Well-field system is a state-owned land system in ancient China, which prevailed in the Western Zhou Dynasty. At that time, roads and channels crisscrossed, dividing the land into squares shaped like "wells", so it was called "mine fields". The mine field belongs to the king of Zhou and is allocated to the common people. The Lord may not buy, sell or transfer the mine field, but also pay a certain tribute. The Lord forced the common people to collectively cultivate the mine field, surrounded by private fields and in the middle by public fields. Well-field system was a dominant land system in Shang and Zhou Dynasties. It still retained some forms or shells of land management by rural communes under public ownership in primitive society, but its nature was a land exploitation system under slavery. And its essence is a private land system. [Edit this paragraph] The content and the rise of the word "mine field" first appeared in "Gu Liang Chuan Xuan Gong Fifteen Years": "The ancients took 3 steps, and they were called mine fields." Well-field system was practiced in Xia Dynasty. Well-field system in Shang and Zhou Dynasties came from summer. In the long-term implementation process, the well-field system has developed and changed from content to form. Well-field system can be roughly divided into eight systems with public fields for wells and nine systems without public fields for wells. Remember that eight of them owned public land for wells, such as "On Mencius Teng Wengong": "There are wells in the square, and the wells are 9 mu. Among them, it is the public land, and eight families are privately owned, raising public land together. After the official business is finished, then dare to manage private affairs. " For example, "Zhou Li Di Guan Xiao Situ" says: "The nine husbands are wells and grazing their fields, the four wells are cities, the four cities are hills, the four hills are counties, the four counties are capitals, and the tribute is paid for any land." At that time, the service system was tribute, assistance and thoroughness. Help is to serve the public land, and tribute is to pay the real estate in kind. Well-field system should be used for both tribute and assistance. This paper analyzes the two systems of the ancient mine field system by combining the three generations of tax service system. Eight of them owned public fields for wells and those who needed to help the law should be implemented in Xia and Shang Dynasties. The practice of "nine husbands for wells and no public fields" began in the Zhou Dynasty. The system of eight wells was still used in the areas where Zhou Dynasty helped France, but the number of private and public fields was changed to 1 mu. However, in the Gongfa area, a share of the original public land was distributed to others, so there was a system of nine husbands as wells. In ancient times, the system of changing farmland (that is, the system of rotating cultivation) was implemented. Generally, there were 1 mu of hard-won land, 2 mu of easy land and 3 mu of easy land. The mine field system mentioned above is typical when it is implemented in a hard-won place. As for how to divide the land in an easy place, another easy place, etc., it is impossible to infer that there are five ditches and five smears between mine fields in order to divide the land and carry out production. Well-field system evolved from the original clan commune land public ownership, and its basic feature is that the actual cultivators have no ownership of the land, but only the right to use it. Land shall be distributed regularly and evenly within a certain range. Because of their different understanding of the social nature of Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, each family has different understanding of the nature of Jingtian system, either thinking that it is a state-owned land system under slavery, or a rural commune system under slavery, or a land Lord system under feudal system, or a family commune system or a rural commune system under feudal system. However, there is basically the same understanding that there is a transition from public to private in the mine field organization, and its existence is based on the public ownership of land to a certain extent. During the Xia and Shang dynasties, the system of eight families for wells and raising public land together was more public. After the Zhou dynasty, the composition of "nine husbands for wells" and "private ownership" has increased, which can be regarded as that private fields have been occupied by cultivators. In the mid-Western Zhou Dynasty, there was a land transaction between nobles, and personal private ownership of land at least appeared among nobles. As a result, from top to bottom, it has further developed into the individual private ownership of land by actual cultivators. The well field system was implemented in the Zhou Dynasty, which was not only used as the salary grade unit of governors and officials, but also as the calculation unit to control the common people. The land under the Jingtian system is not allowed to be bought or sold, and can only be inherited by the same surname in accordance with the patriarchal clan system. The agricultural society that cultivates the mine field also belongs to the Lord class with the land, and it is not allowed to leave the land for life, and it is not allowed to change jobs. The so-called "mine field" is a square field with certain planning, mu area and boundary. A square field with a length of 1 steps and a width of 1 steps is called a "field", and the mu area of a field is 1 mu, which is a "husband", that is, a land cultivated by labor. Mine field planning is inconsistent in different regions. In some places, the decimal system is adopted, while in others, nine square fields are called a "well". Because putting nine square fields together happens to be a "well" shape, that's how the name of the mine field came from. The area of a well is square one "Li"; One hundred wells are square miles, which is called "success" and can accommodate 9 laborers; 1, wells are square miles, which is called "Tong" and can accommodate 9, laborers. There are irrigation channels with different sizes between fields, inside and inside, between success and success, and between the same and the same, which are called sui, ditch, Yan and Yue. Parallel to the channel, there are vertical and horizontal access roads, which are called paths, tunnels, roads and roads. The size, depth and width of various channels have certain specifications. The rulers at all levels in the Western Zhou Dynasty divided mine fields into three categories. They each keep the best part of it (that is, the flat land near the river with the back mountain facing the sun) in thousands and tens of thousands of pieces for themselves, which is called "public land". Because of the large area of the public land, it is also called "Datian", which drives slaves to collectively grow cakes. Distribute the suburban land close to the city to ordinary workers of the same clan as the ruler for farming in units of fields. These people are called "Chinese" because they live in a "country" (that is, a city). Chinese people do not pay taxes, but only pay military taxes and military service. They usually pay a small pot of rice and a bundle of pasture to the state every year as military expenses. When you are a soldier in wartime, you prepare your own weapons, food and military supplies. Chinese people have the right to be soldiers and receive education, so they are also called "warrior" or "scholar". Their education is mainly military training and learning etiquette. These people are ordinary people in society. On the surface, they are not exploited, and they are self-reliant workers. However, predatory wars were very frequent in society at that time. They often go to war, and their fields are deserted, so they are bankrupt and in debt. After winning the battle, the plundered land and wealth will be owned by the rulers. If you lose the battle, there is still the danger of being captured and reduced to slavery. Therefore, the status of Chinese people is turbulent. Feudal lords gave Shu Ren, who lived in the wild, bad fields with poor soil that were far away from the city. Shu Ren was also called a "savage" because he lived in the wild. The lords looked down on them and thought they were the most stupid, so they also called them "self-protection". Shu Ren doesn't have any rights, only the obligation to cultivate mine fields and other handymen for the Lord. They have to work in the Lord's field every year, and then they are allowed to cultivate their own small piece of land as a minimum living. Therefore, the opposition between "state" and "wild" in the Western Zhou Dynasty was both urban-rural opposition and class opposition. When spring comes, the farming season begins. A large number of Shu Ren were all driven to the Lord's "public field". At first light, the officials appointed by the Lord ("Li Xu" and "Neighbor Chang") sat at the entrance of the village respectively to check the number of workers. The same is true at night. As early as winter, when preparing for farming, Li Zai matched every two people according to the physical strength and age of the labor force, which was called "coupling". Two people in pairs, working together is called a "coupling". This method of planting is called "coupling tillage". There are thousands of laborers and tens of thousands of laborers on the public land of the Grand Lord. They worked under the supervision of Tian Guan ("Tian Tuan"), and sometimes the slave owner himself ("great-grandson") personally went to the fields to supervise. In autumn, the harvest of the Lord's field is like an island and a hill. Thousands of warehouses and tens of thousands of boxes should be prepared for collection. During the slack season in winter, the common people have to repair houses, mow grass, rub ropes and do other miscellaneous duties for the lords; Women have to pick mulberry, raise silkworms, spin and weave silks to make clothes and sew fur robes for slave owners, and work from day till midnight. The Lord is afraid that they will be lazy, but also concentrate them together, which not only saves lights, but also facilitates supervision. [Edit this paragraph] The disintegration of the well-field system In the late Spring and Autumn Period, the well-field system gradually disintegrated. The material factor contributing to this change is the improvement of productivity level. The use of ironware and the popularization of Niu Geng were the signs of the improvement of productivity at that time. The use of iron in China began in Shang Dynasty. In the 197s, an iron-edged bronze cymbal was unearthed in Rongcheng County, Hebei Province and Pinggu County, Beijing, respectively. After scientific appraisal, the blade was forged by heating with meteorite. Such ironware is naturally a rarity. About the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty, there were more ironware. Therefore, in the Book of Songs, Qin Feng, there is a poem of "I am eager for iron and rich in holes", which was written by Qin Xianggong (777-766 BC). Using iron to describe the color of horses is only allowed after iron becomes a common thing. Around the early Spring and Autumn Period, there were iron farm tools. "Guoyu Qiyu" records that Guan Zhong suggested to Qi Huangong: "US dollars to cast swords and halberds, try dogs and horses; Evil gold is used to cast a hoe and try loam. " "Dollar" refers to bronze and "evil gold" refers to iron. In the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period, there was a sentence in the inscription of Shu Yi Zhong in the reign of Qi Linggong, which was the first word of iron. It can be seen that the scale of iron smelting in the government was quite large at that time. It is no wonder that by the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, ironware had been widely used in Qi. "Guanzi Neptune" records: "Today's iron officials say that a woman must have a needle and a knife, ... the tiller must have a shovel and a shovel." According to the archaeological findings, there are iron bars and pieces unearthed from Chengqiao in Liuhe, Jiangsu, iron cutters unearthed from Longdong in Changsha, iron jars unearthed from Zhiziling in Changsha, iron cutters unearthed from Changde, and several pieces of iron jars and iron cutters unearthed from Chu Tomb in Changsha, all of which can be identified as late Spring and Autumn. This shows that in the late Spring and Autumn Period, iron was also used in southern China. Niu Geng also originated in Shang Dynasty. Oracle Bone Inscriptions has a "plow". It can be seen that the use of oxen to pull plows to open soil was invented in the Shang Dynasty. It is mentioned in Guoyu Jin Yu that Fan and Bank of China used the sacrifice of the ancestral temple to plow the fields. Kong Qiu's disciple Sima Geng named Zi Niu and Ran Boniu named Geng. There was a Hercules named Niu Geng in the State of Jin. Cattle are connected with farming and used as people's names, which reflects that Niu Geng method was widely popularized in the Spring and Autumn Period. The use of ironware and the popularization of Niu Geng have brought convenience for people to open up vast mountains and build large-scale water conservancy projects. Cultivated land area and agricultural output have greatly increased. The development of agriculture has made it possible for small-scale production and small-scale peasant class characterized by individual operation to become the social foundation. The collective labor forms of "thousand coupling and ten thousand coupling" of the well-field system are out of date, while the feudal economic forms of dispersion, unity and one household are emerging. As early as the mid-Western Zhou Dynasty, some nobles forced the common people to reclaim the vacant land outside the mine field in order to extract the surplus labor of the common people. The land reclaimed in this way can't be square, and it can't have a certain acre of land. It's a private property that keeps secrets from the government and doesn't pay taxes. It's called private land. The inscription of Gebo Gui in the reign of King Gong of Zhou Dynasty records that Gebo traded four horses for thirty mu of land, which is proof, because public land is not allowed to be exchanged. By the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the existence of private fields was quite remarkable. There are also more records of competing for farmland and exchanging land. The inscription on Zhou Liwang's Sanskrit disk describes that the Ya people invaded the cities of the scattered country and were defeated, so they used two fields to compensate the scattered country. Zhou Liwang also had two bronzes, one from the tripod and the other from the tripod. The former narrates that You You gave You Wei Mu from the field, but You Wei Mu didn't pay him, so it became a lawsuit. The latter narrates that Zhang traded eight towns for fields, and another Liang traded five towns, and the results were all successful. The nobles' desire for private land was growing. When they fell to Zhou Youwang, they even tried to keep the public land for themselves. King Zhou once again took the public land from the nobles as before, which caused strong dissatisfaction among the nobles. The Book of Songs, Daya Zhanmao, recorded the complaints of the nobles at that time: "People have soil fields, but you have them; People have people, so you can take it back. " By the Spring and Autumn Period, the use of ironware and the popularization of Niu Geng increased the number of private fields sharply. Governors and doctors became rich. King Zhou could not invade their fields at will. In 712 BC, King Huan of Zhou took the land of Zheng State, and in exchange, he got the land of Wang Ji's enemies. Clashes and lawsuits between nobles for fields have also emerged in an endless stream. In 58 BC, Dr. Jin went to contend with Zhou for farmland, but in 574 AD, Jin took five farmland in Yiyang, but he contended with Changyu for farmland. In 533 BC, Zhou Gan people competed with Jin Yan Jia for Yan Tian; In 528 BC, Duke Xing of Jin and Yongzi competed for farmland and so on. All these events show that the land system is undergoing profound changes. Opening up and cultivating a large number of private fields requires a large number of labor. However, the method of slavery can no longer arouse the enthusiasm of producers. He Xiuzhu in The Biography of the Ram said: "At that time, the people refused to do their best in the public field." As a result, some nobles who adapted to the new situation changed their exploitation methods in order to attract laborers. For example, Tian family in Qi State levied taxes on the people to make small fights, and lent food to the people for big fights. Han, Wei and Zhao in the state of Jin bought off the hearts of the people by expanding the land area without increasing the tax. In this way, slaves fled from the public office to the private door, "returning like water." Feudal dependence came into being. The "clan", "hermit", "bin Meng" and "private disciple" recorded in the Spring and Autumn Period all refer to these escaped slaves. Although their status is not yet free, they are different from the common people. They can occupy a small amount of means of production and independently operate agriculture and household sideline related to agriculture. They were the forerunners of feudal peasants. The escape of slaves made some countries' public interests "arrogant". "Beautiful and Jie Jie" (The Book of Songs, Qi Feng Fu Tian) has become a wasteland. Well-field system can no longer be maintained. According to Zuo Zhuan, in 594 BC, the State of Lu implemented the "initial tax mu", officially abolished the well field system, recognized the legality of private fields, and imposed all taxes. In 548 BC, Chu ordered Yin Zimu to rectify the farmland system, depending on whether the land was high or low, and "repairing the tax according to the amount", and later countries followed suit. Originally, the purpose of these reforms was to maintain the old order, but since they acknowledged the fact to a certain extent, they backfired. Opened a gap in the well field system. The gap is opened one after another, and the collapse of the well field system is an inevitable trend. ---------------. The biggest reason why Yu Jin denies the theory of mine field is that the King of Zhou has no land to grant to the people. Zhou was a feudal society. Who was the feudal? That is to say, the son of heaven granted land to princes and established the country. Governors have fiefs, and Doctor Qing has the right to use fiefs, which is not owned by the Emperor. That is, the land within the capital is also given to Qing Dafu, and it is not owned by the son of heaven. The land of the whole country has been divided again and again, and there is not much left, so it is reasonable to say that the son of heaven gave the people land and practiced the well-field system. Some commentators said that although the Emperor of Heaven had no land to grant to the people, Zhou had been unified: "Under the whole world, is it a king's land, and is it a king's minister?" Gai can issue laws and regulations, and order governors to implement them, without having to personally grant them to the people. Yes or no, Zhou's centralization is relative rather than absolute, possible rather than inevitable. The world was ruled by Zhou Dynasty, which was recognized by the governors. However, Zhou can only live in it, but it can't really be ordered, and the princes can only live in it, but they can't really be ordered by Zhou. The so-called "facing the princes and having the world" is also true. The relationship between the vassal and the son of heaven is only once, and it doesn't matter if you don't go to court, and the son of heaven has no world, which is not like the meaning of monarch and minister in later generations. In the internal affairs of princes, the son of heaven does not ask. In fact, I have no right to ask. For example, the teaching of the throne, the brotherhood of Lu Duo and the system, Qi