Patient: I am a patient with emphysema (23 years old with tuberculosis has long since been cured) has been sick for several years after a number of treatments ultimately still not ideal My current situation walking feeling short of breath. Chen Xiaowei, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Guangdong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine: Emphysema is a chronic obstructive disease that poses a serious threat to human health. The clinical manifestation is progressive dyspnea. The 5-year survival rate of patients with end-stage emphysema is only 25%, while about 30-50% of patients benefit from surgical treatment. Alveolar resection in the 1950s, lung transplantation in the 1980s and lung reduction in the 1990s have become effective surgical treatments for emphysema. Treatment options: closed chest drainage + chemical pleural adhesion; thoracotomy with alveolar resection + mechanical friction of pleural adhesion; thoracoscopic alveolar resection + mechanical friction of pleural adhesion; alveolar drainage; unilateral or bilateral lung reduction; lobectomy + diaphragm elevation reconstruction; and lung transplantation. Indications for lung reduction: (1) age: < 70 years; (2) CT scan: severe emphysema, non-homogeneous damage; (3) lung ventilation, blood flow nuclear scan, "target area" is clear; (4) lung function: MVV < 50%, FEV1 > 15%, < 35%; (5) Blood gas analysis: PaCO2 : < 55 mmHg; (6) Mean pulmonary artery pressure: < 35 mmHg; (7) Rehabilitation: 6 -10 months; (8) Pre-operative smoking cessation: at least 6 months; (9) Hormone dosage: less than 10 mg per day Contraindications to pulmonary decompensation: symptoms of bronchitis or asthma; severe malignant disease or excessive Obesity; history of pleural adhesions or thoracotomy; severe left heart insufficiency or coronary artery disease; severe acquired thoracic deformity; hematologic disorders; poor residual lung ventilation as well as perfusion; carbon monoxide diffusion rate: < 20 %; ventilator dependence;