a real nucleus. There are nuclear membranes and nucleoli. DNA does not combine with protein to form chromosomes.

There are no other organelles except ribosomes in the cytoplasm, and there are various organelles.

The cell wall has ... But the composition is different from that of eukaryotic cells, mainly peptidoglycan exists in plant cells and fungal cells, but not in animal cells.

Represents actinomycetes, bacteria, cyanobacteria, mycoplasma fungi, plants and animals.

Second, the hierarchy of life system

Planting: nutrition, protection, machinery, transportation and guidance: roots, stems and leaves.

Cells and tissues secrete organs flowers, fruits and species.

Exercise: epithelium, connective tissue, muscle, nerve movement: heart, liver …

Movement, circulation

Digestive and respiratory virus

Single cell colony system (animal) population of individuals.

Urinary and reproductive multicellular

Neurology, endocrinology

Abiotic factor Ⅰ

Ecosystem producer biosphere

Bio-factor consumers Ⅱ

Decomposer

Third, the content of cell theory (unity)

○ From the anatomy and observation of human body: Vesaliua and Bi Xia.

○ Important inventions under the microscope: Hook and Levin Hook.

○ Combination of theoretical thinking and scientific experiment: Schleiden and Wang Shi.

1. Cells are organisms. All animals and plants are developed from cells and consist of cells and cell products.

2. A cell is a relatively independent unit, which not only has its own life, but also plays a role in the whole life composed of other cells.

3. New cells can be produced from old cells.

○ Revision progress: Cell division produces new cells.

Note: the three cornerstones of modern biology

1.1838 ——1839 cell theory 2. 1859 Darwinian evolution 3. 1866 mendelian genetics.

Four. conclusion

In addition to viruses, cells are the basic unit of the structure and function of organisms and the most basic life system on the earth.

(2) molecules that make up cells

Basic elements: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen (90%)

Large quantities: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, (97%) potassium, calcium and magnesium.

Trace elements: iron, molybdenum, zinc, copper, boron, molybdenum, etc.

(20 species) The most basic: C, accounting for 48.4% of the dry weight, and the biomacromolecule takes carbon chain as the skeleton.

The material shows the unity and difference between the biological world and the non-biological world.

Alkaline water: main component; All life activities are inseparable from water.

Inorganic salts: It plays an important role in maintaining the life activities of organisms.

Compound protein: the main undertaker/embodiment of life activities (or traits).

Nucleic acid: carrying genetic information

Organic sugar: the main energy substance

Lipid: the main energy storage substance

I. protein (7- 10% fresh weight and 50% dry weight)

Structural elements include C, H, O, N, and some are P, S, Fe, Zn, Cu, B, Mn, I, etc.

Monomer amino acids (about 20 kinds, 8 kinds necessary and 2 kinds unnecessary/kloc-0)

The chemical structure is formed by dehydration and condensation of multiple amino acid molecules, and compounds containing multiple peptide bonds are called polypeptides.

(2) Polypeptide is a chain structure, called peptide chain. A protein molecule contains one or several peptide chains.

High-level structure polypeptide chains form different spatial structures, which are divided into two, three and four levels.

Structural characteristics Because the types, quantities and arrangement order of amino acids that make up protein are different, and the spatial structure of peptide chains is very different, the structure of protein molecules is extremely diverse.

Function ○ The structural diversity of protein determines its specificity/functional diversity.

1. Important substances that constitute cells and organisms: such as protein in cell membranes, chromosomes and muscles;

2. Some protein have catalytic effects: such as various enzymes;

3. Some protein have transport functions, such as hemoglobin and carrier protein;

4. Some protein have regulatory effects: such as insulin and growth hormone;

5. Some protein have immune functions, such as antibodies.

Note ○ The bond (—NH—CO—) connecting two amino acid molecules is called peptide bond.

A variety of protein have the same characteristics in structure (general formula):

1. Each amino acid contains at least one amino group, one carboxyl group and one carbon atom;

2. The difference of various amino acids lies in the difference of R groups.

○ denaturation (boiled eggs) & salting out and solidification (tofu)

Calculation ○ When the peptide chain formed by N aa forms a cyclic protein, N water/peptide bonds are generated;

When n aa forms a peptide chain, N- 1 water/peptide bond is formed;

○ When N aa forms M peptide chains, N-M water/peptide bonds are generated;

○ When n aa forms m peptide chains, the average molecular weight of each aa is α, so the protein formed by it.

Its molecular weight is n×α-(n-m )×18;

Second, nucleic acid

The genetic material of all living things is the carrier of genetic information and the controller of life activities.

Elements include carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, etc.

Classification of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA double stranded) ribonucleic acid (RNA single stranded)

monomer

Component phosphoric acid H3PO4

Five-carbon sugar deoxyribose

nitric

Bases a, g, c, T A, g, c, u

Genetic material with major functions, coding and replication.

Transfer information and determine the synthesis of protein, and transfer genetic information from DNA to.

Protein.

Mainly exists in the nucleus, with a small amount of linear particles.

Body and chloroplast. Methyl green mainly exists in cytoplasm. Pirona

△ Each monomer has a carbon chain consisting of several connected carbon atoms as the basic skeleton, and many monomers are connected to form a polymer.

Third, sugar and lipids.

Element categories have physiological functions.

Carbohydrate C, H, O monosaccharide ribose C5H 10O5 is the main cytoplasmic ribonucleic acid component;

Deoxyribose C4H 10O5 is the component of deoxyribonucleic acid in the main nucleus;

Hexose: glucose

The main cytoplasm such as C6H 12O6 and fructose are important energy substances (more than 70%) in life activities.

disaccharide

C 12H22O 1 1 maltose and sucrose plants

Lactose animal

Polysaccharide starch, cellulose plants (components of cell walls),

Important substances for storing energy;

Glycogen (liver, muscle) animals

Lipids c, h, o

Some also have N and P fats. Plants store energy and keep their body temperature constant.

Lipid/phospholipid brain and beans constitute important components of biofilm;

Sterol cholesterol is an important component of animals;

Sex hormones promote the development of sexual organs and secondary sexual characteristics;

Vitamin d promotes the absorption and utilization of calcium and phosphorus;

△ None of the compounds that make up an organism can complete a certain life activity alone, but only by organizing them organically in a certain way can the life phenomena of cells and organisms be shown. Cells are the most basic structural forms of these substances.

Fourth, the identification experiment

Common materials for experimental phenomena of reagent composition

Protein biuret A: 0. 1g/mL NaOH purple soybean.

Eggs (of hens)

B: 0.0 1 g/ml copper sulfate.

Fat Sudan ⅲ orange blossom

Reducing sugar Bancroft (heated) brick red precipitates apples, pears and white radishes.

Starch iodine iodine blue potato

Reducing sugar: glucose, maltose and fructose.

Verb (abbreviation for verb) inorganic substance

Physiological function of life style

water

Combined water 4.5%

Some water and 95% of cells are free water.

A combination of other substances. Components of cell structure.

The vast majority of water is

It exists in a free form and can flow freely. 1. A good solvent in cells;

2. Participate in many biochemical reactions in cells;

3. Water is the liquid environment in which cells live;

4. Water flow transports nutrients to cells and wastes to excretory organs or directly discharged;

Most inorganic salts exist in ionic state, such as K+,

Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-,PO2+, etc. 1. Some important components of complex compounds in cells, such as Fe2+, are the main components of hemoglobin;

2. Life activities of organisms, morphology and function of cells;

3. Maintain cell osmotic pressure and acid-base balance;

Abstract of intransitive verbs

Combination and organic combination differentiation

Chemical element composite protoplasm cell

Protoplasm 1. It refers to all living substances in cells, but does not include all substances in cells, such as cell walls;

2. Including cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus; Its main components are nucleic acid, protein (and lipid);

3. Animal cells can be regarded as a mass of protoplasm.

○ Cytoplasm: refers to all protoplasm inside and outside the cell membrane.

Protoplast: The cell membrane, vacuole membrane and cytoplasm between the two membranes of mature plant cells are a semi-permeable membrane.

(3) the basic structure of cells

Cell wall (unique to plants): cellulose+pectin, which plays a supporting and protecting role.

Composition: 50% lipid (main phospholipid), about 40% protein, and 2%- 10% sugar.

cell membrane

Function: separate cells from the environment; Control the entry and exit of substances; Intercellular information exchange;

Eukaryotic matrix: water, inorganic salts, lipids, sugars, amino acids, nucleotides and various enzymes.

Cytoplasm is the main site for metabolism of living cells.

Division of labor: line, interior, height, core, solution, middle, leaf, liquid,

cell organ

Coordination: synthesis and secretion of secretory proteins; biomembrane system

Nuclear membrane: a double-layer membrane that separates nuclear matter from cytoplasm.

Nuclear pore: realize frequent material exchange and information exchange between nucleus and cytoplasm.

Nucleolar nucleoli: related to the synthesis of some RNA and the formation of ribosomes.

Chromatin: It is composed of DNA and protein, and DNA is the carrier of genetic information.

Differential centrifugation of organelles: Claude, USA

Mitochondrial chloroplast Golgi body endoplasmic reticulum vacuole ribosome centrosome

Distribution of animals and plants, animals and plants, animals and plants

Some protozoa, animals and plants.

lower plant

Ellipsoid, rod-shaped flat spherical or oval vesicle, flat reticulated oval granular body

The structure is a double-layer membrane with a small amount of DNA monolayer, forming vesicles and tubes, with cavities inside and no membrane structure.

Ridge (TP enzyme complex), granule, matrix granule (sphere), matrix (layered structure), enzyme outer membrane, intima vacuole membrane, cytosolic protein, RNA and enzyme are two mutually perpendicular centrioles.

The main place of functional aerobic respiration, the place of photosynthesis and cell secretion,

Cell walls provide storage materials for synthesis and transportation, and the place where protein synthesis is regulated in the environment is related to mitosis.

Remarks are in the nucleolus

form

△ Organelle refers to the structural unit that has certain morphological structure and performs certain physiological functions in cytoplasm.

Three. Radioisotope tracing of co-secreted proteins: Paradi, Romania.

Organic matter, oxygen

Chloroplast mitochondria

Energy, carbon dioxide

Preliminary synthesis, processing and modification of gene regulation

Nuclear ribosome endoplasmic reticulum Golgi extracellular membrane

Some Spatial Structure of Amino Acid Peptide Chain

○ biofilm system: A structural system formed by organelle membrane+cell membrane+nuclear membrane.

4. Nucleus = nuclear membrane (double layer)+nucleoli+chromatin+nuclear fluid.

American salamander experiment, salamander horizontal narrowing experiment, amoeba experiment and umbrella algae grafting experiment.

The nucleus is the place where genetic information is stored and copied, and it is the control center of metabolic activities and genetic characteristics.

○ Chromatin and chromosome are morphological structures in which the same substance changes with each other at different stages of the cell cycle.

DNA helix

○+= nucleosome (bead structure) chromatin 30 nanofibers

Histone non-histone

Helicization

0.4 μ m super spiral tube (cylindrical) 2- 10 μm chromatid (cylindrical, rod-shaped)

Second, establish a point of view (basic ideas)

1. If it has a certain structure, it must have corresponding functions;

○ Unification of structure and function

2. Any function needs a certain structure to complete.

1. Various organelles are not only different in morphological structure and function, but also interrelated and interdependent;

○ Division of labor cooperation

2. The biofilm system of cells reflects the coordination among various structures of cells.

○ Biological integrity: the whole is greater than the sum of its parts; Life phenomenon can only be reflected when all parts form a whole.

1. Structure: All parts of a cell are interrelated. For example, the endoplasmic reticulum distributed in cytoplasm connects the nuclear membrane and the outer membrane.

2. Function: Different structures of cells have different physiological functions, but they are coordinated. Such as the synthesis and secretion of secreted proteins.

3. Regulation: The nucleus is the regulation center of metabolism. Its DNA regulates life activities by controlling the synthesis of protein-like substances.

4. Relationship with the outside world: Each cell should exchange materials and convert energy with its neighboring cells and cells in direct contact with the outside environment.

Abstract of intransitive verbs

Cell is not only the basic unit of organism structure, but also the basic unit of organism metabolism and inheritance.

(4) Transport of cellular materials

○ The process of scientists studying the structure of cell membrane begins with the phenomenon of substance transport across the membrane. Analysis of components is the basis of understanding the structure, and phenomena and functions provide clues to explore the structure. People put forward the hypothesis on the basis of experimental observation, and then revised it through further experiments, in which the progress of methods and technologies played a key role.

Ingredients: phospholipid, protein and sugar.

Structure: unit membrane (sandwich) → fluid mosaic model.

Characteristics of cell membrane: It has relative fluidity.

Physiological characteristics: selective permeation (selective for ions and small molecular substances)

safety action

Function controls the exchange of substances inside and outside cells.

Cell recognition, secretion, excretion, immunity, etc.

I. Examples of transmembrane transport of substances

1. moisture

Conditional concentration of external fluid >: cytoplasm/extracellular fluid

Phenomenal animals lose water, contract, absorb water, expand and even burst.

Plant plasma wall separation, plasma wall separation and repair

Principle, external cause, water seepage

Due to the different elasticity of protoplasm layer and cell wall, the contraction amplitude is also different.

Conclusion The water absorption and dehydration of cells is the process of water transport across the membrane along the relative content gradient.

○ Conditions of osmotic phenomenon: semipermeable membrane, concentration difference inside and outside the cell.

○ Permeation: The phenomenon that water moves from a high water potential system to a low water potential system through a semi-permeable membrane.

○ Semipermeable membrane: refers to a membrane that allows small molecular substances to pass through, but does not allow large molecular substances to pass through.

○ The experiment of separation and repair of protoplasm wall can be extended to: (referring to protoplasm layer and cell wall)

① It is proved that mature plant cells have osmotic effect; ② Prove whether the cells are alive or not;

③ As a method of observing cell membrane under optical microscope; ④ Preliminary determination of cell fluid concentration;

2. Inorganic salts and other substances

① Different organisms absorb different kinds and quantities of inorganic salts.

② The transmembrane transport of substances is both along and against the concentration gradient.

Selective osmotic membrane

A membrane that allows water molecules to pass freely. Some ions and small molecules can pass through it, while others can't.

□ Biofilm is a selective permeable membrane and a strict semi-permeable membrane.

Secondly, fluid mosaic model.

1. point

① phospholipid bilayer constitutes the basic scaffold of biofilm, but this scaffold is not static, it has fluidity.

② protein is embedded, permeated and covered on the phospholipid bilayer, and most protein can still flow.

③ protein, a natural glycoprotein, combines with sugar to form a natural glycoprotein, and the sugar quilt has the functions of protection, lubrication and cell recognition.

2. Similarities and differences with unit membranes

Similarity: The main substances that make up the cell membrane are lipids and protein.

Difference: ① Flow: protein is unevenly distributed and asymmetrical; It is emphasized that the molecules that make up the membrane are moving.

② Single: protein is evenly distributed on both sides of lipid bilayer; People think that biofilm is a static structure.

Thirdly, trans-membrane transport mode.

Example | Mode | Concentration Gradient | Carrier | Energy | Action

Water, glycerol, gas, ethanol, benzene | Free diffusion | cis |×| Selective absorption substances are transported from high concentration side to low concentration side through cell membrane.

Glucose enters red blood cells |||√|×

Potassium ions enter red blood cells | Active transport | Inverse |√|√| It can ensure that living cells actively choose what they need to absorb according to the needs of life activities.

Substances, discharge waste products produced by metabolism and substances that are vital to cells.

Macromolecules or particles: endocytosis and exocytosis.

Four. abstract

Composition decision

Structure and Function of Phospholipid Molecule+protein Molecule (Material Exchange)

have

Lead to guarantee embodiment

Normal selective permeability of substance exchange in flowing liquid

Composition constitutes structure, and structure determines function. The phospholipid molecules and protein molecules that make up the cell membrane are mostly mobile, so the cell membrane structure made up of them has certain fluidity. The fluidity of this structure ensures that the carrier protein can transport the corresponding substances from one side of the cell membrane to the other. Because the number of different carriers on the cell membrane is different, when substances enter and leave the cell, they can reflect the difference in the number, speed and difficulty of different substances entering and leaving the cell membrane, reflecting the selective permeability in the process of substance exchange. It can be seen that fluidity is an inherent property of the cell membrane structure, and it always exists regardless of whether the cell has a material exchange relationship with the outside world, while selective permeability is a description of the physiological characteristics of the cell membrane, which can only be reflected by completing the material exchange function on the basis of fluidity.

5) Energy supply and utilization of cells

H2O outside

water

H2o2 mineral element

[H]

PhotoATP protoplasm

ADP+PI heat energy

atp

ADP+PI

Carbon dioxide +H2O c3h6o 3 C2 H5 oh+ carbon dioxide

Firstly, the enzyme reduces the activation energy of the reaction.

◎ Metabolism: The general term for all orderly chemical reactions in living cells.

◎ Activation energy: the energy required for a molecule to change from a normal state to an active state prone to chemical reactions.

1. Discovery

① Before Pasteur: Fermentation is a pure chemical reaction, which has nothing to do with life activities.

② Pasteur (French, microbiologist): Fermentation is related to living cells; Fermentation is the whole cell.

③ Justus von Liebig (German chemist): It is some substances in the cells that cause fermentation, but these substances can only play a role after the yeast cells die and crack.

④ Buchner (German, chemist): Some substances in yeast cells can still play a catalytic role after yeast cells are broken, just like in living yeast cells.

⑤ sumner (American, scientist): Urease purified from bean seeds is a kind of protein.

6. Many enzymes are protein.

⑦ Cech and Altman (American and scientist): A few RNA have biocatalytic function.

2. Definition

Enzymes are catalytic organic substances produced by living cells, most of which are protein.

note:

① Produced by living cells (related to ribosomes)

② Catalytic performance: A. Compared with inorganic catalyst, it can reduce the activation energy of chemical reaction and increase the speed of chemical reaction.

B. The nature and quantity of the enzyme did not change before and after the reaction.

③ Composition: Most enzymes are protein, and a few enzymes are RNA.

3. Characteristics

① High efficiency: the catalytic efficiency is very high, which makes the reaction speed very fast, which is three times as high as that of107-1kloc-0.

② Specificity: Each enzyme can only catalyze one or one kind of chemical reaction. → Diversity.

③ Appropriate conditions (temperature and pH) → gentleness → variability are needed.

The catalysis of enzyme needs proper temperature, pH value, etc. Overacid, overbased and high temperature will destroy the molecular structure of the enzyme. Low temperature will also affect the activity of the enzyme, but it will not destroy the molecular structure of the enzyme.

Myth; legend

The results showed that the speed of enzymatic reaction was directly proportional to the enzyme concentration when the substrate was sufficient and other factors were fixed. 1. When S is low, V increases with the increase of S, almost in direct proportion;

2. When S is low, V increases with the increase of S, but it is not significant;

3. When S is very large and reaches a certain limit, V also reaches a maximum value. Even if S increases, the reaction is almost unchanged.

1. Within a certain t, v follows t.

Increase and accelerate;

2. Under certain conditions, each enzyme has the maximum activity at a certain t, which is called the optimal temperature;

3. When T rises to a certain limit, V decreases with the increase of temperature.

◎ Animal test: 35-40℃

PH value: 6.5-8.0

enzyme engineering

Produce and extracting enzyme preparation for treating diseases; Processing and producing some products;

Separation and purification of immobilized enzyme for laboratory diagnosis and water quality detection; Other branches.

Second, ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

◎ ATP is a kind of high-energy phosphate compound ubiquitous in cells of organisms, and it is a direct way for organisms to carry out various life activities.

Energy, its hydrolysis and synthesis exist energy release and storage.

1. Simple structure

A — P ~ P ~ P

The common chemical bond of adenosine is 13.8KJ/mol, and the high-energy phosphate bond is 30.54 KJ/mol.

2.2. ATP and ADP

atp

breathe

Pi absorption (mitochondria)

(Cytoplasmic matrix) can absorb and secrete (osmotic energy).

(chloroplast) releases muscle contraction (mechanical energy)

Photosynthesis Pi can conduct nerve and bioelectricity (electric energy).

ADP (each living cell) anabolism (chemical energy)

Body temperature (heat energy)

Fireflies (light energy)

Sugar, the main energy substance, loses heat energy.

Oxidation of solar fat-the main energy storage material

(Direct energy) protein-one of the energy substances decomposes chemical energy ATP.

Hydrolase, release

◎ATP ADP+Pi+ energy

Synthase, absorption

3.ATP can be produced: mitochondria, chloroplasts and cytoplasmic matrix.

Can produce water: mitochondria, chloroplasts, ribosomes, nuclei.

Be able to base complementary pairing: mitochondria, chloroplasts, ribosomes and nuclei.

Third, the main source of ATP-cell respiration

◎ Breathing is the process of inhaling oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide.

◎ Cell respiration refers to the process that organic matter undergoes a series of oxidative decomposition in cells to generate carbon dioxide or other products, release energy and generate ATP. Divided into:

Aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration

The concept refers to the process that cells, with the participation of oxygen, thoroughly oxidize and decompose organic substances such as glucose through the catalysis of various enzymes, producing carbon dioxide and water, releasing energy and producing a large amount of ATP. Refers to the process in which cells decompose organic substances such as glucose into incomplete oxidation products with the participation of oxygen, and release a small amount of energy through the catalysis of various enzymes.

Process ① C6H 12O6 → 2 pyruvate +[H]+2ATP.

② 2 pyruvate +6H2O → 6CO2+[H]+ 2ATP

③[H]+6o 2→ 12H2O+34 ATP 1c 6h 12o 6→2 pyruvate+[H]+2 ATP。

→ 2C3H6O3

② 2 pyruvate → 2C2H5OH+2CO2

The reaction formula is c6h12o6+6h2o+6o2 → 6c2+12h2o+38atpc6h12o6 → 2ch3h6o3+2atp.

→ 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 2ATP

The differences are: ① ② Mitochondrial matrix ③ Intima is always in the cytoplasmic matrix.

Conditions: Except ① molecular oxygen is needed, the enzyme does not need molecular oxygen, and the enzyme does.

Products: carbon dioxide, H2O alcohol and carbon dioxide or lactic acid.

Energy: large amount, small amount of 38 ATP (11kj), 2ATP(6 1.08KJ).

Similar connection: the stage of glucose decomposition into pyruvate is the same, and the later stage is different.

Essence: decompose organic matter, release energy and synthesize ATP.

Significance: providing energy for various life activities of organisms; Provide raw materials for that synthesis of other compound in vivo.

compare

Photosynthetic respiration

Reaction site Green plants (in chloroplasts) All living things (mainly in mitochondria)

Reaction conditions: light, pigment, enzyme (always)

Material transformation synthesizes inorganic substances CO2 and H2O into organic matter (CH2O), and decomposes the organic matter to produce CO2 and H2O.

Energy conversion converts light energy into chemical energy and stores it in organic matter, releasing the energy of organic matter and partially transferring ATP.

Essentially synthesize organic matter, store energy to decompose organic matter, release energy and produce ATP.

Contact with organic matter and oxygen

Photosynthetic respiration

Energy, carbon dioxide

The essence of photosynthesis

Light energy is converted into active chemical energy through light reaction, carbon dioxide and water are synthesized into organic matter through dark reaction, and active chemical energy is converted into stable chemical energy and stored in organic matter.

Four. Photosynthesis and photosynthesis

◎ Photosynthesis means that green plants use light energy through chloroplasts to convert carbon dioxide and water into stored energy.

Organic matter and the process of releasing oxygen. The influencing factors are light, temperature, CO2 concentration, moisture and mineral elements.

1. Discovery

Content time process conclusion

Pastor 177 1 year candles, mice and green plants can refresh the air.

Saxophone 1864 Leaf Shading Experiment Green plants produce starch in photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis experiment of engelmann 1880 Spirogyra. Chloroplast is the place where photosynthesis releases oxygen.

Rubin and Carmen 1939 Isotope Labeling Method All the oxygen released by photosynthesis comes from water.

2. Place

Double coating

stroma

A plurality of thylakoids (lamellae) of the base particles are stacked together.

Carotene (orange yellow) 1/3

Carotenoid lutein (yellow) 2/3 absorbs blue-purple light.

Pigment (1/4) Chlorophyll A (cyan) 3/4

Chlorophyll (3/4) Chlorophyll B (yellow-green) 1/4 absorbs red-orange light and blue-violet light.

3. Process

Bright reaction and dark reaction

Conditional light, pigment, enzyme CO2, [H], ATP, enzyme

Time is short and slow.

Matrix of thylakoid membrane chloroplast.

Process ① Photolysis of water

2H2O → 4[H] + O2

② ATP synthesis/photophosphorylation

ADP+Pi+ light energy → ATP ① CO2 fixation

Carbon dioxide+C5 → 2C3

② the decrease of C3/CO2

2C3 + [H] →(CH2O)

A large amount of light energy → chemical energy releases O2 and assimilates CO2 to form (CH2O).

General formula CO2+H2O → (CH2O)+ O2

Or CO2+12h2o → (ch2o) 6+6o2+6o2.

Substance to Substance Inorganic Carbon Dioxide, H2O → Organic Matter (CH2O)

It can change the active chemical energy in ATP → stable chemical energy in organic matter.

isotope tracing

14C photoreaction 2C 3 dark reaction (14CH2O)

3H2O Immobilization [3H] Reduction (C3H2O)

H2 18O lamp 18O2

◎ artificially create conditions and see material changes;

1. illumination→ [h] and ATP → dark reaction → (CH2O)

↓ ↓ ↓ ↓

Cut → unable to generate → unable to continue → unable to generate.

2.CO2 → C5 → C3 → (CH2O)