The earliest paper existed 2200 years ago and in the early Western Han Dynasty, but it was still very rough and was not widely used. In A.D. 105, Cai Lun was regarded as the originator of modern papermaking after improvement in the Eastern Han Dynasty.

The raw materials for papermaking are mainly plant fibers. Besides cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, there are other components with less content, such as resin and ash. In addition, there are auxiliary ingredients such as sodium sulfate.

Paper is generally divided into two types: flat and roll. Flat paper is mainly used one by one, such as paper for printing, writing, painting and so on. Web is mainly used for continuous processing machinery, such as rotary printing, continuous bag making by bag making machine and continuous cigarette making by cigarette making machine.

Extended data

Classification of paper:

1, divided into handmade paper and machine-made paper according to production methods.

2. According to the thickness and weight of paper, it is divided into paper and cardboard.

3. According to the use, it can be divided into packaging paper, printing paper, industrial paper, office paper, cultural paper, household paper and special paper.

Baidu encyclopedia-paper

2. Knowledge about paper

The earliest paper existed 2200 years ago and in the early Western Han Dynasty, but it was still very rough and was not widely used.

In A.D. 105, Cai Lun was regarded as the originator of modern papermaking after improvement in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The raw materials for papermaking are mainly plant fibers. Besides cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, there are other components with less content, such as resin and ash.

In addition, there are auxiliary ingredients such as sodium sulfate. Paper is generally divided into two types: flat and roll.

Flat paper is mainly used one by one, such as paper for printing, writing, painting and so on. Web is mainly used for continuous processing machinery, such as rotary printing, continuous bag making by bag making machine and continuous cigarette making by cigarette making machine.

Expand the classification of information paper: 1, and divide it into manual paper and machine-made paper according to production methods. 2. According to the thickness and weight of paper, it is divided into paper and cardboard.

3. According to the use, it can be divided into packaging paper, printing paper, industrial paper, office paper, cultural paper, household paper and special paper. Baidu encyclopedia-paper.

3. Some knowledge about paper

Paper In ancient times, ancestors mainly relied on knotting records. Later, characters were gradually invented and Oracle bones were used as writing materials.

Later, bamboo and wood chips and silk were discovered and used as writing materials. However, because silk is too expensive and bamboo pieces are too heavy, paper was invented.

According to textual research, the production of paper began in the Western Han Dynasty, and it was widely circulated in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Widely used by people, papermaking has been further improved.

Paper-making raw materials are also diversified. There are many kinds of paper, such as bamboo curtain paper, rattan paper and fish egg paper ... Cai Lun has a wide range of raw materials for papermaking. Paper made of rotten fish nets is called net paper, and paper made of rags is called cloth paper. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the famous Xuan paper was born.

There is a legend in Xuanzhou, Anhui Province, the main producing area of Xuan paper: Cai Lun's apprentice Kong Dan, who made paper in southern Anhui Province, always wanted to make a particularly ideal white paper for his master to paint and compose music. But after many experiments, it can't be achieved.

Once, he happened to see some sandalwood trees lying beside the mountain stream in the mountains, which were corroded by water for a long time and rotted and turned white. Later, he used this bark to make paper and finally succeeded.

It can be concluded that the use of bark to make rice paper was popular in the Tang Dynasty. ) In the Tang Dynasty, on the basis of the previous generation of yellow paper, wax was evenly coated on the paper, which made the paper have the advantages of luster, luster and beauty, and was called hard yellow paper.

The paper industry in the Five Dynasties continued to develop. Chengxintang paper made in Zhangzhou was always recognized as the best paper until the Northern Song Dynasty. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the paper industry flourished and innovated.

All kinds of stationery became popular again, and white paper and elegant paper were highly praised in texture, and the colors were mainly bright and quiet, such as pastel paper in Kangxi and Qianlong periods, printed and dyed paper, etc. By the Qing Dynasty, the production of paper had reached a perfect level. Paper-making process) Generally, the production of printing paper is divided into two basic processes: pulp and paper making.

Pulping is to dissociate plant fiber raw materials into natural pulp or bleached pulp by mechanical method, chemical method or a combination of the two. Paper-making is to combine pulp fibers suspended in water into sheets that meet various requirements through various processes.

Paper mills generally need to store enough raw materials for 4~6 months, so that the raw materials can undergo natural fermentation during storage, which is beneficial to pulping and ensures the continuous production of paper mills. Raw materials such as reed, wheat straw and wood are cut into pieces (for producing chemical pulp) or wood chips (for producing ground wood pulp) in the material preparation section, and then the small pieces of raw materials are put into a digester, added with chemical liquid, and boiled with steam to make the raw materials into pulp, or the wood chips are sent to a wood mill to be ground into pulp, or they can be ground into pulp after a certain degree of cooking.

Then wash the pulp with plenty of clean water, and remove coarse chips, knots, stones and sand from the pulp through screening and purification. According to the requirements of paper species, the pulp is bleached to the required whiteness with bleach, and then beaten with beating equipment.

Then various auxiliary materials, such as fillers, sizing agents and sizing agents, are added to the paper pulp, and then purified and screened again. Finally, the paper pulp is sent to a paper machine for filtering water in the wire section, squeezing and dewatering, drying in a dryer, calendering and coiling, and then cut, rewinding or cutting to produce rolled paper and flat paper. If the production is to produce coated printing paper, it needs to be dried in the middle or produced into a roll paper and then coated.

In addition to the above basic processes, it also includes some auxiliary processes, such as the preparation of cooking liquid, the preparation of bleaching liquid, the boiling of rubber compound, and the recovery of chemicals and heat energy from cooking waste liquid and waste gas. Baqiao Paper: 1957, in Baqiao, the eastern suburb of Xi 'an, ancient paper of the Western Han Dynasty was unearthed in the 2nd century BC.

When it was unearthed, it was a pile of pieces of paper, big and small. The largest one was 10* 10 cm, and the smallest one was 3*4 cm, beige. After repeated scientific tests, it was found that it was mainly made of hemp and a small amount of ramie fiber, that is, it was "plant fiber paper".

This ancient tomb is not later than the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, that is, from 140 to 87 years ago, so it can be concluded that plant fiber paper was produced and used in China more than 2,000 years ago, that is, in the 2nd century BC. This kind of Baqiao paper is the earliest paper in the world excavated by archaeology.

Cai Lun Paper: Cai Lun, an inventor of papermaking in Han Dynasty, is respected for his words. Guiyang (now Chenzhou City, Hunan Province) people.

In the 18th year of Ming Di Yongping (75), he entered the palace as an official. In the first year of Zhanghe in the Eastern Han Dynasty (87), Ren Shangfang made an order.

Paper-making was invented in the first year of Yuan Xing (105). He summed up the experience of predecessors, and began to make paper from bark, hemp head, rags, old fishing nets and other raw materials through the processes of beating, pounding, copying and baking, which was called "Cai Hou Paper", which made great contributions to the reform and popularization of papermaking, and was later passed down as the inventor of papermaking.

Papermaking is one of the four great inventions in ancient China, which has made great contributions to the spread and development of world culture. Zuo Bozhi: After Cai Lun, others constantly improved his methods.

About eighty years after Cai Lun's death (the last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty), another paper-making expert named Zuo Bo appeared. The paper he made is even in thickness, fine in texture and bright in color.

At that time, people called this kind of paper "Zuobo paper". Unfortunately, the raw materials and manufacturing methods used by Zuo Bo have not been recorded in history.

Rattan paper: During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, paper was widely spread and widely used by people, and the papermaking technology was further improved. The papermaking area was concentrated in Luoyang, Henan Province before Jin Dynasty and gradually spread to Vietnam, Shu, Shao, Yang, Anhui and Jiangxi, and the output and quality were increasing day by day. Paper-making raw materials are also diversified, and there are many names of paper.

There is rattan paper with rattan skin as raw material in Tunxi. The paper is even and smooth, as white as jade, leaving no ink. Attachment: Paper history paper is one of the four great inventions of ancient science and technology in China. Together with compass, gunpowder and printing, it provided the material and technical basis for the prosperity of ancient Chinese culture.

The invention of paper ended the complicated history of ancient bamboo slips and greatly promoted the spread and development of culture. In ancient times, ancestors mainly relied on knotting records, and later gradually invented characters and began to use Oracle bones as writing materials.

Later, bamboo and wood chips (bamboo slips) and silk were discovered and used as writing materials. However, because silk is too expensive and bamboo is too heavy, paper was invented.

According to textual research, the production of paper began in the Western Han Dynasty. 1957 Shaanxi Provincial Museum excavated a batch of objects called "Baqiao Paper" in a tomb of the Western Han Dynasty near Baqiao in the eastern suburb of Xi 'an, and its production date should be no later than the era of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty.

Then in Rob, Xinjiang.

4. Cherish the information on paper

The surge in pulp demand is one of the reasons for the increase in wood consumption.

The annual consumption of wood1000000 cubic meters, imported wood pulp1300000 tons and imported pulp over 4 million tons in China, how many trees are to be cut down! A large amount of paper waste not only causes forest destruction, but also seriously pollutes rivers and lakes due to sewage discharged from production. You may not directly cut down the forest, but do you think that wood is the main raw material for paper making, and wasting paper is equivalent to joining the ranks of forest?

Cherishing paper means cherishing our forest resources. Please don't throw away white paper casually, and make full use of the blank space of paper. The used paper can be turned over to make draft paper, note paper, or made into a notebook for use, and the expired calendar can be covered with a book cover.

Refuse to accept those useless propaganda papers that are distributed everywhere. Making these propaganda materials will not only waste a lot of paper, but also destroy the city sanitation because of distributing and pasting them everywhere. You must be inseparable from paper in your study.

Do you know that a large amount of paper is made of wood, and the annual consumption of wood10 million cubic meters in papermaking in China? In the process of papermaking, a lot of wastewater will be discharged, polluting rivers, and the pollution caused by it accounts for more than 30% of the whole water pollution! Save paper.

Is to protect forests and rivers. -Use exercise books sparingly, don't throw away white paper casually, and make full use of the blank space of the paper.

-used paper can be turned over to make draft paper, note paper or self-made notebook; Expired calendar paper can be used to cover books. -Don't send a large number of New Year cards during the New Year, because making beautiful New Year cards requires cutting down trees, and 4,000 cards will sacrifice a big tree, which will destroy the environment.

-Support college students' brothers and sisters' activities of "saving cards to save trees", save money for buying greeting cards, plant trees and protect nature. Suggestion: Actively promote the use of recycled paper and recycled paper products.

You can also choose waste paper to make new year cards, which is both chic and meaningful. The surge in pulp demand is one of the reasons for the increase in wood consumption.

The annual consumption of wood1000000 cubic meters, imported wood pulp1300000 tons, imported paper more than 4 million tons, how many trees will be cut down! The large consumption of paper not only causes forest destruction, but also seriously pollutes rivers and lakes due to the sewage discharged from pulp production (the pollution caused by the paper industry accounts for more than 30% of the total water pollution). What kind of recycled paper products have you used? Have you ever seen a business card or book made of recycled paper? Recycled paper is paper recycled from waste paper.

In many countries, it has become fashionable to use recycled paper. People take it as their honor to show their business cards printed with "Made of recycled paper" to show their environmental awareness and civilized education. Many companies also stipulate that recycled paper should be used as office supplies.

It is stipulated in the United States that 60% of office paper must be recycled paper. China's forest coverage rate is only 1/4 of the world average.

According to statistics, China's forests decreased sharply by 23% in the decade of 10, and the amount of felling stocks decreased by 50%. Since the 1950s, the natural forests in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province have been disappearing at a rate of about10.6 million hectares every year.

At that time, 55% of the original forest coverage area has now been reduced by half. In recent years, Japanese people with various manners are also changing the habit of giving a large number of New Year cards.

Some big companies advertise that they will no longer send greeting cards. College students in our country organized the activity of "saving cards to save trees", advocating saving money for buying greeting cards to plant trees and protect nature.

-used paper can be turned over to make draft paper, note paper, or made into a notebook for use; Expired calendars can be wrapped in book covers. -Refuse to accept those useless propaganda papers that are distributed everywhere. Making these propaganda materials will not only waste a lot of paper, but also destroy the city sanitation because of distributing and posting them everywhere.

Activity goal 1, attitude, emotion and values make students aware of the impact of wasting paper on the environment and resources, take the initiative to take measures to save paper and take responsibility for protecting the environment. 2. Methods and Process Organize students to investigate the amount of paper used, cultivate the consciousness of saving paper, collect information on the history of papermaking and its relationship with the environment, visit the staff of recycled paper factory, and design a plan for saving paper and recycling waste paper according to the collected information.

3. Knowledge and ability enable students to know the consumption of forest resources by a large number of papermaking, the pollution of small paper mills to the environment, and the production methods of recycled paper and the significance of saving paper and using recycled paper to protect the environment. Activity background China uses more than 100 million tons of paper every year, which requires a lot of paper pulp.

Pulp mainly comes from wood and recycled waste paper. At present, the forest coverage rate in China is only 13.92%, and the forest resources used for papermaking are very short.

In recent years, on the one hand, China spends a lot of foreign exchange to import paper, paper plates and waste paper used as papermaking raw materials every year, on the other hand, domestic waste paper is seriously wasted because of its low purchase price. Waste paper is the first choice for papermaking.

According to experts, using waste paper can not only reduce environmental pollution, but also save resources and energy. Abroad, countries rich in forest resources attach great importance to waste paper recycling, such as Japan, where the forest coverage rate is much higher than that of China, and the amount of waste paper recycling is as much as 1 100 million tons, which is equivalent to the total paper consumption in China every year.

1998 The Yangtze River Basin and Northeast China suffered from catastrophic floods, which had a great relationship with deforestation and neglect of forest resources protection. Relevant persons stressed that with the reduction of raw materials for papermaking-logs, from the perspective of environmental protection and resource reuse, the recycling of waste paper should be paid more attention.

Paper is students' daily necessities. Guiding students to pay attention to the problems existing in the use and recycling of paper can make students establish the consciousness of protecting the environment from small things and from themselves. Activity process The whole activity * * * is completed in 3 class hours.

Lesson 1: Guide students to discuss the topic of paper: What do you know about paper? What else do you want to know about paper? Through this activity, students can take the initiative to pay attention to the actual use of paper in their lives, ask questions about paper, and on this basis, choose and determine their own research topics, set up research groups and make research plans. Class 2: Students carry out research and practice activities as planned.

Class 3: Show and exchange the results of preliminary research, conduct in-depth research and exploration, and finally complete the reflection and evaluation of activities. Teacher's Guidance for Student Activities Part I: Basic Activities Section 1 class: From observing the sign of waste paper recycling, focus on the problem of "paper" and start thinking about paper.

Please tell me some common sense and basic types of paper classification.

There are many kinds of paper, which can be roughly divided into six categories according to their uses and quality characteristics, such as cultural paper, industrial paper, packaging paper, household paper, information paper and special paper, which are briefly described as follows: cultural paper is used for information transmission and cultural inheritance, so it is closely related to the printing industry. Common cultural paper such as coated paper, light weight coated paper, Taoist paper, news paper and Bible paper.

Wait. Industrial paper: Paper or paperboard used to make cartons, cartons, paper cups, paper trays, etc. is called industrial paper because it needs to be processed again. Common industrial paper is kraft paper board, corrugated medium paper, coated white board and chip board.

Wait. Packaging paper: paper used to make paper bags, shopping bags and paper plastic bags. Common packaging paper is cellophane, wrapping paper and kraft paper for bags.

Wait. Household paper: paper related to health care or home life, such as toilet paper, facial tissue, diapers, napkins, paper towels and medical paper.

Wait. Information paper: It is called information paper in Japan. Because of the rise of office automation and computer tabulator, it is a paper that has developed rapidly recently, such as non-carbon copy paper, photocopy paper, computer report paper, thermal recording paper (such as fax paper), electrostatic recording paper, etc.

Special paper: paper made for special purposes, such as cotton paper, rice paper, oil-proof paper, rust-proof paper and banknote paper. Wait.

◎ Cultural paper: coated paper, forest paper, molded paper, paper roll, book paper, drawing paper, poster paper, typing paper, Bible paper, envelope paper, cigarette paper, Grazin paper, newsprint, etc. 1. Coated paper-coated paper which is coated and dried on the surface of base paper and then calendered. Its grades can be divided into the following categories: (1) Super coated paper (A0): the highest-grade coated paper which has been coated for two to three times. The total coating amount is above 25g/m2, the glossiness is above 80 degrees, the paper surface is extremely fine and smooth, and the prints are very clear and bright, which is applicable.

(2) Super coated paper (A 1): According to the general classification standard of Japanese paper industry, the coating amount on each side is about 20g/m2, and the paper surface is smooth and detailed, with excellent printability. (3) Coated paper (A2): Coated paper can be divided into single-sided and double-sided coating. According to the classification standard of Japanese paper industry, the coating amount on each side is about 10g/m2 or more, which is one of the most commonly used paper types in cultural publishing, advertising design, printing and binding, and industry and commerce.

(4) Lightweight coated paper (A3): coated paper with a coating amount of about 7- 10g/m2 according to the Japanese paper classification standard. (5) Blunt coated paper: coated coated coated with calendering on the powder surface, with a gloss of about 20-40 and high printing gloss.

(6) Snow coated coated paper: coated with calendered coated paper with glossiness below 20 degrees, the paper is soft, non-reflective, and not harmful to eyesight. (7) Micro-coated paper: After pigment coating and calendering, the paper surface uniformity and smoothness are improved, and the ink holding property of the paper is improved.

(8) Marking paper: paper for printing books which is coated and processed directly on the paper machine, and is suitable for color, register and monochrome printed matter. (9) Magazine paper: lightly coated and calendered book printing paper is the most commonly used paper in magazines at present.

2. Dowling paper: printing and writing paper made of chemical pulp is one of the most commonly used paper types for cultural publishing, printing and binding at present. For example, Dowling paper produced by our company has different paper colors with dyes, such as blue-white Dowling paper and beige Dowling paper. 3. Mould papermaking: The printing and writing paper made of chemical pulp and part of mechanical pulp is slightly worse than that of forest paper, with slightly yellow color, good toughness, strong tensile force and low price, which is quite common to use.

4. Coated paper: It is a kind of forest paper with strong toughness and rough surface, which has waterproof and moisture-proof functions to enhance the infiltration and adhesion of coated paper. The company also produces coated paper and yellow coated paper. 5. Book-printing paper: Die-making paper specially used for printing books. Due to the problem of eye protection, the paper is mostly light beige, and its characteristics are roughly the same as those of ordinary die-making paper.

6. Picture paper: The paper color is slightly milky white, which is not harmful to eyesight, strong, wipe-resistant, lint-free, and has strong water absorption and color rendering power. 7. Securities roll paper: high-grade writing paper that is strong and flexible and can be used for valuable securities, high-grade documents and letters.

Eight, poster: thin single glossy paper, suitable for posters, slogans, calendars, ten-line paper. Typing paper: high-grade thin paper for typing and copying, suitable for reports, subpoenas and stationery.

Bible paper: It contains a large amount of titanium dioxide filler, is light in weight and high in opacity, and is specially used for printing bibles, dictionaries or air express. 11. Sealing paper: One-sided glossy paper for document copying and stamp packaging, with extremely strong paper quality and strong luster on one side.

12. Cigarette paper: It contains a large amount of calcium carbonate filler, so that the paper has a buffering effect when burning because calcium carbonate decomposes into carbon dioxide, and it will not burn too fast. 13. Grazing paper: paper treated by a strong calender after being highly beaten, which is used in packaging, photo albums, stamp albums and other separate pages.

Newsprint: The main raw material is ground wood pulp, the whiteness should be above 55%GE, and the oil permeability should be appropriate. ◎ Household paper: generally speaking, it refers to consumer cleaning tissue paper, which includes: facial paper, napkin, toilet paper, kitchen paper towels, sanitary napkins, etc.

1. Face paper: tissue paper for cosmetics and cleaning. Its raw materials are mostly bleached chemical pulp and snail pulp. When it is processed into wrinkles, it is characterized by not tearing easily, being flexible, not prone to pilling, being moisture-resistant, and not containing migratable fluorescent agent. 2. Napkins: Paper used to replace napkins during meals is generally 100% native chemical pulp or mixed with some native mechanical wood pulp, and it also must not contain transferable fluorescent agent.

3. Kitchen paper towels: Use bleached chemical pulp and wet strength agent to make wrinkled paper instead of towels for kitchen wiping. Toilet paper: toilet paper with moderate softness and easy water absorption. According to the surface state, the products can be divided into wrinkled toilet paper and patterned toilet paper, and according to the structural shape, they can be divided into roll type (including single layer and double layer) and flat type (including folding and continuous extraction type). The so-called roll is to make a row of small holes parallel to the axis of the roll at regular intervals so that the paper can be easily torn off the roll.

5. Sanitary cotton: Generally, it consists of a covering, an absorber and a leakproof body. Its texture should be soft, neutral, free from stains, impurities and pulp lumps, and its appearance should be free from shedding, breaking and hole breaking.

◎ Introduction of industrial paper products: 1. Liner board of cowhide.

6. Ask a tip about paper.

Tell you what are the tips for simply detecting paper!

Sheet-fed inspection

Pick a piece of paper randomly from the paper pile, touch the surface with your hand or look at the paper flat to check the smoothness and cleanliness of the paper surface. common

Generally speaking, the paper surface should be flat, seamless and free from pimples, and there should be no spots with different colors and reflections on the paper surface, or dust inconsistent with the paper color.

Hold up the paper and observe it in the light to check the uniformity of the paper. The paper should not have light and shade, different degrees of light transmission or transparent points when observing in the light. If a large area of uneven cloud spots appear on the paper, it means that the uniformity of the paper is very poor, which will seriously affect the quality of printed matter.

7. What are the basic common sense about paper?

1 A4 paper is commonly used in our office, and A4 paper is a standard size paper made in China according to the size of international common paper. In this standard, A4 paper is 16 open paper of A series full open paper.

Its size is 210 * 297mm.

2. What are the specifications of paper? Commonly used paper has two specifications: generous and positive.

3. What is generous paper? Specification 889* 1 193(mm) is a large paper.

4. What is positive paper? Specification 787* 1092(mm) is orthographic paper.

5. Measurement of paper. Unit of measurement order or roll of paper. Roll the whole paper into a tube called a web, usually one roll is equivalent to 10 ream, and one ream is usually 500 sheets of paper. The thickness of paper is measured in grams, which means the weight of a piece of paper per square meter.

Please tell me some common sense and basic types of paper classification.

Coated paper: Coated paper can be divided into single-sided and double-sided coating. According to the Japanese paper classification standard, the coating amount on each side is about 10g/m2, which is one of the most commonly used paper types in cultural publishing, advertising design, printing and binding, and industry and commerce.

Light weight coated paper: After pigment coating and calendering, the paper uniformity and smoothness are improved, and the ink holding property of the paper is improved;

Dorian paper-printing and writing paper made of chemical pulp, is one of the most commonly used paper types for cultural publishing, printing and binding at present;

Bible paper-contains a lot of titanium dioxide filler, which is light and opaque, and is specially used for printing bibles, dictionaries or air express.

Difference:

Coated paper: smooth, bright, uniform ink absorption, good gloss and high opacity. After color printing, the pattern effect is bright and the color level is good, which is suitable for color printed matter;

Dowling paper: the surface is uncoated, and the gloss and smoothness are worse than that of coated paper;

Light weight coated paper: Low basis weight coated paper is between coated paper and offset paper. Its color printing effect is comparable to coated paper, and it has good opacity and smoothness. The durability is small, so it is more suitable for printing printed matter that does not need long-term preservation;

Bible paper: the paper is light and very thin, so thousands of pages of paper are only the thickness of ordinary books. The paper is slippery, smoother than ordinary paper and not rough.