First, variety selection
When selecting varieties, we should choose varieties suitable for the current season characteristics. Taking early spring stubble as an example, it should have the following characteristics: first, it has strong adaptability, the external temperature of cucumber in greenhouse is low in the early stage, but the temperature in greenhouse rises rapidly in sunny days, and the temperature in greenhouse changes rapidly, so the variety should have certain low temperature tolerance and disease resistance; Second, varieties have good early attributes, and the earlier they are listed, the higher the economic benefits will be; Third, it must meet the needs of the consumer market and be commodity-oriented. The varieties suitable for early spring planting are Jinyou 1, Jin Yan No.4, Jinchun No.2, Xintaimitz, Zhongnong 12 and so on.
Second, cultivate strong seedlings.
1, suitable for sowing and planting.
Cucumber in greenhouse in early spring is usually sown from late June 65438+February to late October of the following year1October, and the seedling age is generally about 45 days, and harvesting begins about 35 days after planting. It takes about 80 days from sowing to harvesting, that is, harvesting in April, and entering the full fruit stage in May 1 day, so it has certain economic benefits.
Step 2 raise seedlings
Generally, excellent varieties such as Jinyou 1, Jinchun No.2 and Xintaimitz are selected to raise seedlings in Xunyang border or hotbed from the end of February to the middle of October of the following year.
Third, soil preparation, fertilization and soil preparation
After the harvest of crops in the autumn of the first year, deep ploughing and drying should be carried out in winter. Before planting 1 month, the shed should be closed to increase the ground temperature. If there is any previous crop, it should be cleaned 7~ 10 days in advance and disinfected with the shed. 5~7 days before planting, 2500 ~ 5000 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer, 30 kg of diammonium phosphate and 20 kg of potassium sulfate were applied as base fertilizer per mu.
Leave 15 ~ 20cm on both sides of the shed, pay off according to 1 10cm, and make a small high border with a groove width of 30cm, a side width of 80cm and a height of 20cm. In addition, a reservoir can be left in the center of the boundary surface according to the actual situation, in case a large amount of water is needed in the later stage.
Fourth, colonization.
Sow in early February to early March. When the ground temperature in the shed 10 cm is stable above 10℃, choose? Cold tail and warm head? Plant on a sunny morning. Plant large row spacing of 64 cm, small row spacing of 46 cm and plant spacing of 33 cm, covered with plastic film. Cut the plastic film into pieces when planting? Ten? Dig a hole, fill it with water, put the potted plants in before the water dries, enclose the soil slightly, make the surface of the soil flat or slightly higher than the border surface, and seal the soil well.
Pay attention to the following points when planting:
When planting seedlings, the big seedlings are around the shed and the small seedlings are in the middle of the shed; Minimize root damage; Handle with care, and don't press the soil bowl hard after putting it into the planting hole to prevent the soil bowl from cracking and damaging the roots; Burying soil should not be too deep, and the soil bowl should be flush with the border surface after covering soil.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) Post-planting management
1, temperature control
The period from colonization to heart leaf growth is a slow seedling stage, which takes about 5~7 days. During this period, the greenhouse should be closed for heat preservation. Generally, the temperature is controlled at 28~32℃ during the day and 13~20℃ at night.
When ventilation is needed for cooling, dehumidification and ventilation, don't let cold air directly blow plants, so as to avoid sudden cold wilting and affect the growth and development of plants. Ventilation should be gradually increased with the increase of outside temperature.
2. intertillage and loosen the soil
After the planting water is poured, when the soil is slightly dry and can enter people, the plastic film should be uncovered to loosen the soil for the first time, mainly to break the soil hardening and dry the water. Shallow tillage should be used during intertillage, and do not touch the clods. After watering the seedlings, the second intertillage should be carried out, and the intertillage should be deep enough to improve the porosity of the soil. During intertillage, the clods should be broken without touching them, and the depth of intertillage can reach about 10 cm. The third intertillage should be carried out before the tea nail or hanging rope. This intertillage should be combined with ridge farming, and the border should also be arranged. 3. Fertilizer and water management
The ultimate goal of cucumber cultivation in greenhouse in early spring should be to promote the early listing of cucumber.
(1) water
About 7 days after planting, water the seedlings slowly in sunny mornings. In the early stage of cucumber cultivation in early spring, the temperature in the shed is low, so it is not suitable to water too much, otherwise it is not conducive to the increase of ground temperature. After watering the slow seedlings, water them 1 time every 9 days or so. Water the first two times with small water, and don't let the water overflow the ridge surface. After each watering, intertillage should be carried out when it is convenient to operate between rows.
In May, the temperature and ground temperature rise, and cucumber also enters the full flowering period, so it can be watered 1 time every 5~7 days. The amount of watering can be controlled alternately, and the flood should be watered with chemical fertilizer.
In June, the outdoor temperature is high, the plants are lush and the transpiration is large. Attention should be paid to frequent watering with small water, usually every 3 to 4 days 1 time.
In July, the outside temperature is high, and the plants enter the late growth stage, so they are usually watered every two days 1 time. Fertilize again every 1~2 times in full bloom. In the later stage, due to the aging of the main vine, it is necessary to pay attention to leaving the lateral vine, which is mainly used to knot melons and return melons. Management should also pay attention to covering the shed film in rainy days to prevent rain from pouring into the shed and causing diseases.
(2) Topdressing
Topdressing cucumber in greenhouse is generally combined with watering. According to the fertilizer demand characteristics of cucumber, organic fertilizers such as dilute manure and biogas slurry can be used as the main topdressing in the early growth stage. In the late growth stage, the quick-acting chemical fertilizer is mainly topdressing and applied along the river, but the application amount should not be too much each time. Generally, ammonium sulfate, diammonium phosphate or urea can be applied per mu of topdressing 10~ 15 kg, watered twice and topdressing once. It is best to apply organic fertilizer and fertilizer colloid.
Foliar micro-fertilizer, urea or potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be topdressing in the late growth stage, which can prevent premature senescence of plants and promote nutrient transportation. The application rate is generally 0.2%~0.3%, and it is forbidden to cause fertilizer damage due to high concentration. You can also spray 0.5% white sugar or glucose solution to supplement sugar, and the yield increase effect is obvious.
In addition, it is not allowed to spray ammonium bicarbonate solution on the outside of cucumber roots in greenhouse as topdressing to avoid ammonia volatilization from damaging seedlings and leaves. Leaf topdressing should be carried out in sunny morning, and wind and dehumidification should be carried out in time at noon.
4. Plant regulation
(1), when the plant is stretched, start chajia or hang vines.
Generally, inserting a single fence frame is not only beneficial to ventilation and light transmission, but also convenient to tie vines and manage, and the melon strips are relatively straight. At present, hanging ropes are mostly used for greenhouse cultivation. A wire can be horizontally pulled on the upper and lower parts of the plant, and each cucumber can be hung with 1 nylon rope or special rattan rope, and the upper and lower ends of the hanging rope are fixed on the wire.
When tying vines, attention should be paid to avoid damaging the leaves, and the leaves should be evenly spread on the frame to prevent mutual shading, affect photosynthesis and reduce yield.
(2) Tie the head vine in time.
To make plants? Leading? Neat, can you use it? s？ Form-tied vines, that is, bending taller plants before tying vines, but not horizontally, let alone upside down, otherwise it will lead to melon melting.
Cucumber cultivation in greenhouse is generally based on vine-knot melons, and the lateral branches below 10 leaves should be knocked out, and the lateral branches above 10 leaves can be left in front of melon embryos for coring. At the same time, the redundant buds, male flowers and tendrils of the lateral vines are removed. Old leaves and diseased leaves that have begun to lose their function at the lower part should be knocked out and fallen vines in time, which is conducive to improving the lighting conditions in the greenhouse.
When the plants climb to the top of the frame, they should be pulled out to promote the return of melons. Hanging vines are mostly cultivated by single stem pruning, which makes the main vines bear melons. With the increase of plant height, vines should be lowered in time to keep the plant height basically the same, which is beneficial to production operation.
5, pest control
The common pests cultivated in greenhouse in early spring are whitefly, liriomyza sativae and melon aphid. The main diseases are powdery mildew, virus disease, downy mildew, bacterial angular leaf spot, gray mold, Fusarium wilt and so on.
Prevention and control of pests and diseases;
When controlling pests and diseases, while selecting disease-resistant varieties, we should first carry out agricultural control, that is, control the temperature and humidity in the greenhouse and apply fertilizer reasonably, so that plants can grow in a suitable environment, and remove diseased leaves and branches in time and take them out of the garden for destruction. Use chemicals as a last resort.
(1), pest
Whitefly: The optional chemicals are dichlorvos and pyridaben. The dosage of dichlorvos, aphid-killing smoke agent and fenvalerate smoke agent is 0.3~0.5㎏/ mu each time. Or use imidacloprid, buprofezin, spirodiclofen, bifenthrin, acetamiprid, cypermethrin and other drugs for prevention and control under the guidance of local professionals. Liriomyza sativae: The usage and dosage of fumigant are the same as that of whitefly. The medicine can be selected from emamectin benzoate, abamectin and emamectin. Chlorpyrifos, avermectin? Pesticides such as acetamiprid, mirex, Nongtianle and flufenoxuron. Aphids: It's the same as smoke agent. Beauveria bassiana, imidacloprid, acetamiprid, spirodiclofen, thiamethoxam, pirimicarb, thiacloprid chloride, fenvalerate, chlorpyrifos, cyhalothrin, etc. (2) disease
Powdery Mildew: Can I choose thiophanate-methyl and azoxystrobin? Chlorothalonil, chlorothalonil and other chemicals used for spray control. Viral diseases: can we choose? Copper B, ningnanmycin, copper sulfide? Alkyl? Alkanol water emulsion, moroxydine? Triazole nucleoside and other preventive and therapeutic drugs. Downy mildew: Can I choose ethione? Manganese zinc, propamocarb, thiram, chlorothalonil, metalaxyl? Manganese zinc, metalaxyl copper, phosphorus ethyl aluminum, etc. Bacterial angular leaf spot can be controlled by cuprous oxide, copper hydroxide, basic copper sulfate, gibberellin, copper succinate, hydromycin, zhongshengmycin, copper thiamethoxam, diclofenac, copper quinoline and copper niclosamide. Botrytis cinerea: procymidone, pyrimethanil, cyprodinil, Fu? The use of azoxystrobin, thiabendazole, pyrazole, propionamidine and other drugs. Fusarium wilt: can I choose hymexazol or mycophenolate mofetil? Methyl cream, thiabendazole, thiophanate-methyl, mancozeb, carbendazim, benomyl, etc. When selecting control chemicals, they must be used under the guidance of local agricultural technicians to avoid phytotoxicity.
Sixth, harvesting
Early maturity is the main purpose of spring cucumber cultivation in greenhouse, and improving early yield is the key. Therefore, the root melon should be harvested early, which is beneficial to the rapid growth and development of the subsequent melon strips. Cucumber strips grow slowly in early spring and enter the harvest period 15 ~ 18 days after flowering. At this time, you can harvest 1 time in 4 to 5 days. If the temperature rises gradually after spring, it can be harvested every 2~3 days. From March to April, 1~ must be harvested 1 time 2 days after entering the peak of results.
Harvesting should be carried out in the early morning, when the melon strips are fresh and tender, the water is sufficient, and the cucumber has a low body temperature, which is suitable for transportation and good in quality. In a word, timely harvesting can delay the senescence process of cucumber and is beneficial to high yield.
In short, it is natural to improve the management level of cucumber during the planting process, so that the temperature, humidity, light and nutrients are within the range suitable for the growth and development of cucumber, and then prevent and control pests and diseases in time.