(I) Miscellaneous fungal pollution

1. The main characteristics and causes of the formation of the main mold pollution, including green wood mold, penicillium, pencillium, and other fungal contaminants. Penicillium. Aspergillus and Streptomyces. They mainly occur in the cultivation of cottonseed husk and persimmon as raw materials, this kind of molds generally appear in the second tide of mushrooms, grow on the surface of the culture material or in the material, and affect the formation and growth of the substrate of straw mushrooms. The main reason for the occurrence of this type of mold is due to the weak growth of straw mushrooms and the decrease of PH value in the late stage of the culture section.

2. Preventing and controlling methods (1) Use fresh and mold-free raw materials first, and expose to sunlight for 2-3 days before use. (2) Cultures fully fermented. (3) After harvesting a tide of mushrooms, spray the surface of the material with lime water of PH8.5-9. (4) When there is pollution, sprinkle a layer of lime powder on the polluted area. (5) control the temperature. Humidity control, strengthen ventilation to inhibit the growth of mold.

(2) Ghost umbrella

1. The main characteristics and reasons for the formation of the ghost umbrella is essentially a kind of fungi, but it formed the substrate, causing more harm. Ghost umbrella and straw mushroom growth habit is very similar, in the straw mushroom about 2 days before the emergence of the mushroom, it and the straw mushroom to compete for nutrients, affecting the production of straw mushrooms, serious straw mushroom harvest. The ghost umbrella forms the substrate and opens soon after. It rots and causes other stray fungi to occur. The main reason for the occurrence of ghost umbrella is that too much nitrogen is added to the culture material, and the PH value of the culture material is below 7, especially when it is 5, it is easy to occur.

2. Prevention and control methods (1) full exposure of the culture material before use. (2) Add auxiliary nitrogen source, bran to 5% is appropriate. (3)The culture material should be fully fermented and the PH value should be adjusted to 8-9 at the time of sowing.

(C) Mushroom fly

1. The main characteristics and causes of mushroom fly are the larvae of mushroom fly (fly maggot), which eat the mycelium of straw mushrooms and make the buds of mushrooms wilt or drill into the body of the seed to eat the mushroom flesh, so the seed will lose the value of the commodity. The occurrence of mushroom fly is mainly due to the incomplete fermentation, or the reproduction of adult mushroom on the culture material.

2. Preventing and controlling methods (1) Fermentation of the culture material is sufficient to kill larvae or eggs. (2) Spray 0.5% dichlorvos around the mushroom farm. (3)Use 20w black light lamps and collect trays to trap and kill, set up the lamps at the top 60cm, 35cm under the lamps to install collection trays, and add appropriate amount of 0.1% dichlorvos in the trays; in order to poison and kill the adult worms that fall off the trays.

(D) dead mushrooms

1. The main characteristics and causes of the occurrence of small pieces of mushrooms seen shriveled and died. The main reasons are as follows (1) poor aeration (2) lack of moisture (3) sudden change of temperature (4) acidic culture material (5) injury of small mushrooms during harvesting (6) degradation of strains of mushrooms (7) contamination with miscellaneous mushrooms or insect pests.

2. Preventive measures (1) selection of good strains (2) to prevent contamination of stray bacteria and pests (3) timely adjustment of the pH of the culture material, so that the PH in 8 to strengthen the ventilation (5) to prevent the temperature suddenly high and low.

The problems and solutions that are likely to occur during the cultivation of the cocktail mushroom

(a) slow and weak growth of mycelium

1. The main characteristics and causes of mycelium growth and development is slow, or no growth, and mycelium is scarce. The main reason is that the temperature is too high or too low, the formula of the culture material is not suitable, the humidity of the culture material is too big or too small, the ventilation is not good, the strain is weak.

2. Solutions (1) choose good strains (2) culture material scientific ratio (3) culture material moisture content should be appropriate, generally mastered in 60% -65% (4) strict control of environmental conditions, including temperature, ventilation and so on. Ventilation and so on.

(2) after covering the soil can not be timely mushroom

1. Main features and causes of mycelium growth after covering the soil is slow, a long time can not climb out of the soil layer, mushroom scarcity or no mushroom. The main reasons: (1) improper mulching period (2) too thick or too thin mulch (3) unsuitable moisture content of mulch (4) contamination by stray bacteria (5) too high or too low temperature, such as below 8 degrees Celsius or above 25 degrees Celsius (6) weak germination of mushroom bags.

2. Solutions (1) cultivate strong mushroom bag (2) timely mulching (3) mulching thickness is strictly controlled in 3-4cm (4) mulch with formaldehyde disinfection, so that the moisture content of 18%-20% (5) strengthen the temperature management, such as the temperature is too low, you can control the conditions do not let the mushroom, to be the temperature of the hair right after the mushroom.

(C) Mushroom opening

The mushroom will open its umbrella too early and lose its commercial value. The main reasons are (1) variety is chemical (2) mushroom body is too dense (3) malnutrition (4) temperature is too high. Preventive methods: (1) choose good strains (2) control the soil or environmental conditions, do not make the mushroom too dense (3) mushroom temperature is best controlled at 20 degrees Celsius below (4) timely harvesting.

Three problems and solutions in the cultivation of enoki mushrooms

(1) Mushroom production is not neat and small amount

Substrate mushroom production is early or late, different sizes, and small amount of mushroom production. Main reasons: ① Inoculation amount is too large or the mushroom is too big. ② The temperature of mushroom development is low, especially below 15℃. Swelling of mushroom bag. Solution: ① inoculation control in 3% or so, strain block 1cm or so. ② moderate temperature germination, temperature control at 20-22 ℃. ③ Take measures to tickle the fungus, that is, when the mycelium grows all over the culture material, use tweezers or wire hooks to remove the surface of the aging mycelium and inoculation blocks, tickling the fungus can not be too heavy, otherwise delay the mushroom. ④ Re-bag the sterilized material bags that are swollen.

(ii) Low yield and poor quality (low rate of commercial mushrooms)

1. ② Degradation of varieties or poor quality of strains. Cultivation site is not suitable. ④Unsuitable environmental conditions.

2. Solutions: ① variety selection, select high-yield and high-quality strains; ② choose a better culture medium and scientific ratio. ③Adopt semi-underground mushroom shed or trench. ④Create good conditions for the growth of the substrate, 8-12℃, air humidity 80%-90%, low light, proper ventilation.

(C) Cannot produce second tide mushrooms or low yield and poor quality

The main reason is the insufficient nutrition and moisture of the culture material and the pollution of the material surface. Solution: ①Clean up the surface of the material in time after harvesting mushrooms to avoid pollution. ②Timely supplemental fertilizer, such as 1% grape water, mushroom water or 0.3%-0.5% urea.

Good luck!