(2) The Han people who moved from the north to the south merged with the indigenous people in the south and evolved;
In the eyes of ordinary people, Hakkas are immigrants, and they are a branch of the immigrants from the northern Han people who migrated to the south. In the long years, they have been wandering from place to place and experienced hardships, and they have formed, evolved and developed into a large clan with a population of tens of millions.
In May, 2007, an article published in the authoritative American academic magazine "human genetic": "Y Chromosomes of Historical People Along Yangtse River", which contains a set of data that is very amazing. The following pictures show that the Central Plains genes of Hakkas account for a large proportion.
1. Root cause
The roots of Hakkas are in the Han nationality.
Traditionally, the source of Hakkas is Heluo. The so-called Heluo refers to the Yellow River and Luohe. In a broad sense, Heluo is the middle reaches of the Yellow River and the Luohe River Basin. The narrow sense of Heluo is Luoyang. There are three bases for "Rooting in Heluo": ① According to genealogy records, many Hakka genealogies record that ancestors lived in Heluo. (2) the legend of mount tai Shi Gandang. ③ Hakka classical Chinese; It is a kind of mandarin, much like Henan dialect in Zhongzhou. Rooted in Heluo does not mean that all Hakkas are from Heluo, but its scope should include the old land of the Central Plains south of the Yellow River, north of the Yangtze River, east of the Hanshui River Basin and west of the Huaihe River, with its core in Heluo.
2. Reasons for migration
The migration of Hakka people includes the southward migration of Hakka ancestors and the domestic and international migration of Hakka people. As far as migration behavior is concerned, there are active and passive points, corresponding to the history of migration process, and the reasons for migration are different in different periods. Generally speaking, there are four aspects of various migration factors:
A. factors related to the place of emigration, that is, push factors.
① The reverse development of cultivated land area and population is the fundamental factor that often plays a role.
2 war. The brutal war reduced prosperous cities and rich villages to ruins, and millions of people were killed in the war. The survivors were forced to leave their homes and migrate to various places in order to seek a stable social environment, which was the root cause of large-scale sudden migration.
(3) official relocation and settlement.
④ Studying and doing business.
⑤ Struggle, including political struggle and economic struggle.
B. factors related to the place of migration, namely "pull".
The northern development is early, while the southern development is late. The south, with a vast area, a small population and few wars, has good conditions for the Han people who moved south to settle down and develop agriculture. For example, in Meizhou, Guangdong Province, in the Southern Song Dynasty, "the land was barren and the people were lazy, but the farmers were fresh, and those who lived in Tinggan and overseas Chinese cultivated, so the old people did not suffer from no fields, and every field was not wasted with labor." In addition, during the Tang and Song Dynasties, the policy of "no tax" was implemented in Baiyue area in the south. To the Han people who fled from the north, they can be described as "Xanadu" and have settled in Jiangnan and Lingnan areas.
C. Factors related to barriers to intervention, namely "intermediary factors".
Hakka ancestors moved from Heluo and the Central Plains to Jiangnan and Lingnan areas. Although the traffic conditions were extremely difficult, it was not without a way out. Since the Qin dynasty, there have been post roads; Since the Sui Dynasty, there have been canal waterways, especially the southeast roads and Lingnan roads. Since the Song Dynasty, there have been "Tangpu" and so on.
The southeast road is mainly based on the Grand Canal, connecting Guanzhong, Huainan and Southeast, and extending to Jiangxi, Fujian and other places. There are four ways to enter Lingnan: one is from Jingxiang Road to Hunan, and enters the Pearl River Delta via Xiangshui, Lingqu, Gui Jiang and Xijiang; First, from Gengling, Yueda, Hunan, along Zhenjiang and Beijiang; First, from the Yangtze River and Ganjiang River, the Gengling Mountain goes south along Zhenjiang River and Beijiang River; First, from Fuzhou to Guangdong along the southwest coast. The smooth roads provided convenient traffic conditions for Hakka ancestors to move south in the past dynasties.
The feudal government's reclamation, such as "moving to the sea to restore the boundary" in the 23rd year of Kangxi, and "Huguang filling Sichuan" in the 5th year of Kangxi1year, also provided opportunities and conditions for the Hakkas to move again.
D. factors related to personal psychology and physiology, that is, "self-cause".
Migrants are people with special characteristics, not the average people who move out, which are embodied in adventurous spirit and dissatisfaction with the status quo, which is closely related to personal factors. For example, the essence of calling short people "people of the last dynasty".
3. Migration process and route.
There are many historical records of the migration of Han people from the north to the south, but there are different opinions in academic circles about when the massive migration of Hakka ancestors from the Central Plains began. Some people think that it began in the Qin Dynasty, while others think that it began in the Han Dynasty or the Three Kingdoms, or the Eastern Jin Dynasty, or the Tang Dynasty, or the Five Dynasties, or the Southern Song Dynasty, etc., thus forming the great migration of Hakka, there are "second theory", "third theory", "fifth theory", "sixth theory" and "ninth theory". It is generally believed that there are five large-scale and explosive migrations of Hakka people. Generally speaking, their migration patterns and routes are from north to south, from east to west, from plains to hills and mountains, along rivers to core areas, from home to abroad and scattered around the world.
A. Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
Mainly influenced by the Eight Kings Rebellion and Yongjia Rebellion, a large number of northern Han people moved south. The farthest migration started from Changzhi, Shanxi today, and the nearest moved southward from Lingbao, Henan today, along the water basins of Ying, Ru and Huai, reaching Hubei, southern Henan and the north bank of Anhui and Jiangxi along the Yangtze River.
B. Late Tang Dynasty and Five Dynasties
Mainly affected by the Anshi Rebellion, the Huang Chao Uprising and the separatist regime in the buffer region, most of the people who moved far south crossed the river into Jiangxi from Guangshan and Gushi in Henan, Shouxian and Fuyang in Anhui, and even moved to southern Fujian; The nearest ones moved from northern or central Jiangxi to southern Jiangxi or western Fujian, or the border between northern and eastern Guangdong.
C. Song Dynasty
Influenced by Jin people going south, Mongols entering the Central Plains and peasant uprising at the end of Yuan Dynasty. After the failure of the anti-Yuan struggle led by Wen Tianxiang at the end of the Song Dynasty, in order to avoid the pursuit of the Yuan Dynasty, the Hakkas made an unprecedented migration, fearing that they would not be deep in the mountains and dense in the forests, forming the characteristics of "every mountain has its guests, and no guest can live in the mountains", which made the Hakkas have the characteristics of typical mountain residents. The war at the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty touched the migration of Hakkas. Most of the emigration places are Fujian, while the emigration places are concentrated in Jiaying. The main reason is that Jiaying is located in the best passage to the north of the eastern part of Lingnan, and there are many low-lying hilly areas for reclamation. In addition, in the process of resisting Yuan Dynasty, it was once in ruins, that is, in response to "Wenlu's call to join the army and be diligent, and the cliff mountain was covered, all the people in the state died, and Jingyi was empty". So the Hakkas moved from other cities to regroup. As a large number of Hakkas moved into Jiaying area at the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, Jiaying became the hinterland of Hakka, the center of Hakka settlement and the status of "Hakka capital". In short, the migration in this period was from Gannan and western Fujian to eastern Guangdong and northern Guangdong on the basis of the second phase.
D. late Ming and early Qing dynasties
On the one hand, the reason for migration is the expansion of internal population, on the other hand, it is the influence of Manchu nobles entering the Central Plains. Because there are many mountains and few fields, the contradiction between population and cultivated land is becoming more and more fierce, and people are constantly migrating abroad. For example, during the Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty, people moved from Chengxiang and Changle to Haifeng and Guishan, and from Tingzhou to Fuzhou. In the early Qing Dynasty, Kangxi moved from Jiaying and Shaozhou to Zengcheng, Huaxian, Xin 'an, Dongguan, Heshan and other places with Guangzhou as the core. It moved to today's Baoan, Shenzhen, Hong Kong, Zhongshan, Taishan and other places when it was "re-bound", and moved to Sichuan, Guangxi, Yunnan and other places when it was "Huguang filling Sichuan". After the failure of dispatch troops, a Hakka in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, many people moved to Taiwan Province with Zheng Chenggong in order to avoid implicating him.
The migration route of this phase is: mainly from the second and third phases of the old residence, they moved to the central and coastal areas of Guangdong, and Sichuan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan and Taiwan Province, and a small number of them moved back from western Fujian, northern Guangdong and eastern Guangdong to the south of Jiangxi and the two sides of the Luoxiao Mountains in the west of central and northern Jiangxi, which made the Hakka in Jiangxi divided into new and old customers.
E. During the Tongzhi period
The migration of some Hakkas caused by the Guangdong West Road incident and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement.
After the incident of Guangdong West Road, most of the local Hakkas moved southward to Gao, Lei, Qin and Lian States with the aid of the government, especially Xinyi in Gaozhou and Xuwen in Leizhou, and those who were far away crossed the sea to Ya County and Ding 'an in Hainan Island.
After the failure of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, which was dominated by Hakkas, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty wanted to slaughter all Hong and other men, women and children who took part in the uprising, so many Hakkas changed their names or fled to other places. A large number of Hakkas fled to Hong Kong, Macau, Shantou, Xiamen and Haikou, and were forced to do hard labor in Singapore, Malaysia, Australia, North and South America, just like indentured Chinese laborers. During this period, it mainly moved from central and eastern Guangdong to western, southern and Hainan and Southeast Asia.
Not every migration is a Hakka migration, but there is a strict distinction. It is generally believed that the migration before the Southern Song Dynasty is the migration of Hakka ancestors, and the migration after the Southern Song Dynasty is the real Hakka migration. Hakka migration is not like water waves, wave after wave, nor is it like archery, nor is it organized and led, but it is unorganized and very prosperous.
4. The formation of Hakka
At present, the main viewpoints are: the Five Dynasties and the Early Song Dynasty; Song and Ming dynasties; After the middle of Ming Dynasty; After the middle of Qing dynasty.
It is generally believed that in the Southern Song Dynasty, the Hakka group differentiated into a branch of the Han nationality and began to take shape. By the mid-Ming Dynasty, there were a large number of people and they became a big social force. By the Qing Dynasty, the self-awareness of Hakkas was even stronger, and they were very active and active on the social stage. What is the main basis for the formation of Hakka in the Southern Song Dynasty?
(1) The formation of Hakka dialect. This is a tool for exchanging ideas and an important symbol. According to various studies, Hakka dialect was formed at the latest in the Southern Song Dynasty.
(2) A considerable population size. Population is the carrier of nationality and clan. Without a certain number of people, there is no nationality or clan. It is difficult to estimate the historical population of Hakka by statistics, but it can be analyzed from the number of counties in Hakka concentrated areas. On the basis of Chunke County listed in Luo Xianglin's A Study on the Origin of Hakka, and according to the administrative divisions of Ming Dynasty, Hakka people mainly live in Nan 'an and Ganzhou in Jiangxi, Tingzhou and Zhangzhou in Fujian, Chaozhou, Lianping, Shaozhou and Nanxiong in Guangdong. These eight prefectures used to be mountainous areas with vast land and sparsely populated (except Chaoshan coastal areas), with few county governments. After the Song Dynasty, the number of counties was gradually increased, and the number of counties increased to 12 in the Ming Dynasty. The addition of county governance is undoubtedly to strengthen the rule, but it must be based on the large number of residential settlements and the high level of production and development. Before the establishment of these counties, there must have been many people living here. That is, in the Southern Song Dynasty, after hundreds of years of integration and evolution with the original residents, the northern Han people living in the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi had gained a firm foothold and had a certain population scale.
(3) * * * the same geographical environment. The border areas of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong provinces are mountainous and densely forested areas, with blocked traffic and difficult communication, which is very conducive to the formation of Hakka people.
A. small basin farming economy has laid an economic foundation for the formation of Hakka people.
B. customs caused by small basins. These immigrants live in small basin mountain villages, and obtain a relatively stable living environment with closed geographical conditions. The original dialects and customs have been preserved after being integrated with the original residents.
(4) * * * Same-sex social action. This is a manifestation of the Hakkas' struggle for their own interests, a reflection of a strong sense of group, and an important basis for Hakkas to become an independent ethnic group. The Hakka residential areas in Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong are connected, and their economic exchanges are frequent, and the resistance struggle of the oppressed echoes each other. The corresponding feudal dynasty also treated this area as a specific political unit when it ruled. In terms of economic sources, people from Gannan and Tingzhou rented farmland in Meizhou during the Southern Song Dynasty. In terms of political struggles, such as the peasant uprisings led by Fan Ruwei and Chen Sanqian in the Southern Song Dynasty, and the struggle against Yuan led by Wen Tianxiang in Tingmei and Jiangxi provinces.
5. The formation region and process of Hakka.
At present, the main views are: Poyang Lake Plain; Gannan: Shicheng; Tingzhou: Shibi Village, Ninghua County; Meizhou: Meixian; Jiangxi-Fujian-Guangdong border region.
(1) Hakka base and base camp: Jiangxi-Fujian-Guangdong border region;
(2) Hakka thoroughfare: Shicheng;
(3) Hakka anchorage: Ganzhou;
(4) Hakka Post Pavilion: Shek Pik;
(5) Hakka capital: Tingzhou (before the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties);
(6) Hakka hinterland: more than ten counties with Meizhou as the center;
(7) World Guest Capital: Meizhou.
6. Hakka people
Today's Hakkas are one of the most widely distributed ethnic groups in the world, and also one of the most populous ethnic groups in the world. There are Hakka-inhabited areas in China, including *** 19 provinces, 265 counties and cities, including 4 pure or basically pure Hakka counties and cities, with a total population of about 55 million. In addition, it is about1250,000 in Hong Kong, about100,000 in Macau and about 4.6 million in Taiwan Province. Abroad, there are five continents and six oceans, distributed in more than 80 countries and regions, with a total population of about 5 million.