(A), spring vegetable cultivation techniques
With the target yield of 4000_/667m2 as the requirement, the following technical points should be mastered in vegetable cultivation in Chun Xue: 1, sowing and seedling raising.
(1), seedling raising
(1), seedbed selection:
In order to make vegetable seedlings grow well, the seedbed should be selected from clay loam which is close to field cultivation, fertile soil and good drainage, and cruciferous crops have not been planted for many years. If dry land such as watermelon field is selected as seedbed, deep-water irrigation should be carried out for 3 days before sowing, and then drainage, drying and ploughing should be carried out to reduce bacterial infection. .
(2) The seedbed should be leveled to a high standard, and ploughing, ditching and hoeing should be carried out, so as to achieve deep ridge, flat border and broken mud. At the same time, it is necessary to apply sufficient base fertilizer and base fertilizer; Pesticides such as 30kg/667m2 of calcium superphosphate, 0/000kg/667m2 of human excrement, and Nongtianle were used as soil treatment to prevent underground pests from harming vegetable seedlings.
(2) timely sowing
In Qiu 'ai, Yinxian County, Zhejiang Province, the suitable sowing date of spring vegetables is generally 65438+1October12 ~ 65438+1October 20th, and the sowing amount per 667m2 is about 150g-250g, with sparse seedlings and strong roots. Sowing should be even. After sowing, cover plant ash, preferably straw or wheat straw, to reduce water evaporation and promote seed germination and emergence. When the seeds germinate to 80%, straw or wheat straw should be removed to avoid "long-legged seedlings".
(3), seedling management
(1), evenly deleting seedlings:
After emergence, start thinning seedlings when there are 1-2 true leaves, delete dense seedlings and rolled seedlings, delete seedlings for the second time when there are 3-4 leaves, and delete poor seedlings such as overgrown seedlings, weak seedlings, coarse seedlings and diseased seedlings. Seedling spacing should be controlled at 3-5 cm. When the seedlings grow to 5-6 true leaves, the seedling height will be 65,438+00-.
(2), fertilizer management:
If the seedling stage is dry, water it in the morning and evening to keep the soil moist, but don't water it too much, otherwise it will easily cause moldy roots. Topdressing at seedling stage can be combined with watering, deleting seedlings and homogenizing seedlings. Generally, after the 4-leaf stage, 2.5-3kg of urea can be applied per mu according to the seedling condition, or 1: 8- 10 degree of decomposed human manure can be applied, and topdressing can be applied 5-6 days before transplanting, with about 4-5kg of urea per mu.
③ Prevention and control of pests and diseases
The main pests at seedling stage are aphids, caterpillars and flea beetles. Spraying 80% dichlorvos emulsion 2000 times or crystal trichlorfon 1000 times can control yellow striped flea beetle; Aphids and caterpillars can be sprayed with 50kg water mixed with "one-time cleaning" 10-20g. Generally, it can be sprayed once a week, and the whole seedling stage should be prevented for 3-4 times, so as to achieve the purpose of killing aphids and preventing diseases (virus diseases). In case of rainy weather, 800 times of 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder should be sprayed in time to prevent diseases. 2. Cultivation and management of Honda (1). Timely transplanting to ensure the quality of transplanting (1). Transplanted at the right time in Qiu 'ai, Yin County. The suitable time for transplanting spring vegetables is generally before165438+1late October-65438+February 5. ② In order to ensure the quality of transplanting, sufficient base fertilizer should be applied before transplanting. Honda can use 40kg superphosphate /667m2+ 40kg ammonium bicarbonate /667m2+40kg compound fertilizer or 2500kg decomposed pig manure (or chicken manure 10- 12)/667 m2+ compound fertilizer 25 before ditching. When transplanting, the ridge should be set reasonably, with each ridge 1.55m, ditch width of 0.25m, row spacing of 0.45m, plant spacing of 0.35m, furrow mud on the ridge, weeding and crushing, and transplanting density of 4,000 plants /667m2. At the time of transplanting, about 300kg/667m2 of "four-in-one" fertilizer (proportion: 70kg of burnt sludge ash, 2.5kg+ of calcium superphosphate, 200 g of high-fertility compound biological fertilizer, 65438 and 00kg of dry organic fertilizer) was used to plug the roots. In case of sunny and dry weather, clean water is also used to make roots work. High fertilizer is a kind of compound biological fertilizer, which has the functions of nitrogen fixation, phosphorus dissolution and potassium dissolution. In order to improve its effectiveness, high fertilizer and organic fertilizer can be mixed and sprayed 7- 10 days before transplanting and application, so that biological bacteria can be pre-propagated. The dosage with high fertility is generally 2 bales/667m2; Calcium superphosphate 6 kg/667m2; Appropriate amount of organic fertilizer).
(2) Management after transplanting
(1), pruning seedlings to keep alive
About 5-7 days after planting, it is necessary to check the seedlings to make up for the vacancy. In case of persistent drought, furrow irrigation can be used to improve the survival rate. Gully irrigation is generally carried out in the evening, and it is advisable to use half-ditch water.
(2) Top dressing is good.
Top dressing of Honda spring vegetables is generally divided into two stages according to the lunar calendar, namely, within the year and outside the year. It is applied twice a year, the first time is 20-30 days after planting and the second time is before the end of the lunar calendar. Urea 5-7.5 kg, calcium superphosphate 10- 15 kg/667m2, water 1000- 1500 _ water were applied each time. Special year fertilizer is also applied twice, before and after the first rain (in mid-February) and between the second sting and vernal equinox (10- 15), and urea 15_+ potassium chloride 10- 15 _/ can be applied each time.
(3) Do a good job in the prevention and control of diseases, insects and weeds.
Chemical weeding
Most vegetable farmers in Qiu 'ai use 10% glyphosate 500-600 ml /667m2 to spray on the whole field (including ridges) after harvesting late rice and before transplanting spring vegetables. After transplanting, before the 5-leaf stage, spray gramineous weeds with 20 ml of high-efficiency licorice emulsifiable concentrate and 50% water. Dicotyledonous weeds are weeded by intertillage.
Eliminate pests and diseases
Most vegetable diseases and insect pests in Chun Xue occur at seedling stage and early growth stage, and the temperature is relatively high, especially in rainy climate. We should prevent and control different pests and diseases in time, focusing on aphids and cabbage virus diseases. Aphids can generally be sprayed with water "once clean"; The prevention and control of virus diseases should be based on comprehensive agricultural prevention and control, and the following points should be paid attention to:
First, choose disease-resistant varieties;
Second, don't choose the land that used to be a cruciferous crop to grow cabbage;
Third, the planting density should be thin but not tight;
Fourth, advocate beach transplantation;
Five, to timely control aphids. In the middle and late growing period of Chun Xue cuisine, due to the drop of temperature, there are generally few diseases and insect pests.
(3), timely harvest
The harvest time of spring vegetables is mostly around April 5, and the late-maturing varieties are mostly around April 20. The suitable harvest time is when the leaves are flat (about 8- 10 _). Premature harvest affects yield; Picking too late and vegetables too old will affect the quality of pickling. In order to ensure the quality of pickling, vegetable farmers in Qiu 'ai often harvest in sunny afternoons to reduce the water content of plants. (In Jiaxing and Huzhou, because pickling is divided into two stages, there are gains in sunny days and rainy days. ) When harvesting, the roots of each wild vegetable are leveled with a knife, and the diseased leaves and yellow leaves on the outer layer are removed, and then the base is upward, and the leaves and moss are downward, further reducing the water content of the plant.
(2) Vegetable cultivation techniques in winter
It is basically similar to vegetable cultivation in Chun Xue, but it is vulnerable to virus diseases because of the high temperature in seedling stage and early growth stage of vegetables in winter, especially in dry years. Therefore, we should pay attention to crop rotation, select varieties with more virus diseases, cultivate strong seedlings, transplant with soil, deep furrow and ridge, strengthen fertilizer and water management, increase the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, and sow them later. The experiment of Yinxian Xuecai Development Research Center proves that, in addition, it should be noted that:
(1) Water the soles of the feet the day before sowing to facilitate the emergence of seedlings.
(2) After sowing, isolate the seedlings with silver-gray insect-proof nets to prevent aphids and reduce the harm of virus diseases.
(3) Before transplantation, you can spray "once clean" and take medicine to "get married".
(4) Transplanting in time and field management after transplanting.
① The transplanting time of winter vegetables is generally in late September, when the seedling age is 25-30 days. The row spacing of transplanted vegetables is denser than that of spring vegetables. The general frame width is 1.5m, the planting width is 4 rows, and the row spacing is 27cm. The number of plants is about 6400 /667m2. The best time for planting is after 3 pm on sunny or cloudy days. Transplanting with soil (on the morning of transplanting, water the seedbed, cut a piece on the seedbed with a kitchen knife and bring the soil to the roots), plug the roots with "four-in-one" fertilizer (as mentioned above) during transplanting, and then water the roots to facilitate the close contact between the roots and the soil and improve the survival rate of seedlings. After planting, water it in the morning and evening. If possible, cover the border with a sunshade net to facilitate survival. In the early stage of growth, if the weather is dry, water should be poured into the furrow in time at night, but it should not be flooded. Top dressing should be done in time after living trees are planted, usually 3-4 times. Every 667m2, 750- 1000kg of decomposed human excrement or 7.5-1000 kg of urea can be used for drought control, and water can be used for irrigation. The amount of fertilizer should be light to thick, and thick fertilizer should not be applied. Apply heavy fertilizer 25 days before harvest. Generally, urea 15kg or ammonium bicarbonate 30kg and potassium chloride 10kg can be applied every 667m2 to increase yield and improve quality.
② Pest control: The focus of potherb mustard in autumn is to control aphids and virus diseases.
In the early growth stage of Honda after transplanting, it is sprayed once every 7- 10 days, usually twice, and the dosage is the same as that of spring vegetables. Virus diseases can be effectively prevented by comprehensive agricultural control measures such as aphid control.
(3) timely harvesting
In winter, the growth period of vegetables is short, except for the seedling age of about 30 days, the field growth period is generally only about 60 days, and it can be harvested before and after light snow. (Tang Zhang Ai Ye Bacon Zhejiang Yinxian Snow Vegetable Development Research Center)
Medicinal value and health care formula of potherb mustard.
Potherb mustard, also known as potherb mustard, potherb mustard, spring mustard and frost, is the tender stem and leaf of mustard, a cruciferous plant. It is a mustard, which is used in the middle leaves of mustard vegetables. Every 100g contains water 9 1.5g, protein 2.8g, fat 0.06mg, vitamin 1.6g, carbohydrate 3.6g, calcium 23.9mg, phosphorus 64mg, iron 3.4mg, vitamin B 10.07 and riboflavin 0.07. Herba potherb mustard has the effects of detoxicating, detumescence, appetizing, digestion promoting, warming middle warmer and benefiting qi. It is mainly used for treating sores, swelling and pain, chest distress and excessive phlegm, cough and excessive phlegm, deafness in ears, swelling and pain of gums, constipation and other diseases.
Sexual taste is warm, sweet and pungent; The human liver, stomach and kidney meridians.
Efficacy is mainly used for detoxification and detumescence, appetizing and digestion, warming middle warmer and benefiting qi. Improve vision and diaphragm. Indications: swelling and pain of sores, chest and diaphragm ventilation, cough with excessive phlegm, hearing and eyesight, swelling and pain of gums, constipation and other symptoms.
(1) refresh your mind. Potherb mustard contains a lot of ascorbic acid, which is a highly active reducing substance. It participates in the important redox process of the body, can increase the oxygen content in the brain, stimulate the brain to use oxygen, and has the functions of refreshing the brain and relieving fatigue.
(2) detoxification and detumescence. Herba potherb mustard has detoxification effect, can resist infection and prevent diseases, inhibit the toxicity of bacterial toxins, promote wound healing, and can be used for adjuvant treatment of infectious diseases.
(3) appetizing and digestion. The pickled potherb mustard has a special flavor and fragrance, which can promote the digestive function of gastrointestinal tract and stimulate appetite, and can be used to stimulate appetite and help digestion.
(4) improving eyesight and diaphragmatic, relaxing bowels. The tissue of potherb mustard is thick and hard, containing carotene and a lot of edible cellulose, so it has the effect of improving eyesight and relaxing bowels. It can be used as a good diet for ophthalmologists and can also prevent constipation, especially for the elderly and habitual constipation.
Healthy diet
1. Stir-fry 500g of potherb mustard and 30g of minced garlic. Wash potherb mustard, wring out water and cut into pieces for later use. When the pot is hot, add a proper amount of vegetable oil. When it's seven minutes hot, stir-fry minced garlic and wild vegetables. After stir-frying, add a little fresh soup. When the soup is dry, you can eat it. This dish is rich in dietary fiber, has the effect of moistening intestines and appetizing, and is suitable for dyspepsia, anorexia, habitual constipation and other diseases.
2. Sauté ed 300 grams of lily and 200 grams of fresh lily in potherb. Wash potherb mustard, wring out the water, cut it very finely, and wash lily for later use. Heat the pan and add sesame oil. When the oil is heated to 50%, add mustard seeds and stir fry. After 2 ~ 3 minutes, add 100 people to stir fry, add a little water, add a proper amount of refined salt to taste, stir fry until the lily is cooked, and then take the pot and plate. This dish has the effects of detoxification, detumescence, clearing away heat and relieving annoyance. It is suitable for infectious patients with loss of appetite and bad taste after extensive use of antibiotics. Ordinary people can eat it.
3. Sauté ed potherb with shredded pork, pickled potherb 300g, meat100g, and small winter bamboo shoots. Wash and shred potherb mustard, stir-fry in a pot, and put it on a plate for later use; Shred pork and diced winter bamboo shoots. When the pan is hot, add vegetable oil. When the oil is heated to five minutes, stir-fry the shredded pork until it is tasteless, then add the diced bamboo shoots and stir-fry for several times. Stir-fry wild vegetables, add fresh soup, cook for 3 ~ 4 minutes on medium fire, and serve on a plate. This dish is delicious, has the effects of improving eyesight, removing annoyance, detoxifying and clearing heat, and is suitable for people with red eyes and pain, especially those with habitual constipation, loss of appetite and restlessness.
4. 300g of mustard soup, 50g of fresh mushrooms, 0g of minced meat100g, and a bowl of tofu. Wash potherb mustard and wring water for later use; Stir-fry minced meat and diced mushrooms in oil pan. When it is ripe, add mustard seeds, stir-fry for 2-3 minutes, then pour in tofu, boil, add refined salt as appropriate, cook for 3-4 minutes, and put it in a soup bowl. This soup is fresh and fragrant, with bright color, and has the effects of appetizing, invigorating spleen, diuresis and detumescence. It is suitable for physical weakness, edema, limb fatigue and other diseases, and is a good diet for edema patients.