Because the open-field cultivation of peppers has the characteristics of saving labor, time and cost, and being easy to manage, the open-field cultivation of peppers is the most original and important cultivation mode of pepper cultivation. Since peppers are warm-loving and intolerant of frost, open-field cultivation of peppers can only be carried out during the frost-free period. Let’s take a look at the management techniques of pepper cultivation in the open field.

1. Soil preparation, fertilization, and border making

Soil preparation can improve the soil structure, eliminate the sources of pests and diseases, and reduce the damage of pests and diseases, so as to create good soil conditions and establish water, Appropriate tillage layer structure such as fertilizer, air, heat, etc.; the application of base fertilizer provides a good nutritional foundation for the growth and development of peppers.

1. Land preparation

In northern my country, land plowing is generally carried out twice, namely autumn plowing and spring plowing. Spring plowing is usually carried out 3 weeks before planting. If there is less rainfall in autumn and winter, , the soil moisture is poor, you need to water first and then plow, the depth of plowing is 15~20 cm, and base fertilizer can be spread before plowing; in the Yangtze River Basin, autumn plowing is usually carried out before the soil freezes, and the depth of autumn plowing is 25~30 cm. In areas where vegetables are cultivated all year round, the fallen leaves of the remaining plants should be removed promptly after the harvest of the previous crop, and base fertilizer should be applied in conjunction with autumn plowing.

2. Apply base fertilizer

The application of base fertilizer lays a solid foundation for the supply of nutrients throughout the growth and development period of peppers. Therefore, long-term farmyard manure should be used as the mainstay, supplemented by chemical fertilizers. . When applying farmyard manure, it must be fully decomposed, otherwise it will easily cause root damage. When fertilizing, the amount of fertilizer should be flexibly controlled according to the soil properties: Generally, 5,000 kg of farmyard manure per mu is applied to old vegetable fields, and more farmyard manure can be applied to new vegetable fields. At the same time, add 30~50kg of urea, 50kg of superphosphate, 15kg of potassium sulfate or 30~40kg of 45 compound fertilizer. Apply 60% by broadcasting before soil preparation and 40% in the ditch during planting. In addition, acidic soil can be combined with soil preparation to apply about 100kg/acre of lime.

3. Making borders

The plant type of pepper is relatively compact. In open field cultivation, high border cultivation or ridge cultivation is usually used. In the south of my country, sorghum cultivation is generally used, while in the north, ridge cultivation is used. Sorghum cultivation: also called wide-narrow row cultivation, generally the total width of the border is about 1m, the width of the border is 60~70cm, the width of the ditch is 30cm, and the height of the border is 15~20cm. Ridge cultivation: The ridge spacing is 80cm, the ridge height is about 10cm, the ridge width is 50cm, the furrow width is 30cm, and the overall shape is a ridge with a high middle and low sides.

2. Transplanting and planting

1. Determination of planting time

When planting peppers, it is usually 3 to 7 days after the last frost and 10cm of soil. It is most suitable when the ground temperature is stable at around 15°C. At this time, the low temperature has increased and the seedlings will not be frozen. In order to extend the harvest period, some farmers often plant in advance. Because the low temperature at this time has not yet reached the temperature required for pepper root growth, it will affect the growth and development of peppers and reduce yields.

2. Planting density

Planting density has a crucial impact on the yield and quality of peppers. Appropriate planting density can encourage plants to make full use of soil fertility and the photosynthesis of the sun, give full play to the fruit-bearing ability of a single plant, and reduce pests and diseases, so as to achieve high yield and high quality.

The planting density of different varieties is slightly different. Generally, 4,000 to 6,000 plants per mu are suitable. Early and mid-maturing varieties have compact plant types and small plant widths, so the planting density can be appropriately increased; late-maturing varieties have large plant widths, so the planting density should be appropriately reduced.

3. Planting method

When planting, it should be carried out in sunny and windless weather. Before planting, loose seedlings, diseased seedlings and weak seedlings should first be removed. If the seedling cultivation medium is a plastic nutrient bowl, you can turn the nutrient bowl over and gently tap the bottom of the bowl to make the seedling lumps fall off naturally; if it is a seedling cultivation tray, you can pinch the base of the seedling stem with your hands to remove the seedling lumps. After taking out the seedling lump, place it in the planting hole and cover it tightly with soil. The thickness of the covering soil can be flush with or slightly higher than the surface of the lump. After planting, pour the planting water immediately. The amount of water should be moderate and it is suitable to soak the seedlings.

3. Field management after planting

After the pepper seedlings are planted, they enter the field management stage. This period mainly includes management during the slow seedling period and squatting period, and pre-fruiting management. Management during the fruiting period and post-fruiting period.

1. Management of the seedling-slowing and squatting periods

The main focus of the seedling-slowing period is to promote the growth of the seedling root system. Cultivating should be carried out in a timely manner 3 days after the planting water is poured. Loosen the soil to increase ground temperature. After about a week, the slowing of the seedlings is completed, and water is poured a second time. After watering, cultivating should be performed once. When cultivating, shallow plowing should be done close to the root system, and deep plowing should be done far away from the root system to improve the permeability of the soil and increase the ground temperature. Promote rapid root development. After the pepper seedlings are slowed down, check the seedlings in time. If dead seedlings or missing seedlings are found, replenish the seedlings in a timely manner on a sunny afternoon.

After the slow seedling period, it enters the squatting period. During the squatting period, water must be controlled to promote the deep development of the root system. Through squatting, the pepper plants can form a strong root system and lay a good foundation for future results. The seedling planting time is determined according to the local climate conditions and planting varieties: early maturing varieties should be planted lightly and for a short time; mid-late maturing varieties can be planted for a slightly longer time. Generally, it is advisable to end the seedling planting when the first pepper reaches 2~3cm.

2. Management in the early stage of fruiting

(1) Water and fertilizer management

When the first ear of fruit grows to 2~3cm, the pepper plant enters vigorous growth At this stage, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits enter the stage of simultaneous growth. Watering should be carried out in time, and 15kg of urea should be applied per mu combined with watering. Water and fertilizer management during this period must not only meet the nutrient requirements for pepper flowering and fruiting, but also prevent flower and fruit drop caused by excessive growth. Generally, water and fertilize once every 2 weeks. Apply 10kg of ammonium sulfate or 800kg of human manure to the watered area each time. Watering should be done in small amounts and multiple times to avoid inhibiting root growth and causing diseases due to excessive soil moisture. of popularity.

(2) Pest and disease control

The main diseases during this period include anthracnose and blight. Anthrax: Agents such as mancozeb, bromostrobin, azoxystrobin, iprodione, polysulfide suspending agent, thiophanate-methyl, and difenocycline can be used for prevention and treatment. Epidemic: In the early stage of the disease, pharmaceuticals such as dimethomorph, methoxyzine, fenacetin, and manganese zinc can be used for prevention and control; in the disease, pyraclostrobin, pyraclostrobin, manganese zinc, dimethoyl wettable powder, and downy mildew can be generally used Prevent and control with hydroxychloride, fluopyram, chlorothalonil and other chemicals.

3. Management during the peak fruiting period

During the fruiting period, due to the large number of plants blooming and bearing fruits, the demand for water and fertilizer is very high. At this time, it is the hot and rainy season, and the soil nutrients are in short supply. The loss is serious. Therefore, watering and fertilizing at this time can not only provide the plants with nutrients and moisture needs, but also reduce the ground temperature. When watering, water frequently and lightly, usually once every 4 to 5 days, and fertilize once every other water.

4. Management of the late fruiting period

(1) Water and fertilizer management

In the summer season, peppers enter the late fruiting period. This period is the second time that peppers form. During the period of peak yield, it is necessary to water once every 7 to 8 days and fertilize 2 to 3 times with the water. During the summer season, apply about 20kg of diammonium phosphate per acre with water; during the white dew season, apply 500kg of human diluted excrement per acre with water; during the autumnal equinox, apply 300kg of diluted human excrement per acre with water, and topdress 3 grams each time ~Pour water once after 4 days.

(2) Remove old leaves and promote new branches

In the late harvesting period, it is necessary to promptly remove the withered and yellow leaves at the lower part of the plant, and remove the leggy branches and excessive branches in the inner layer to facilitate Ventilated and light-transparent.

At the lower end of the four-sided bell pepper, cut back the side branches, leaving 4 branches for each plant. After cutting, top-dress fertilizer and water in time to promote new branches. On such new branches, the fruit setting rate is high, the fruits are large, and the growth rate is extended. It’s harvest time.

(3) Timely topping

Top the pepper plants 10 to 15 days before pulling out the seedlings to promote the return of nutrients and make the small fruits at the top expand quickly and minimize losses.

5. Extra-root top dressing

Because the pepper root system is weak, extra-root top dressing should be carried out in time. From the early flowering stage to the full flowering stage: Spraying 0.2 borax or 0.1 boric acid aqueous solution on the leaves 1 to 2 times can accelerate the development of flower organs and thereby increase the seed setting rate.

From the flowering stage to the early fruiting stage: Spray 1000 times of Gaomeishi 1000 times solution or Power 2003 on the leaves 1 to 2 times to improve the plant's stress resistance. Fruiting period: Spray white sugar, 0.5 potassium dihydrogen phosphate or urea solution 1 to 2 times on the leaves to increase the brightness of the fruit.

4. Harvest Management

Chili peppers can be harvested about 30 days after flowering, when the fruit becomes darker green, crisp and shiny. Since peppers are harvested multiple times, the mature fruits in the lower layer must be harvested in time to avoid premature aging and excessive nutrient consumption, which will affect the yield. It is best to harvest in the morning and avoid harvesting on rainy days to avoid rot.

In the open-field cultivation of peppers, the most important thing is water and fertilizer management. The quality of water and fertilizer management directly affects the yield and quality of peppers. Therefore, farmers must pay attention to the management of water and fertilizer in the field when cultivating peppers in the open field, and do the work carefully, so that high yields can be easily achieved.