Variety selection of 1
Strawberries in greenhouse should be selected with short dormancy period, low temperature tolerance, more flowers under low temperature conditions, strong self-pollination ability, large and neat fruits, high yield, few deformed fruits and good taste, such as Hongyan, Zhangji, Bao Jing, Baojiao Zaosheng, Fengxiang, adding fragrance in red sleeves, Beijing Tibetan incense and so on. In actual production, Hongyan and Zhangji strawberries are mostly used.
2 timely colonization
The planting period is around mid-September. Strawberries should be transplanted with soil, planted with soil, strong seedlings should be selected and weak seedlings should be eliminated. Leave more than 3 leaves per plant, and plant two rows in each border, with a row spacing of 35-45cm and a hole spacing of 25-30cm. The planting depth is "deep without burying the heart, shallow without exposing the roots". If the seedling heart is buried too deep, it will rot easily. Too shallow new stems are exposed, which will dry up the seedlings and die. When planting, make the root system of seedlings stretch, cultivate fine soil, and make the base of seedling heart flush with the bed surface. Planting 5000 plants every 667㎡, the arched back of the planted seedlings is outward, so that the inflorescence extends to the ditch, which is beneficial to the fruit to see light, promote coloring and facilitate harvesting.
3 Site management
3. 1 Bucket shed and plastic film mulching
When the average temperature reaches about 13℃, the shed should be kept warm, generally from the middle of 10 to the early of10. . It is not advisable to buckle the shed too early, otherwise the temperature will be too high, which will affect the differentiation of lateral flower buds; It is not too late to buckle the shed, which will obviously delay the flowering and fruiting of the lateral inflorescence. After the greenhouse is buckled, the strawberries will be covered with black plastic film when they sprout. The mulch film should be flat, close to the border and close to the border surface. Around the plastic film should be compacted with soil, holes should be dug in the plastic film to release seedlings, and all leaves should be released to prevent seedlings from being baked at high temperature.
3.2 release bees
Beekeeping in shed can promote pollination, increase fruit setting rate, reduce abnormal fruit and improve fruit quality. One box in each shed, and Chinese bees are suitable for bee species. The time of releasing bees is 5 ~ 6 days before flowering. Feed the bees with white sugar water properly. Pay attention to ventilation and dehumidification during the day, and cover the vents with gauze to prevent bees from flying out. Close the hive mouth before applying pesticide, move the hive out of the shed, and then move the hive into the shed 2 ~ 4 days after applying pesticide to avoid a large number of bees dying due to applying pesticide.
3.3 Temperature and Humidity Management
The optimum temperature for strawberry growth is 20 ~ 28℃, and the greenhouse temperature is kept at 25 ~ 30℃ during the day, not higher than 35℃ and not lower than 20℃. When the daytime temperature in the greenhouse exceeds 30℃, open the shed door, and at the same time open the shed films on both sides for ventilation and cooling, so as to keep the temperature in the greenhouse at about 25℃. The temperature at night is 12 ~ 15℃, and shall not be lower than 5℃. When the temperature in the shed is lower than 5℃, double-layer shed can be used to cover it, or grass can be covered in time to keep warm. The humidity in the shed should be kept at 70% ~ 80%. When the relative humidity is high, it will not only hinder flowering, pollination and fertilization, but also easily lead to various diseases and insect pests. If the humidity is high at harvest time, gray mold is easy to occur. Noon is the best time for ventilation and dehumidification. The rest of the time, ventilation and dehumidification should be carried out on the basis of heat preservation.
3.4 Factory Management
3.4. 1 Remove old leaves
After the new leaves are unfolded, the old leaves begin to age, and the nutrition made by the old leaves can no longer meet the needs of plant growth, and it is also easy to be infected with diseases. Therefore, it is necessary to remove old leaves, dead leaves and diseased leaves in time, which is conducive to improving ventilation and light transmission conditions, and only 6 ~ 7 leaves can be kept. Strawberry will produce a large number of axillary buds and stolons in the growth process, which consumes a lot of nutrients and reduces the quality and yield of single fruit, so it should be removed in time.
3.4.2 flower thinning and fruit thinning
Strawberry in greenhouse is rich in nutrition at the first flower, with large fruit, early maturity and good quality. Flowers that bloom late have little malnutrition, or only bloom without fruit, which consumes nutrition and reduces yield, even if the fruit has no commercial value. Therefore, in the flowering and fruiting period, flowers and fruits should be thinned in time, and 1 ~ 3 fruits should be left in each inflorescence, and the fruits with short pedicels, small flowers, small fruits or malformations should be thinned out. According to the variety and plant growth, it is appropriate to leave 7 ~ 12 fruits per plant. Remove the remaining inflorescences in time after picking to reduce nutrient consumption.
3.5 Fertilizer and water management
3.5. 1 water management
Strawberry has shallow roots, small plants, large leaves and large evaporation surface. It needs enough water during its growing period, but it is afraid of waterlogging. Proper watering at regular intervals can keep the soil moisture at 60% ~ 80% of the maximum field capacity. Watering several times should follow this principle. If the edge of the young leaves doesn't spit water in the morning, the strawberry is short of water. If young leaves spit a lot of water at the edge, it means that strawberry rhizosphere soil is not short of water. Generally, drip irrigation is used, and irrigation is carried out for 5 ~ 7 days 1 time. When the soil is wet, the irrigation times can be reduced.
Fertilizer management
Because of the long growth cycle and high requirements for fertilizer and water conditions, it is necessary to provide sufficient fertilizer for strawberry in greenhouse to meet the needs of strawberry growth. Because strawberry cultivation in greenhouse needs to be covered with plastic film, which increases the difficulty of topdressing during the growing period, so it is necessary to apply base fertilizer. The base fertilizer is mainly organic fertilizer, with an appropriate amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer, which is applied during soil preparation before cultivation. The decomposed high-quality farmyard manure should be applied at 3000kg/667m2, and the decomposed cake manure (rapeseed cake) can be applied at 100kg/667m2 if conditions permit. On the basis of applying base fertilizer, topdressing phosphorus and potassium fertilizer can increase the sugar content of strawberries and improve the fruit quality. After budding, topdressing is started, which is easy to repeat in a small amount. Generally, topdressing is performed once in 15 ~ 20 days, mainly in the fruiting period. Drip irrigation and topdressing outside the roots were used. 20kg chlorine-free high-potassium liquid or water-soluble fertilizer should be topdressing every 667m2 before the top fruit picking and in the peak period, and the concentration should be controlled at 0.2% ~ 0.3%. At the same time, KH2PO4 can be topdressing outside the roots with the concentration of 0. 1% ~ 0.2% to improve the sugar content of the fruit.
4 pest control
There are many pests and diseases of strawberry in greenhouse, and the common diseases are anthracnose, gray mold, powdery mildew, leaf spot and so on. Common pests are aphids, whiteflies, thrips and so on.
4. 1 agricultural control
4. 1. 1 Select disease-resistant varieties and plant with reasonable density.
Different varieties have different resistance to strawberry diseases. For example, red strawberries are sensitive to anthracnose and gray mold; Zhang Ji has moderate resistance to anthracnose and gray mold; In the process of greenhouse production, the resistance of ruby varieties to gray mold is disease resistance, and the resistance to powdery mildew is moderate. Proper reduction of planting density is beneficial to ventilation and light transmission in strawberry orchard, reducing field humidity, reducing the probability of disease occurrence and enhancing strawberry disease resistance.
4. 1.2 Strengthening management
Comprehensive use of water and fertilizer, base fertilizer, topdressing and foliar topdressing, less nitrogen fertilizer and more organic fertilizer and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer can cultivate healthy plants and reduce the harm of pests and diseases. Covering the frame with plastic film can reduce the contact between the fruit and the soil, reduce the humidity in the shed and alleviate the disease. Do a good job of sanitation in the shed, remove weeds, diseased leaves, old leaves and sick plants in time, and take them out of the shed for centralized burning or deep burial; At the same time, it destroys the living space of pests, reduces the number of insect sources in the shed and plays a preventive role.
4.2 chemical control
4.2. 1 anthrax
Ollie-Rick-Su Jing was sprayed 300 ~ 500 times at the initial stage of the disease, and the dose was 1 time, once every 5 ~ 7 days, depending on the condition. Or spray with 50% prochloraz manganese salt wettable powder 1000 times 10d times, or spray with 60% azoxystrobin +00d for 800 times, and spray continuously for 3-5 times.
Grey mold
The best application time is when more than 20% of strawberry inflorescence 1 blooms and the second inflorescence just blooms. During the heat preservation in greenhouse, 50% iprodione suspension 1000 ~ 1500 times, 50% boscalid water dispersible granule 1500 times, or 50% procymidone wettable powder 1000 ~ 1500 times. , every 7 times. In the later stage of production, 50% Kaiser water dispersible granules 1000 times liquid spray can be selected.
4.2.3 powdery mildew
At the initial stage of the disease, 50% water dispersible granule of kresoxim-methyl was selected, and 10~20g ~ 20g was mixed with 30kg of water every 667m2 and sprayed. Or 75% penconazole kresoxim-methyl water dispersible granules, every 667 m2 10 ~ 15g, add 30 ~ 50kg of water and spray. Focus on spraying the diseased heart and surrounding plants. Sulfur fumigation shed can block the spread of hyphae and kill spores. Sulfur fumigators are generally used in production, and one is installed every 60 ~1000 m2 in the greenhouse. Choose fumigation at night for no more than 3 hours and ventilation the next morning. Avoid high temperature period to avoid phytotoxicity to strawberries.
leaf spot
Choose high-efficiency and low-toxicity drugs. At the beginning of the disease, 80% mancozeb wettable powder can be used for 600-800 times or 24% nitrile benzoxazole wettable powder 1000 times, and sprayed every 7- 10d/times for 2-3 times continuously.
4.2.5 Spodoptera litura
The pesticide can be sprayed with 20% Palite EC 1500 times, 20% diflubenzuron suspension 1500 ~ 2000 times and 15% Anta suspension 3500 times, and the control time is before the third instar of Spodoptera litura.
Strawberry mite
70% chlorothalonil wettable powder 500 ~ 700 times solution was selected at the initial stage of the disease, and it was sprayed again after 10d. 25% triazole tin wettable powder 1500 times solution, or 15% pyridaben EC 1500 times solution after heat preservation.
4.2.7 Aphids, Whiteflies and Thrips
Before releasing bees, chemical control can be carried out with 10% imidacloprid 1000 times solution, or 6% ethyl spinosad suspension, or 5% acetamiprid wettable powder 1500 times solution. After releasing bees, 3000 times solution of 22% PTFE suspension can be used for control.
4.3 Biological control
4.3. 1 Use sexual attractants.
Using sex attractants to lure male moths, reduce mating, reduce insect population density and control Spodoptera litura. The height of the trap from the ground is about 1m, and its effective function is about 20m.
4.3.2 Using natural enemies
Suppress pests by natural enemies. For example, when controlling aphids, whiteflies and thrips, natural enemies such as ladybugs, harmonia axyridis and parasitic bees can be used for biological control. Releasing predatory mites during the flowering and fruiting period of strawberry in greenhouse can also inhibit the number of harmful mites in strawberry to a great extent.
4.4 Physical Prevention and Control
4.4. 1 yellow utilization
According to the yellowing tendency of aphids, whiteflies and thrips, yellow boards can be artificially set to trap and kill adults. The specific measures are to cut the cardboard or plastic film board into about 40cm×50cm, paint it yellow, and then coat it with a layer of sticky oil (sticky oil can be engine oil, or butter can be added to the engine oil and mixed evenly), clamp it with bamboo pieces and insert it between plants to make the yellow board 30cm higher than the plants. It is advisable to set 30 ~ 50 per 667m2. In general, 10 ~ 15d should be oiled again. If there are too many traps, you can add oil in time according to the situation.
4.4.2 Artificial killing
Pests and diseases in greenhouse can be alleviated by artificially catching larvae and adults, scraping off egg pieces, removing insect cocoons and cutting off damaged branches and leaves. Black light can also be used to trap and kill adults of Noctuidae.
5 harvest
Strawberry fruit surface is green at first, gradually turns white, and finally turns red to dark red. When the fruit surface is red to more than 70%, it can be harvested. Strawberries must be picked in time when they are ripe. If harvested too late, berries will rot easily and cause losses. Picking at intervals of 1 ~ 2 days 1 time, picking once in the full fruit season of 1 day, and picking all the fruits with suitable maturity each time. Because strawberry berries contain a lot of water, and the skin is very thin, so when picking, you should handle them gently, hold the strawberry stalks with your hands, don't pinch the fruits directly, grade them while picking them, and package them in time. The means of transport should be clean and hygienic to avoid secondary pollution. Strawberries are easy to rot after picking, so reasonable storage methods are adopted. Can be stored in a ventilated place or at low temperature. Be sure to put plastic wrap before putting it in the refrigerator to prevent strawberries from losing water.