Paracetamol, Prednisone, Marinqua, and Crestor.
The names of medicines are usually written in Latin.
Lingua Latīna (Latin) belongs to the Italian group of the Indo-European language family and originated in the region of Latium (the Lazio region of Italy) for the Roman Empire. Although Latin is often considered a dead language, a few Christian clergy and scholars are fluent in Latin. The Roman Catholic Church has traditionally used Latin as the language of official meetings and for liturgical purposes. In addition, universities in many Western countries offer courses in Latin.
Latin has been used in the creation of new words in English and other Western languages. Latin is the only remaining language in the Italic Languages family. The study of surviving documents from early Italy confirms the existence of other branches of the Italic language family, which were gradually assimilated into Latin during the Roman **** and state periods. Relative languages of Latin include Faliscan, Oscan and Umbrian. The Venetian language, however, may be an exception. In Roman times, as the language of the inhabitants of Venice, Veneto was able to be used alongside Latin. As Latin evolved, it was recognized by more and more people.
Latin is a highly flexed language. Noun adjectives have three grammatical categories: number, gender, and case); there are two numbers, three genders, and six cases. Adjectives are required to maintain grammatical category agreement with the noun they modify. Verbs are divided into two categories: the finite form and the non-finite form. Verb finite forms have five grammatical categories: number, person, style, inflection, and tense; according to the present tense stem ending of the verb there are four conjugations, six tenses, three persons, three styles, two inflections, and two numbers. There is no such grammatical category in Latin, and only a few ancient forms of the locative remain, so the locative is not listed as a separate Latin form. Huegs are identical to the main case except for the masculine singular of the second variant, so there are generally only five different cases in Latin. Latin has no articles.
Latin belongs to the Latin-Farish branch of the Italian language group of the Indo-European family, and was originally a dialect of the Latium region of central Italy (Lazio in Italian), but later, because of the expansion of the power of the Roman Empire that originated here, Latin was widely spread throughout the empire and Latin was established as the official language. After the spread of Christianity in Europe, Latin became even more influential, and Roman Catholicism from the Middle Ages to the early 20th century used Latin as its official language, and most of the academic papers were written in Latin. Although only the Vatican still uses Latin, some academic vocabulary or articles, such as the rules for naming biological classifications, still use Latin.
The literary language used in the Roman Empire during the reign of Emperor Augustus was called Classic Latin, while the vernacular language used by the populace in the 2nd-6th centuries was called Vulgar Latin. Latin.)
Among the independent European languages that are not Latin, there are a number of "Romance" languages, including Central Romance: French, Italian, the Sardinian dialect, Catalonia; Western Romance languages: Spanish, Portuguese; and Eastern Romance languages: Romanian. After the sixteenth century, Spain and Portugal expanded their power throughout Central and South America, so Central and South America is also known as "Latin America" (Latin America). The difference between Romanian and Latin is that Romanian has lost the grammatical endings of many words. In particular, the inflected endings of nouns have been completely lost. (Noun inflections are still retained in Romanian).
Latin is a classical Western language whose everyday spoken language has died out, and which today is generally used only as a documentary language for research, or as a part of the vocabulary borrowed from other languages, so that the so-called pronunciation of Latin actually refers to the pronunciation of Latin, i.e., the way it would be pronounced when recited by present-day speakers from written Latin materials. According to the difference in the actual pronunciation of individual phonemes, Latin pronunciation can be roughly divided into two styles: generalized style and imitation style. Either way, it can basically be spelled "one letter, one sound", so most Latin dictionaries do not include the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). In addition, native English speakers prefer to spell Latin according to English rules, for example, Caesar is pronounced SEE-zar (NATO phonetic). This English style of pronouncing vowel letters is quite outrageous and is not normally adopted by serious learners.
Caesar (2 photos)
Latin vowels are distinguished by their length. Long and short vowels of the same phoneme in the same position are capable of distinguishing meaning under the condition that all other sounds before and after them are the same. Most vowels are short vowels. The occurrence of long vowels and their positions are sometimes regular, but most still need to be memorized individually as they are learned. Modern Latin dictionaries use two variant symbols to mark them, the long symbol and the short symbol - the latter is used only for vowels that need to be specifically marked. Ancient texts and modern common readers generally do not use diacritics.
Latin word stress does not distinguish meaning, but its position is fixed. There is no matter of light or heavy stress within monosyllabic words. The position of stress in multisyllabic words is usually no more than on the penultimate or third syllable, and is related to the length of the syllable. The length of the syllable, on the other hand, is related both to the length of the vowel - syllables containing long vowels must be long - and to the composition of the syllable - closed syllables are long regardless of the length of the vowel. In a word containing three or more syllables, the penultimate syllable is pronounced accented if it is long, and if it is short, the accent moves to the penultimate syllable.
Latin also had a great deal of inflectional sound change, but in the literature that can be seen today, most of it has been reflected in the spelling of the text, with only a few exceptions. This orthography, while facilitating recitation, creates no small difficulty in mastering Latin grammar.
The Latin (or Romance) alphabet, created in the seventh century BC, is based on the Etruscan alphabet, which in turn is derived from Greek. The Romans adopted twenty-one of the original twenty-six Etruscan letters. The original Latin letters were A, B, C (for /g/ and /k/), D, E, F, Ζ (zeta in Greek), H, I (for I and J), K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R (although for a long time it was written as P), S, T, V (for U, V, and W), and X. Later, the Greek consonant x was abandoned, and was replaced by a new letter, G. In the first century BC, when Greece was conquered by the Romans, the letter G was adopted. the conquest of Greece in the first century B.C., the then-prevailing Greek consonant letters Y and Z were adopted, placing them at the end of the alphabet. Thus the new Latin alphabet contained twenty-three letters, of which four were vowels and nineteen consonants, and it was not until the Middle Ages that the consonant letter J (distinguished from the vowel letter I), the vowel letter U, and the semivowel letter W (distinguished from the consonant letter V) were added.
The letter K is only found before A in a very few words, and can be replaced by C in all of them.
History: The Latin alphabet was developed around the sixth century BC from the alphabet of Etruria, an ancient country in northwestern Italy. Its origins can be traced through the Greek and Phoenician alphabets to the North Semitic alphabet, which prevailed around Syria and Palestine in 1100 BC.
It is undisputed that these letters are mainly derived from the Etruscan alphabet. The pronunciation of the letter "C" is ample proof of this.
The countries that use the Latin alphabet, indicated by the dark green color, derive their official script from the letter "F" (digamma), which was used to represent the /w/ sound in the original Etruscan and Latin alphabets, while "FH" was the letter that was originally used to represent the /f/ sound. FH" was the letter originally used for the /f/ sound. The Romans later simplified "FH" to "F", and this letter has been used to represent the /f/ sound ever since.
The semivowels /w/ and /u/, /u:/ and /j/ are represented by the same letter as the vowels /i/ and /i:/, which are "V" and "I" respectively.
The original Latin alphabet consisted of only 20 letters, with no "G," "J," "U," "W," "Y," or "G. ", "Y" and "Z". The letter "G" was added in the middle of the 3rd century B.C. in the form of a C with a cross. There were no letters "U" and "J", but only one semi-vowel "V" and "I", which were changed from "I" in the 11th century. In the 11th century, "J" was split from "I", "U" from "V", and "U" from "V". From "V" came "J", from "V" came "U", and from "V" came "W" (the form of the letter W is the double V), and in the 16th century the division of labor became clear, with I and U representing the vowels /i/ and /u/, and J and V (or W) being used to represent the consonants /j/ and /w/ (or /v/) in front of the vowels. "Y" and "Z" were added **** and later specifically for spelling Greek loanwords, with Y initially pronounced as in Greek Υ with the rounded-lipped, high front vowel /y/, and later /i/.
Latin noun-adjectives have six grammars: subject, genitive, with, object, take, call
"subject" (nominativus, denoting subject or epithet)
"genitive" ( genitivus, denoting all relations, same as English, Arabic possessive case and Russian second case)
"with case" (dativus, denoting indirect object or other indirect grammatical meaning)
"object case " (accusativus, denoting a direct object, known in the U.S. as receptor)
"ablativus" (ablativus, used in conjunction with some prepositions, or used alone to denote an instrument, a means)
"huper "vocativus" (used to address someone)
The 夺格, also translated as 離格, is a merger of 夺格, 工具格, and 方位格.
Because the grammatical relationship between Latin nouns and verbs is already expressed by the grammatical change, Latin word order is highly free and does not follow the subject-predicate-object format. For example, the sentence, A father loves his son, can have only one order in Chinese, English and French, i.e. subject-predicate-object. But in Latin, there are six inflections.
Pater amat fīlium.
To say "the son loves the father" requires a grammatical change. Again, there are six inflections to express this phrase: "Filius patrem amat.", with the other inflections omitted.
There are five grammatical variations for Latin nouns and two for adjectives, each of which distinguishes the above six grammaticals with a different variation. Nouns are identified with singular genitive endings to determine the inflections.
Latin verbs are divided into two categories: finite and non-finite forms. The non-finite (non-personal) forms of verbs include: infinitives, participles, gerunds, gerunds, and participles of purpose. The finite forms (i.e., the forms that are inflected according to person) have five grammatical categories: number, person, form, voice, and tense; according to the present tense stem ending of the verb, there are four basic types (four inflections), six tenses: present tense, imperfective, future tense, perfective tense, past perfective tense, and future perfective tense; there are the first, second, and third persons; and there are three modes of speech: the direct, the virtual, and the imperative, and two modes of speech: active and passive (of which only transitive verbs have the passive; ectomorphic verbs: verbs in the passive form but in the active sense). , two numbers: singular and plural.
Latin characters and Latin vocabulary are the linguistic resources available to mankind***. Linguists categorize Latin in the Indo-European language family as a K language . Latin has certain rules of stress: if the penultimate syllable is long, the stress falls on this syllable, otherwise on the penultimate syllable. Grammatically there is no use of articles, and nouns have a rich variety of morphology, retaining the Indo-European hue and cry, but grouping the true Indo-European disjunct, instrumental, and most of the azimuthal grammars into a single disjunct. Verbs have complex morphological changes, but are simpler than Greek. Because of the change in person of the verb, the subject of the personal
Latin word
pronoun in a sentence is often omitted. There are also allomorphic verbs, such as loquor (I speak), which are passive in form but active in meaning, and distinctive gerunds, which can be used as participles and adjectives. The word order of sentences is relatively free and flexible. The vocabulary is basically a direct inheritance from Indo-European, but there are also many borrowed words from other languages.
Latin is a composite language, and a complex system of flexion changes forms a major part of Latin grammar. These changes are usually formed using suffixes added at the end of words (external inflection) or by changing the consonants or vowels of the stem (internal inflection). For nouns, adjectives and pronouns, these changes are called declinatio, and for verbs, coniugatio.
English and Latin belong to the same language family (Indo-European) and different language groups (English belongs to the Germanic group, while Latin belongs to the Italian group), so the grammar is not the same. Attempts by recent English literary figures to apply Latin grammar to English, such as the imposition of the law forbidding the use of adverbs between to and verbs, have not been successful in applying it to everyday language. Despite this, more than half of English vocabulary is of Latin origin. Many English words have evolved from Romance languages such as French or Italian. These Romance languages in turn evolved from Latin (e.g. Latin: mercēs → French: merci → English: mercy), some evolved directly from Latin (e.g. Latin: serēnus → English: serene), and some were adopted unchanged (e.g: Latin: lārva → English: larva). This shows that a significant majority of English words evolved from Latin. In addition, some Latin words evolved from Greek (e.g. Greek: schǒlē→Latin: schǒla→Old Einglishscōl→ Modern English: school). The adoption of such a majority of foreign words in English has really enriched the otherwise monotonous English vocabulary.
Many people are accustomed to referring to the five vowels and twenty-one consonants of American English as the "English alphabet," but in fact it should be called the "Latin alphabet" or the "Roman alphabet. In fact, it should be called "Latin alphabet" or "Roman alphabet". This is because the five vowels and twenty-one consonants of the English language are taken from the Latin alphabet.
In English, the words "I" (我[主格]), "me" (我[宾格]), "is" (是), "mother" (母亲), and "I" (我[主格]). mother" (mother), "brother" (brother), and "ten" (ten) are actually words that have somehow been spoken by Europeans and Asians for thousands of years. So far, it's not clear how old these words really are. Although their spelling and pronunciation varies over time and space, the basic elements of these symbols of human thought have managed to survive across such spans of time and space to the present day. This can be seen in the following short list.
With the exception of English, which is derived from Anglo-Saxon, no language is directly derived from another. All other languages can be traced back to a ****same*** ancestral language. This language is now extinct, but its existence can be inferred from the linguistic evidence that has survived. The source language (now extinct) of all these "relatives" or cognates is generally known as Proto-Indo-European, because its derivatives occur both in the vicinity of India (Sanskrit, Iranian) and in Europe (Greek, Latin, Germanic, Celtic, Slavic, Baltic). According to documentary evidence, the oldest of these languages are Sanskrit, Iranian, Greek and Latin, all of which date back to BC.
English is derived from the Anglo-Saxon language, which is cognate with Latin. Anglo-Saxon had earlier borrowed some words from Latin. More Latin words were absorbed in the 7th century AD, largely due to the influence of the writings of St. Augustine of Canterbury (not the famous St. Augustine of Hippo), who had been sent by Pope Gregory to try to convert the Angles to Christianity. After William the Conqueror ruled England in 1066, Norman French became the upper class language and Anglo-Saxon was seen as an inferior language spoken by the defeated and the serfs. Anglo-Saxon ceased to be a literary language and became the vernacular of everyday life. After about two more centuries, however, Anglo-Saxon regained its affirmation as the descendants of the Normans eventually merged with the local English. But due to its own impoverishment, it had to borrow hundreds of French words for literary, intellectual and cultural purposes before it became a literary language. By the 13th and 14th centuries, as this borrowing grew, Middle English slowly developed, represented by Geoffrey Chaucer, who died in 1400. In addition to these French words with Latin roots that were absorbed, there were also words that were borrowed directly from Latin. By the 16th and 17th centuries, this process was reinforced by the Renaissance, which revived interest in classical works. Since then, Latin has been the source of many new words, especially scientific phrases.
Since English is cognate with Latin via Anglo-Saxon and since English has borrowed many words, directly or indirectly, from Latin, it is easy to illustrate the phenomena of cognates and derivatives in terms of English words. For example, the word "brother" is cognate with the Latin word "frāter" (brother), and "fraternal" (brotherly) is clearly derived from the Latin word "frāter. "frāter" is clearly derived from "fraternal".
I hope I can help clear up your confusion.