China is one of the central birthplace of pear plants, domestic cultivation of white pear, sand pear, autumn pear are native to China. According to "poetry", "qimin yaojutsu" and other ancient records, China's pear tree cultivation history in more than 4000 years. Pear tree is China's northern and southern parts of the cultivation of the most common type of fruit trees, according to 1995 statistics, pear area has developed to 8,599,500 acres, second only to apples and oranges, ranked third in the country.
I, the distribution area
China's pear production is the largest province of Hebei, Shandong, Liaoning, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Yunnan and so on. The main pear producing areas are Yantai, Shandong, cultivars for Huang County long handle pear, Qixia large perfume pear, Laiyang Cili, Laixi Crystal Pear and Perfume Pear; Handan, Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Xingtai area, the main varieties of duck pear, Snow Pear; Suizhong, Liaoning Province, Beijin, Yixian, Jinsi, Fuxin, etc. Mainly produces Autumn and White Pear, Duck Pear, and Autumn Pear system of a number of varieties; Dangshan in Anhui Province, and around the area of the Crisp Pear producing areas; Shanxi GaoPing For rhubarb pear producing areas, yuanshei is to yellow pear and oil pear main carrier varieties; Lanzhou, Gansu Province to produce winter fruit pear famous; Jinchuan Snow Pear in Sichuan Province and the volume of creek pear; Xinjiang's Korla pear and pear, Yantai, Dalian, western pear are also famous.
Two, cultivation significance
Pear fruit for fresh eating, crisp and juicy meat, sweet and sour, aromatic and beautiful flavor. Rich in sugar, protein, fat, carbohydrates and a variety of vitamins, has an important role in human health. Pear fruit can also be processed to make dried pears, dried pears, pear cream, pear juice, canned pears, etc., can also be used to brewing, vinegar. Pear fruit also has medical value, can help digestion, moisten the lungs and clear the heart, eliminate phlegm, cough, fever, detoxification of the effect of sores, there are diuretic, moistening the role of the stool. Pear wood is meticulous, moderately soft and hard, is the raw material for carving seals and high-grade furniture.
Many pear production areas in China, its income has become the main doorway for farmers to get rich, and become a pillar industry of the local national economic income. Therefore, the development of pear production to improve the living standards of farmers and promote China's agricultural development is of great significance.
Three, cultivation characteristics
Pear tree on the soil adaptability is very strong, regardless of mountainous, hilly, sandy, depressions, saline and red soil, can grow and fruit. Under general cultivation and management conditions, high yield can be obtained.
Pear tree life long, economic use of long years, China's north and south around the pear area, 100 to 150 years old tree is a lot of, and leafy, fruitful, some of the single yield up to 1000 to 1500 kilograms or more.
The pear plant in the autumn pear has a very strong cold resistance, most of its cultivars can withstand -30 ℃ low temperature, such as: small fragrant mountain pear, hemp pear, eight lixiang and flower cover and other varieties. White pear cold resistance can also be to -23 ~ -25 ℃ low temperature.
Pear tree waterlogging tolerance is particularly strong, according to research in the lack of oxygen in stagnant water can endure 9 days, second only to grapes.
Seedling propagation with grafting method, commonly used rootstocks are pear, pear, pear, pear, sand pear. Pear dwarf cultivation is an important means of intensive cultivation of fruit trees, at present, the production, the selection of dwarfing rootstock is better Yunnan quince, it has cuttings survival rate is high, the dwarfing effect of strong characteristics; China's scientific and technological workers selected and bred K rootstock, such as: K31, K9, K13, K21, K28 are showing strong dwarfing or semi-dwarfing characteristics, and the pear of the various varieties of affinity, grafting healing is good, and rooting ability. and rooting ability.
The vast majority of varieties of pear tree self-flowering does not bear fruit, even if some varieties of self-pollination has a certain ability to bear fruit, but heterogamous pollination can bear fruit better, therefore, pear orchards configure a good combination of pollination and enough pollination number is very necessary. Generally in accordance with the main varieties and pollinated varieties 3:1, 4:1 ratio is appropriate.
Planting density should take into account the terrain, varieties. Generally in the deep fertile soil, irrigation is convenient plains, the tree is large, planting should be sparse, row spacing 2 to 4 meters × 5 to 7 meters, mu planting 23 to 66 plants. Mountainous, sandy, saline and alkaline land planting should be denser, 2 to 4 meters × 3 to 5 meters. Dwarf dense garden 1.5 meters × 3 meters to 3 × 4 meters, mu planting 55 to 148 plants.
Four, the main cultivars
China's cultivated pear varieties, mainly belonging to the autumn pear, white pear, pear, pear, pear, four systems, types and varieties are very much, the north and south of the pear area, have adapted to the cultivation of each region, different ripening sets of varieties. In liaoning, jilin, northern hebei, Gansu Longzhong and hexi corridor and other areas of the main cultivation species autumn pear. In the north of the Yangtze river basin, up to the Great Wall of Hebei and western Liaoning region to the white pear system of varieties. And south of the Yangtze river basin provinces, districts, more distribution of sand pear system varieties. And foreign pear system varieties are mainly distributed in jiaodong, shandong province, dalian, liaoning province, and the yellow river old road area, cultivation area is very small.
Apricot
Apricot is an excellent fruit tree, belonging to the rose deciduous tree, distributed in the north of China. In the western part of Beijing, the mountains are
visible, and the leaves are lush and green.
Proverb cloud: "peach three apricot four pear five years, jujube tree that year to sell money". It is said that the apricot tree four years on the blossom and fruit, benefit earlier, five
years into the fruitful period; its general life expectancy of 40 years to 100 years, there is a "longevity tree," the name.
The apricot tree is generally 5 to 7 meters high, the crown of the tree is more sunny and happy type, dense branches, the leaf blade into an ovate, broadly ovate, the edge of the leaf blade has a fine
obtuse serration, the back of the leaf is slightly hairy or glabrous.
The fruit of the apricot tree is round, called apricot, with a reddish-yellow skin and flesh about half a centimeter thick; the apricot kernel has three kinds of kernels: free kernel, semi-free kernel and sticky kernel. The nuclear surface is smooth, the edge has a groove; apricot kernel is thin and hard, there are almonds inside. Almonds have sweet, bitter points, apricots generally weigh 20 grams to 70 grams, large up to 100 grams or more.
The apricot tree is highly adaptable, and the adult apricot tree has a thick skin, which can withstand cold temperatures of minus 20 to 30 degrees. Apricot tree root system is developed, into the soil is very deep, about the height of the tree is equivalent, which is also the reason for its cold resistance.
The apricot tree usually buds in early April and blossoms in the middle of the month, with a flowering period of five to seven years. Every year when the apricot blossoms, the hillside, riverbanks, both sides of the road a pink and white, such as yarn, like a dream, like a fog, fragrance, refreshing. early May, with the apricot blossoms withered. Green apricot high hanging branches. Apricot has two growth climax, the first occurred in early May, the second in July, but weaker than the previous. After this, the apricot trees are dotted with green apricots and the harvest is in sight. The wind is blowing, a green apricot like grasping the branches of the tree swing like, very happy. Every year in May and June when the wheat harvest apricot ripe, far away, full of golden trees, it is time to pick the harvest.
The apricot is not easy to store and transport, picking to take the green early harvest, to avoid broken branches and leaves. Picked red apricots, white apricots should be transported to the fruit market in a timely manner, the general apricots should be quickly processed peeled, the pulp dried.
Apricot is a favorite fruit, rich in nutrition and a variety of vitamins. Apricots can be made into dried apricots, apricot jam and so on. Almonds are mainly used to extract oil, can also be made into food, and medicinal, cough, laxative effect. Almond is China's traditional commodities, every year for the country for a large amount of foreign exchange; apricot wood hard, is a good material for furniture; apricot tree branches can be used as fuel, apricot leaves can be made of fodder. Apricot tree is the whole body is a treasure, is the farmer's money tree. Plum tree is not dioecious, but the fruit will be affected by the age of growth, weather changes. Generally 3 years after the fruit.
If it is a technical problem of cultivation, you can refer to the following information:]
Plum low-yield reasons and countermeasures
Plum tree adaptability, early results; plum fruit with high nutritional value, and colorful and beautiful, strong flavor; plus the plum fruit listed early, the supply of fresh fruit for a long period of time. So the planting area of plum is increasing. And with the continuous improvement of people's living standards, the demand for plum is also increasing year by year. At present the production of some areas of the phenomenon of low yield of Li, the reasons for.
One of the reasons for low yield:
1. Sloppy management, no fertilizer or less fertilizer, can not meet the needs of its growth and results. Resulting in serious blossom and fruit drop, low yield per unit area.
2. Improper pruning, leaving too many or too few branches.
3. Single variety, poor pollination and fertilization.
Morphology: deciduous tree, up to 15m; crown is natural semicircular; bark dark gray, oblong small blocky cracks. The apex of winter buds is obtuse. The branchlets are densely brown or brown pilose, and then gradually fall off. Leaves elliptic, broadly elliptic or obovate, 6-18cm long, subleathery; leaf tips acuminate, leaf bases broadly cuneate or suborbicular, leaf surfaces dark green and glossy, leaf backs light green. Monoecious or dioecious, flowers four basal, corolla campanulate, yellowish-white, 4-lobed, hairy; male flowers 3 in rows of cymules; female flowers solitary in leaf axils; calyx 4-parted, enlarged after anthesis; female flowers with 8 staminodes, 8-loculed ovary, styles separated from base, ovary superior. Berry ovoid or oblate, 2.5-8 cm in diam., orange-yellow or bright yellow, persistent calyx ovoid, apex obtuse-rounded. Flowering May-June; fruit ripening September-October.
Habitat: robust, south from Guangdong north to northern China are cultivated, roughly the northern boundary in the latitude of 40 ° north of the Great Wall south of the region. The average annual temperature of 9 ℃, absolute low temperature in -20 ℃ above the region can grow, growing season April-November average temperature of 17 ℃ or so, the average temperature during the ripening period in 18-19 ℃ when the fruit can be good quality Lv quality. Prefer warm and humid climate, also resistant to drought, the annual rain in the growing period of more than 500mm, such as the summer drought will cause fruit drop, but in the summer and fall fruit development period if too much rain will make the branches and leaves in vain, hindering the formation of flower buds, but also not conducive to the growth of fruit. Persimmon is a deep-rooted species, the soil requirements are not strict, in the mountains, plains, slightly acidic, slightly alkaline soil can grow; also very resistant to wet land, but the soil layer is deep and fertile, well-drained and humus-rich neutral loam or clay loam is ideal.
4. Li flowering early. North China generally late March to late April flowering, Northeast China in late April and early May. At this time the temperature is low, the pollen tube elongation is slow, easy to midway failure, pollination and fertilization is unfavorable.
5. plum flowering and young fruit is prone to late frost damage, resulting in a large number of flowers and fruit, seriously affecting the yield.
6. Mealybugs can cause serious damage and weaken the tree.
Two, countermeasures:
1. Strengthen the orchard on the fertilizer and water management, enhance the tree.
(1) autumn casting base fertilizer: can be carried out in September, to farmyard manure-based. At the same time add 1% urea. Favorable to restore the tree, increase the accumulation of stored nutrients.
(2) growing season fertilizer: fertilizer attention to nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium with the application.
Pre-flowering fertilizer and irrigation. Adult trees 1kg of urea per plant, young trees discretionary. Fertilizer should be flooded in time to meet the demand for water and fertilizer during the flowering period, which can make the budding neat, more flowers, pollination and fertilization for a long time, and improve the fruiting rate.
Fruiting period combined with pest control, the liquid added 0.3% 0.5% urea. Can effectively alleviate the state of nutrient supply tension.
Fertilizer bud differentiation period, around June 20, combined with pest control, adding 0.3% 0.5% urea and 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate in the liquid. Benefit from flower bud differentiation and fruit expansion.
Post-harvest fertilizer; phosphate and potash-based foliar spray fertilizer. Available 0.3% potassium phosphate and 0.3% urea mixed spray canopies. Benefit from the branch enrichment.
2, winter shearing to determine the appropriate amount of stay:
Lee's yield and branch volume, branch volume is too small, the number of fruiting branches is small, affecting yield; stay branch volume is mostly, nutrition dispersion, scenery conditions deteriorate. The inner twigs are easy to die, the fruiting part is easy to move out, the yield will also be reduced. Determine the appropriate amount of branches is high-yield, stable yield, quality is an important guarantee. General plant yield 100-150kg of plum trees, bouquet of fruiting branches to stay 4000-6000. Fruit large varieties may be appropriate to reduce the amount of retained branches.
3, pay attention to the configuration of pollination varieties or artificial pollination, flowering bees, etc., to improve the Lee's heterogamous pollination rate, which can significantly reduce fruit drop, improve yield.
4, delayed budding, delayed flowering period:
① Selection of varieties with late flowering period.
② Early spring with fertilizer for post-thaw irrigation, reduce the ground temperature.
③Branch whitening: 50 times of lime milk sprayed on the branches before germination can make the tree temperature rise slowly.
5, frost:
In addition to delaying the flowering period can prevent early spring frost, but also according to the weather forecast, before the frost appeared to the orchard irrigation, or spray water on the canopy.
6, strengthen the plum orchard mealybug prevention and control work:
In all parts of the plum orchard, there is a widespread mealybug damage situation, the severity of which will lead to the annual growth of plum trees is very small, and even extreme weakness and frequent death. Seriously affects the amount of plum tree households. In winter, dust the tree with a stiff brush, or cut off the branches with too many mealybugs, or use a scraper to lightly scrape the skin. Can be respectively in May to the upper and early June if the insects concentrated hatching period spray control. Commonly used agents are: kill or 50% of the fenitrothion 1500 times liquid
With the improvement of people's living standards and the development of foreign trade, apricots, almonds, more and more in demand. In the future, all parts of the country can be cultivated according to the conditions, and further improve the varieties, transplantation test, so that the north apricot south, so that people around the motherland can eat apricots, almonds , in order to meet the needs of the people.
The orange live seedling grows vigorously but does not flower or fruit, can only do rootstock. I use orange live seedlings as rootstock, with excellent varieties of orange shoots as scion for grafting.
Source of rootstock seedlings Spring in the market to buy orange fruits, take out the seeds directly planted in potting soil, keep the soil moist can be, after the seed sprouting seedlings that is the seedling, growth 1 to 2 years of seedlings can do rootstock. Selection of scion should be selected robust not yet semi-woody branches, with 2 buds and 2 leaves, leaves to cut off 2 / 3. zg
Specific operation After the spring tangerine began to grow, about the middle to late May, cut off the top of the rootstock seedling, with a sharp knife (double-sided razor blade or scalpel) from the center of the interception down to the straight cut, the operation should be stable, the incision should be straight, so that the cut into a cut, the length of about 0.5 ~ 1cm The length is about 0.5-1cm. Scion cutting, the use of both sides of the symmetrical cutting into a wedge, but also to do a cut into a cut to ensure that the incision is smooth, the length of the length of the incision with the rootstock is similar. Then gently and steadily insert the scion, aligned with the formation layer. Note that the scion should not be inserted straight, to be slightly angled with the rootstock is appropriate, so as to ensure that the scion and the rootstock formation layer at least 2 contact points, which is the key to survival. With about 1 ~ 2mm wide plastic tape from top to bottom loosely tied, tied length slightly longer than the interface is appropriate, and then set of plastic bags, generally 10cm × 15cm transparent bags, and in the corner of the bag cut a small mouth to prevent the internal temperature is too high.
Management and maintenance First of all, shade, which is essential to control the temperature to maintain the temperature, the conditions of the available curtains into a shade or placed in the back of the shade to ensure that the sun in the morning at 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. or so to diffuse light is appropriate. Half a month after grafting, do not see the scion wilting, leaf blade firm, fresh and moist, there is a possibility of survival, after about 1 month of maintenance, the interface healing. The plastic bag should be removed. Remove the bag after 1 week, should continue to shade, to be the interface expansion, should be promptly removed tie line. For the buds on the rootstock should be erased in a timely manner to ensure the supply of nutrients to the scion. Catch a good seedling, properly managed, the year can sprout new branches, the next year can be drawn 3 to 4 new branches, such as strong growth can appear buds, bear fruit.