The tropical rain forest originated in Madagascar, Africa, was not excavated until18th century. This is a typical large orchid perfume plant in tropical rain forest. This species is cultivated and has high economic value.
Basic introduction Chinese name: vanilla Latin scientific name: vanilla? Strawberries? (Sally * * *. ) Ames alias: vanilla, vanilla, vanilla Andr. Boundary: Botany: Angiosperm: Monocotyledon: Microsuborder: Orchidaceae: Vanilla: Vanilla Name and Year: (Sali ***. ) Ames morphological characteristics, distribution range, growth habits, vine growth, root growth, leaf growth, flowering and pod setting, cultivation techniques, plantation establishment, planting, mulching, field management, artificial pollination, pest control, root (stem) rot, bacterial soft rot, anthracnose, main values, chemical components, spices, horticulture, medicine, morphological characteristics Vanilla is The stem is slightly thick or fleshy, with leaves 1 piece and roots 1 root per solar term. Leaves are large, fleshy, short-stalked, and sometimes reduced to scales. Racemes are born in leaf axils, with several or more flowers; Flowers are usually large and twisted, and often 1 falls off between ovary and perianth; Sepals are similar to petals, free and spreading; The lower edge of the lip often meets the edge of the pistil column, and sometimes the meeting part is almost the whole length of the pistil column, so the lip is often trumpet-shaped, the front part is often enlarged, and sometimes it is 3-lobed; Generally, there are various appendages on the lip disc, and there is no distance; Pistil slender; Anthers are born at the top of pistil, prone; 2 or 4 pollen balls, the particles are powdery or very loose, and there is no pollen stalk or sticky disk; The pistil beak is usually wide and located below the anther. The fruit is pod-shaped, fleshy and indehiscent. Seeds have thick exocarp, usually black and wingless. Roots: Vanilla is a shallow-rooted plant, and aerial roots grow from the opposite side of the leaf axils of each stem node. Each aboveground stem node can grow 65,438+0-2 roots, and one of them is used to wind a column, which is called a fixed root. If you touch a wet place, the root tip will grow a root hair, which can also play a role in absorption. The other root is generally longer than the fixed root, often branched, with dense white fluff at the root end, which has the function of absorbing water and nutrients, and is called the absorption root. There, the root system is developed and complete, the stems and vines are thick, the leaves are big and dark green, the plants are vigorous, the flower buds differentiate early and the flowers bloom early. Therefore, how to promote the development and integrity of root system is one of the important measures to strive for high yield. Stem: Vanilla is a perennial climbing vine, dark green, cylindrical, fleshy (watery and sticky), with many nodes, the stem diameter is 0.4 cm-1.8 cm, and the node length is 5.0 cm-15.0 cm. Leaves: Vanilla leaves are simple and alternate, fleshy, dark green, oblong or lanceolate, 8.0 cm -24.0 cm long and 2.0 cm -8.0 cm wide, with inconspicuous veins and almost no petiole. Flowers: monoecious, axillary, raceme, 6.0 cm -20.0 cm long, generally 20-30 flowers per inflorescence. The flowers are light yellow and green, arranged on the inflorescence axis in an approximate spiral shape, and the blooming flowers are slightly fragrant. There are three calyxes, which are the outer wheels of flowers. There are three petals, which are the inner wheel of the flower. The left and right petals are smaller than the sepals, and the middle is the lip, which is short and large and trumpet-shaped. Pistil can be called syncarp, which is composed of stamen filaments and stamen styles. Pollen sac has two chambers. Anthers are light yellow. Stigma dichotomous, sticky. Below the ovary, there are three placentas, each of which has countless tiny embryonic plants that develop into seeds after fertilization. The pistil beak is an organ formed by the variation of pistil and arched on the stigma. Tooth-shaped, thin and sticky, the size varies according to flowers. Each flower has a slightly triangular concave bract at the base of the ovary, which protects the formation of young flower buds and buds. Fruit pod: cracked capsule, length 10.0 cm -25.0 cm, diameter 0.5 cm-10.5 cm. The base is thin, arc-shaped, the seeds are black, small and slightly round, with an average length of 0.3 12 mm and a width of 0.260 mm Each pod has a distribution range. Vanilla is native to Central America, mainly distributed within 25 degrees north and south latitude, and below 700 meters above sea level. Commercial production is limited to tropical marine areas, such as Mexico, Madagascar, Gomorrah Islands, reunion island and Indonesia. And it is also planted in Cecil, Mauritius, Puerto Rico, Sri Lanka, Tahiti, Tonga, Uganda, India and other places. 1960 After China successfully introduced vanilla from Indonesia, it was cultivated in Fujian, Hainan, Yunnan and other places. Widely cultivated as a spice. Herbs with growth habits are climbing vines and shallow-rooted plants, with thick stems and one leaf and one aerial root per node; The leaves are large, fleshy and flat; Racemes are born in leaf axils; The fruit is a fleshy pod, often called a pod. Some plants bloom and pod in 1.5 years after planting, and completely bloom and pod in 2.5 years. It takes about 1 year from flowering to pod maturity. After the fruit is ripe, it needs aroma treatment. The soil is required to be rich in humus, loose, slightly acidic and well drained (pH value is between 6.0 and 6.5). Tropical humid climate, annual rainfall 1500-3500mm (9-month rainy season and 3-month dry season), air humidity is generally above 75%, and areas below 1500m above sea level are suitable for vanilla growth. The optimum growth temperature is 2 1-32℃, sunshine hours are 2473-2564 hours, the shading degree in vegetative growth period is 60%-70%, and the shading degree in commissioning date is 50%. Growth of Stems and Vines Vanilla can grow all year round in tropical areas of southern China, but it grows slowly in winter. When cultivated in shade shed, different shade degrees and the growth of stems and vines are also different, and the shade degree suitable for vanilla growth is 50%-70%. Shaded vines with 70%-75% grow rapidly, with the total growth of 1329.5438+0 cm and the stem diameter of1.00-1.3 cm in two years after planting. Conducive to flowering and pod setting. Therefore, shading should be adjusted in different seasons according to the different growth periods of vanilla, and the shading degree should be adjusted to a suitable range. 50%-55% shading is suitable in rainy season and vanilla reproductive growth period (flower bud differentiation period and flowering period), and about 70% shading is better in dry season and vanilla vegetative growth period. Vanilla stems and vines have strong regeneration ability. When the original vine breaks for 20-25 days, axillary buds will develop and pull out new vines, and the growth of regenerated vines is more vigorous than that of mother vines, and there is an obvious trend of gradual thickening. Root system growth The underground root system of vanilla is developed by roots growing on underground vines or aerial roots on vines near the ground extending into the soil. Underground roots are horizontally distributed in 0 -30 cm topsoil; 30 cm -50 cm long; When the new leaves spread out, aerial roots grow from the axils of tendrils to the opposite side, usually 1-2, which is used to wrap around columns (climb trees) and play the role of fixed climbing. When the humidity is high, new aerial roots can be extracted from stems and vines. After aerial roots extend down into the soil surface, root hairs are produced, and root hairs also have absorption ability. Vanilla root system distribution is shallow, and its resistance to drought, cold and other unfavorable conditions is weak, so it is easy to get sick. Therefore, creating suitable environmental conditions for root growth plays an important role in rapid growth, high yield and prolonging life. Leaves grow in tropical areas. Vanilla has a normal leaf length of 15cm-2 1cm and a width of 4cm-7cm. It takes an average of 32.5 days for leaves to mature, 43.4 days for low-temperature drought and 28.5 days for high-temperature rainy season. The time from current leaves to mature leaves is also related to the degree of shading. 70% leaves need 365,438+0.9 days, and 50% leaves need 30.6 days. Phenological period of flowering, pod setting and flowering: the germination period of flower buds in tropical areas is 65438+1from early October to late February; The germination period is from late February to mid-March; The middle and late March is the beginning of flowering; From the first ten days of April to the middle (next) ten days, it enters the full flowering period; The last flowering period is from early May to mid-May. It takes about 120 days for an ear to form a flower bud and finish flowering. In the southern tropical region, the lowest daily average temperature of flower bud germination is 16.0℃- 16.6℃, the suitable daily average temperature is 20.2℃- 1.3℃, and the average relative humidity is 80.3%-84.0%. The lowest daily average temperature in the germination stage is 15.5℃-7.4℃, the suitable daily average temperature is 24.2℃-4.7℃, and the relative humidity is 77. 1%-80.0%. The lowest daily average temperature at the initial flowering stage is 265,438+0.3℃-22.8%, the suitable daily average temperature is 26.0℃-27.0℃, and the relative humidity is 78.65,438+0% 865,438+0.2%. The lowest daily average temperature in full bloom is 2 1. 1℃-24.7℃, and the suitable daily average temperature is 25. 1℃-27.8℃, and the relative humidity is 78.6%-87.7%. This shows that the daily average temperature and relative humidity of vanilla at flowering stage are 15.5℃-27.0℃ and 77. 1%-87.7% respectively. Low temperature has obvious influence on the flowering of vanilla. Flowering characteristics: most of the flower buds of vanilla are planted on the stems and vines of that year, with nodes or several nodes apart. In the tropics, 1-30 inflorescences can usually be produced on one vine at the same time. Generally, the same inflorescence that blooms at the same time every day has only 1-3 florets. Flowers usually open from 6: 00 to 9: 00, and the perianth begins to close on the same day 12: 00, until it is completely closed after 18: 00- 19: 00. Factors affecting the success rate of pollination: vanilla can only bear pods after artificial pollination. The success rate of natural pollination is only 1-3%, which can be increased to 94% after artificial pollination. The best pollination time is 6: 00- 1 1: 00, and the weather conditions are also related to the success rate of pollination. Sunny and cloudy days are the most suitable for pollination, and the success rate is over 94%. However, continuous light rain has a great influence on pollination, and the success rate is reduced by 20% compared with sunny days. 2 days after artificial pollination of vanilla flowers. If successful, the ovary will grow downward from the twist of 180, and the perianth will still be attached to the ovary. For unsuccessful flowers, the perianth will wither and fall off within 2-3 days, and the ovary will still face up. After 35 days of successful pollination, pods grew rapidly, and their length and thickness increased significantly. The pod grew slowly after 39 days, stopped growing and stabilized after 45 days, and then gradually turned to maturity. Vanilla has physiological pod dropping phenomenon. In tropical areas, the pod-dropping period is from early May to mid-June, and the peak period is in the middle and late May, with an average pod-dropping rate of 53.8%. It was observed that the pod dropping rate was related to the number of pods and the degree of shading. When the shading degree is small, the pod dropping rate is high when pods are dropped for a long time, and the pod dropping rate is low when the shading degree is small. Long-term drought and lack of rain are also easy to cause pod loss. The pod loss of vanilla is mainly due to the rapid growth and development period after pod setting, which causes nutritional competition. Planting per mu and yield per plant: about 600 plants per mu, which can reach more than 1000 plants as ornamental flowers. The yield is determined according to soil quality, soil fertility conditions, temperature and humidity, pollination and other factors. Generally, the lowest pod yield per plant is 1-2 kg, and the yield per mu can reach1-20,000. The medium yield can reach more than 3-4 Jin, and the income per mu can reach 30-40 thousand. A few plants can reach 5-6 kg. Selection and planning of cultivation techniques for plantation: select slightly acidic soil with good drainage, high organic matter content and relatively fertile and loose soil near water source; Strong winds (typhoons, strong winds) have a good barrier in the main wind direction. On sunny gentle slopes or flat land with relatively calm wind, there should be a main windbreak belt every 30 mu and a secondary windbreak belt every 6 mu. Establishment of shading system: Vanilla is a vine, which needs a support to climb and shade moderately. The results showed that 50%-70% shading was beneficial to the growth and development of vanilla. There are two kinds of shading objects, one is shading, and the degree of shading is controlled by building artificial shading shed (using shading net). In this way, cement columns or stone pillars are needed as the pillars of vanilla scaffolding or climbing. The other is the shadow of life; Natural trees or artificially planted coconut, betel nut and other crops can be selected as living columns, and the crown of living columns can be controlled to adjust the shading of artificial forests. Planting vanilla in high temperature season is conducive to rooting and germination, and the suitable planting seasons in tropical areas of southern China are April-May and 9- 10. The seedlings were disinfected with 0.5-1.0 meter long strong rattan incision. When planting, draw a 2 -3 cm shallow ditch on both sides of the climbing column with your fingers, put the seedlings flat in the shallow ditch, and cover them with 1 cm -2 cm mulch such as coconut chaff, weed leaves and rice straw. The top of the seedling points to the climbing column, and a stem node is exposed at the leaf and incision for control. Reasonable close planting is beneficial to increase the yield per unit area. The suitable plant spacing is 1.2 m X 1.6 m, and two seedlings are planted, with about 600 plants per mu. When planted as a flower, the close planting can reach more than 1000 plants. The roots covered by vanilla are mainly concentrated in the 5 cm thick soil surface layer, and the rhizosphere covered with coconut bran, straw or weeds is beneficial to the growth and development of vanilla. Field management water and fertilizer management: the requirements of vanilla for water and humidity conditions vary with different growth periods. High humidity should be maintained in vegetative growth period and relatively dry in reproductive growth period, which is beneficial to flower bud differentiation and rapid pod growth after pollination. In high temperature season, water supply should be increased to promote the growth of fruit pods, and the maturity of fruit pods should be relatively dry, which is beneficial to the maturity of fruit pods. Proper fertilization is beneficial to vanilla. It is necessary to apply decomposed organic fertilizer (pond mud or topsoil 25%+74% cow dung+1% calcium superphosphate) or other harmless decomposed farmyard manure 5-6 times a year. The amount of fertilizer applied depends on soil fertility. Top dressing outside the roots of vanilla also has a good effect, usually 2-3 times a month. Tie vines and prune: After planting, the newly grown vines should be tied to the posts with ropes in time for climbing up. When they reach the climbing frame, they will be wrapped around the wire and grow in a ring. Generally mature herb gardens are pruned every year165438+1late October+65438+early February, and old vines and weak vines are cut off. At the same time, 4-5 stems and vines at the top of the stems and vines are removed, the length is about 40 cm -50 cm, and all the buds within 30-45 days after topping are erased in time to control the vegetative growth of plants and induce flower bud differentiation. Weeding, ridging and site cleaning: generally once a month. Pruning of shade trees and management of windbreaks. Artificial pollination is the flowering period of vanilla in tropical areas, from mid-late March to late May. Because of the special structure of vanilla flowers, the natural pollination rate is only about 1-3%, and it needs artificial pollination to set pods. Vanilla flowers open at about 5 am and close at noon 12: 00. Therefore, pollination should be completed at 6: 00- 12: 00 on the same day, preferably before 1 1: 00 on the same day. The pollination method is easy to learn and master. Skilled workers can give about 1000 ~ 1500 flowers a day, and the success rate of artificial pollination can reach over 94%. Controlling root rot by pests and diseases is the most important disease of vanilla. It is most likely to occur in low temperature and rainy season, and its pathogen is Fusarium Vanilla. Bacteria generally invade from wounds, but most of them are infected aerial roots and underground adventitious roots. When it is serious, it spreads to the stem, causing the rhizome to rot and finally wilt and die. Prevention and control methods: strengthen the management of plantation, and compost should be decomposed. Eliminate stagnant water, control soil water content, and keep ventilation and light transmission. Avoid mechanical damage when working in the field, check once every 4 days, find diseased plants, deal with them in time, and spray pesticides. Bacterial soft rot is a disease discovered in recent years. In the wetland, the disease spreads rapidly, and after a few days, it can make the whole leaf soft rot collapse, and its pathogen can easily invade through the wound. Prevention and control measures: Try to avoid mechanical damage in field management. Before the rainy season, fully spray protective agent (once a month). Get rid of the disease in time after the rain. Anthracnose infects leaves, stems, vines, roots and pods, causing leaf spot, stem spot, root rot and pod shedding. Too close planting, continuous rainfall, poor drainage and excessive shading are all prone to this disease. Prevention and control measures: strengthen planting management, apply adequate fertilizer, eliminate stagnant water, keep ventilation and light transmission, and improve plant disease resistance. In order to reduce the invasion source, the seriously ill leaves should be cut off in sunny days, and the diseased tissues on the ground should be burned centrally. Pesticides can be sprayed at the beginning of the disease. The main value is mainly used to make seasoning materials for ice cream, chocolate, liqueur and other foods; It can also be used in cosmetics, tobacco, fermentation and decoration industries; At the same time, you can also use medicine. Its pod has the effects of strengthening yang, nourishing and exciting, and has the effects of strengthening heart, strengthening brain, strengthening stomach, detoxicating, expelling pathogenic wind and strengthening muscle strength. It is used as an aromatic nervous system stimulant and a kidney tonic to treat hysteria, depression, impotence, asthenic fever and rheumatism. Chemical composition According to scientific analysis, vanilla pods contain vanillin, hydrocarbon compounds, alcohols, carboxyl compounds, esters, phenols, acids, phenol ethers, heterocyclic compounds and so on 150- 170. Vanilla seed contains: 1, and volatile oil components: vanilla (vanillin), vanillic acid, vanillin, acetyl vanillone, cinnamic acid, cinnamyl alcohol, methyl cinnamate, myristic acid, anisic acid, anisol, anisyl methyl ester, guaiacol, 4- methyl guaiacol, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, p-anisol and p-anisol P-anisol 2. Glycosides: vanillin, vanillic acid glycoside, vanillin, o-methoxyphenyl -β-d- glycoside, p-tolyl -β-d- glycoside, glucosylferulic acid, phenylethyl -2- glycoside, p-nitrophenyl glycoside, etc. Vanilla essence also contains: ethyl vanilla ether, methyl vanilla ether, p-hydroxybenzyl ethyl ether, etc. Vanilla is a large orchid aromatic plant in a typical tropical rain forest. According to scientific analysis, vanilla pods contain vanillin (or vanilla extract) and 150- 170 kinds of hydrocarbons, alcohols, carboxyl compounds, esters, phenols, acids, phenol ethers, heterocyclic compounds and other components. Because of its special flavor, it is widely used as a seasoning material for high-end foods such as cigarettes, famous wines, cream, coffee, cocoa and chocolate. Now it has become the favorite natural edible spice for consumers all over the world, so it has the reputation of "king of edible spices". In China, vanilla ranks first among the five lanes (vanilla, Eupatorium adenophorum, Ylang ylang, Prynne and Eupatorium adenophorum). Vanilla gardening Vanilla leaves are straight and tidy, with bright dark green color, beautiful posture and elegance; At the same time, it has strong growth, strong adaptability and extreme shade tolerance, and is an excellent shade-loving foliage plant for indoor greening and decoration. Suitable for home and office layout. Can be viewed separately; It can also be matched with other flower viewing plants to set off the brightness and beauty of other flowers. In addition, it is an excellent leaf matching material for modern flower arrangement. The plant form of vanilla is noble and dignified, the arc is charming and soft, the bonsai has a good sense of hierarchy and the shape is elegant and twisted. Even its leaf rings are comparable to those of Miss Jiao and your wife. Its pseudobulb, whether spherical, oblate or oval, or olives, gourds and winter bamboo shoots, is full of artistic beauty, giving people a sense of unity and perfection. Medical vanilla is a rare tropical natural perfume. According to scientific analysis, vanilla pod contains vanillin (or vanillin essence), hydrocarbons, alcohols, alkaloids, lipids, phenols, acids and heterocyclic compounds, amino acids necessary for human body and so on 15 ~ 17. Guijiu has powerful medicinal effects such as invigorating stomach, appetizing, relieving flatulence and invigorating spleen, and is a natural medicine for nourishing and caring skin. The medical book said: "Vanilla leaves are full of golden water, which seems to be a fire, and people know that its flowers are expensive. I didn't know there was a prescription for its leaves. It is very powerful to cover its leaves to dispel the stagnant qi for a long time, that is, to put it at the moment. For 22 patients with constipation, constipation, thick and greasy tongue coating, dry throat and lung, and halitosis, 20-30 Qiu Lan flowers, 50 grams of orchid leaves, and 30 grams of honey after decocting in water, which is taken warm for 2-3 times, has a miraculous effect. This is in line with the theory that the lung and large intestine are exterior and interior. Fresh cymbidium root 50- 100g was used to clean and mash the affected area to treat traumatic injury, subcutaneous hemorrhage and muscle tumor, and 8 cases were cured.