1. Multiple choice questions: This part includes 20 questions, with 2 points for each question and 40 points for attack. Only one option in each question best fits the meaning of the question.
1. When the following substances are synthesized, the template is needed.
A. Phospholipids and protein B.DNA and enzymes C. Sex hormones and insulin D. Neurotransmitters and receptors
2. The narrative about the structure and function of human cells is correct.
A. RNA can transmit and express genetic information in the nucleus. B. Ribosome is the main place for the synthesis and processing of protein. C. The ratio of protein to lipid in mitochondrial inner membrane is greater than that in outer membrane. D. Golgi apparatus is related to the formation of spindle during mitosis.
3. The following statements related to the production of fruit wine, fruit vinegar and fermented bean curd are correct.
A. The optimum temperature for making sufu is the highest. B. Fruit vinegar fermentation includes anaerobic fermentation and aerobic fermentation. C. The strains used are yeast, acetic acid bacteria and lactic acid bacteria. D. All the strains used have cell walls, ribosomes, DNA and RNA.
4. A research group obtained a xanthophyll-deficient mutant of rice. The light absorption of its leaves was measured by red light irradiation and the bands of pigment chromatography were analyzed (from top to bottom). Compared with normal leaves, the experimental results were as follows
A. The difference in light absorption is significant, and the pigment band is missing Article 2. B. The difference in light absorption is not significant, and the pigment band is missing Article 2. C. The difference in light absorption is significant, and the pigment band is missing Article 3. D. The difference in light absorption is not significant, and the pigment band is missing Article 3.
5. The narrative about people's cell differentiation, aging, apoptosis and canceration is correct.
A. Cell differentiation leads to the selective expression of genes and the increase of cell types. B. Cell aging is characterized by the decrease of enzyme activity, which is proportional to individual growth and development. C. Cell apoptosis is controlled by genes, which is not conducive to individual growth and development. D. Cell canceration leads to the decrease of cell adhesion and is easy to disperse and transfer.
6. According to modern biological evolution theory, the following statement is correct
A. natural selection determines the direction of biological variation and evolution. B. the essence of biological evolution is the change of genotype frequency of population. C. the change of gene frequency in population is continuous between generations. D. the contingency of gene frequency change in population decreases with the decrease of population number
7. The narrative about transcription and translation is wrong.
A. ribonucleotides are used as raw materials during transcription.
B. RNA polymerase can recognize specific base sequences in DNA during transcription.
C. protein was translated by moving C.mRNA on ribosomes.
D. different codons encode the same amino acid to enhance the fault tolerance of passwords.
8. Nuclear pore is a selective nuclear-cytoplasmic exchange channel, and nucleophilic proteins need to enter cells and function through nuclear pore. The picture on the right shows the injection experiment of Xenopus laevis oocytes with nucleophilic protein. The following related statements are correct.
A. The entry of nucleophilic proteins into the nucleus is determined by the head. B. Nucleophilic proteins do not need carriers. C. Nucleophilic proteins need energy to enter the nucleus. D. Nucleophilic proteins enter the nucleus in the same way as glucose enters red blood cells.
9. The following statement about the human environment is wrong.
A. the specific binding of antigen and antibody occurs in the internal environment. B. the internal environment COmponents contain co, urea,. Neurotransmitters, etc. C. There is a big difference between the amount of tissue fluid infiltrating into plasma and lymph. D. When the composition of plasma is stable, the body reaches a steady state.
10. The related biomaterials are directly made into temporary pieces, and the phenomena that can be observed under the ordinary optical microscope are as follows: a. There are multiple chloroplasts in the epidermal guard cells of spinach leaves; b. There are multiple orange fat granules in peanut cotyledon cells; c. There are more mitochondria in human oral epithelial cells; d. The nuclei in the epidermal cells of purple onion scales are clearly visible.
11.The picture on the right shows the cell division of an animal with genotype AABb. The related judgment is wrong.
A. This cell is a secondary spermatocyte or a secondary egg cell B. Gene A in this cell is produced by mutation of gene A. C. This cell may form two kinds of sperm or an egg cell D. This animal cell contains at most four chromosomes.
12. The statement about "the experiment of phagocyte infecting bacteria" is correct.
A. culture bacteriophages in culture media containing radioactive isotope S and radioactive isotope P. B. infect unlabeled Escherichia coli with S-and P-labeled bacteriophages respectively, and keep warm for a long time. C. In the infection experiment of S-labeled bacteriophages, a small amount of radioactivity in sediments may be caused by insufficient stirring. The infection experiments of D.P. and S-labeled bacteriophages respectively show that DNA is genetic material and protein is not genetic material.
13. The picture on the right is the pattern diagram of reflex arc (A, B, C, D and E represent the components of reflex arc, and I and II represent the components of synapse). The relevant statement is correct.
A. The transmission of excitement in the reflex arc in normal body is unidirectional. B. Cutting off D and stimulating B will not cause the effector to contract. C. The signal change of excitement at the same transmission speed of structure C and structure B. D. II is the electrical signal chemical signal.
14. The narrative about the application of modern biotechnology is wrong. A. protein engineering can synthesize protein that does not exist in nature. B. Somatic hybridization technology can be used to clone animals and prepare monoclonal antibodies. C. Plant tissue culture technology can be used to detoxify plant shoot tips. D. Animal cell culture technology can be used to cultivate transgenic animals.
15. The following statements about the preparation and application of enzymes are correct.
A. Enzymatic hydrolysis and water absorption swelling method are often used to prepare intracellular enzymes of microorganisms. B. Dialysis, electrophoresis and acid hydrolysis are often used to separate and purify enzymes. C. Cotton fabrics cannot be washed with washing powder added with cellulase. D. Pepsin in multi-enzyme tablets is located in the core layer of tablets 16. The following statement about plant tissue culture is correct.
A. Callus is a group of parenchyma cells with specific structure and function. B. Pollen of diploid plants is dedifferentiated and redifferentiated to obtain plants with stable inheritance. C. Embryoids and calli are packaged with artificial films to make artificial seeds. D. Salt-tolerant mutants of plants can be obtained by adding appropriate amount of NaCL to culture medium and screening.
17. The Hengduan Mountains in southwest China are recognized as the key areas of global biodiversity. The research results of butterfly biodiversity in different altitude areas are shown in the table below. The following statements are true.
A. The surprise of preparation types of different vertical zones is the result of community succession. B. The difference of vegetation types in different vertical zones reflects the spatial structure characteristics of communities. C. Butterfly species diversity has nothing to do with vegetation types in each vertical zone. D. Butterfly species diversity has nothing to do with climate characteristics in each vertical zone 18. The following description about embryo engineering, The mistake is a. In vitro fertilization refers to the fertilization of potential sperm and mature eggs in the corresponding solution. B. Embryo transfer can only be carried out when fertilized eggs develop to the gastrula stage. C. Serum is usually added to the culture solution of early embryo culture and animal cell culture. D. IVF technology mainly includes in vitro fertilization, early embryo culture and embryo transfer technology.
19. in the experiment of "crude extraction and identification of DNA" using chicken blood, the relevant statements are correct.
A. adjust the concentration of NaCl solution to 0. 14mol/L with distilled water, and filter out the precipitate. B. adjust the concentration of NaCl solution or add papain, which can remove some impurities. C. dissolve the silk in 2 mol/LNaCl solution, and add diphenylamine reagent to make it blue. D. replace chicken blood with cauliflower as the experimental material, and the experimental operation steps are the same.
20. The following descriptions of several ecological events in Jiangsu Province are incorrect. A. Spartina alterniflora originated in America, and after it was introduced to Jiangsu coastal areas, it quickly spread and changed the biodiversity of beaches, belonging to biological invasion. B. Crayfish originated in America, and spread rapidly after it was introduced to Nanjing through Japan, which was harmful to farmland, but it became delicious on the table, and it was not a biological invasion. C. Elk originated in China. However, it was later extinct in China, and it was introduced from Europe and ex situ conservation was implemented in Dafeng Resume Nature Reserve. D. Red-crowned cranes breed in northeast China and migrate to Jiangsu coastal beaches for the winter, and a nature reserve was established in Yancheng for in situ conservation.
Second, multiple-choice questions: this part includes 5 questions, each with 3 points, * * * meter 15 points. Each question has more than one option that meets the meaning of the question. If you choose all the questions correctly, you will get 3 points, and other situations will not score.
2 1. It is found that arsenic (As) can be enriched in plants and transformed into highly toxic organometallic compounds, which affect the plant height, root length and dry weight of rice. After adding P (similar to As atomic structure), the content of P in the stems, leaves and roots of rice increased, while the content of As decreased relatively, and the growth of rice accelerated and increased in the dry. A reasonable explanation for this phenomenon is that
A. As is enriched in rice cells, and the structural characteristics of cell membrane determine that B. As enters rice cells, which leads to the inactivation of related enzymes and affects the absorption of As by metabolic cells. It is related to the types and quantities of carriers on cell membrane. D.P is an important element that constitutes phospholipids, nucleic acids and ATP. It can promote the growth and development of rice. 22. Variations that can occur in both mitosis and meiosis are: a. Addition, deletion or change of base pairs during A.DNA replication leads to gene mutation. B. Free combination between non-homologous chromosomes leads to gene recombination. C. Some fragments are exchanged between non-homologous chromosomes, leading to chromosome structural variation. D. Four chromosomes formed after centromere division cannot move to two poles, leading to chromosome number variation.
23. The rhizome of a certain kind of iron wire can be used as Chinese medicine and has important economic value. The following table shows the effects of different shading treatments on photosynthesis, and the relevant statements are correct.
A. Proper shading treatment can improve its dry weight.
B. Chlorophyll content is positively correlated with net photosynthetic rate.
C. Chlorophyll a/b can be used as a judgment index of its ability to use weak light.
D, when shading is 90%, clematis does not carry out photosynthesis.
24. There are two single-gene genetic diseases (see the figure below) in a family, one of which is a sex-linked genetic disease. The correlation analysis is correct: A. A disease is autosomal dominant inheritance, and B disease is recessive inheritance mixed with X chromosome.
The pathogenic genes of B.Ⅱ-3 are all from I-3.
C ⅱ-2 has one genotype, and ⅲ-8 genotype has two possibilities.
D if ⅲ-4 and ⅲ-5 get married, the probability of having a child with two diseases is 5/ 1225.
In the field test station, the population density changes of cotton aphids with different initial densities (1 and 20 heads/leaf) were studied under the conditions of open and closed cotton aphid occurrence period. The cotton leaves with the same specifications and quantity were placed in each experimental group, and the results are as follows. What is true about the narrative is that
A. The population with the same initial density declines under open conditions before under closed conditions, which may be related to emigration.
B. The population with the same initial density reached the peak density under the open condition before the closed condition, which may be related to immigration.
C. The population begins to decline when the number of population reaches K value in both open and closed conditions.
D intraspecific struggle in both open and closed conditions began to weaken when the population declined.
3. Non-multiple-choice questions: This part includes 8 small questions, with a score of 65. 26.(8 points) The graph on the right shows the variation curves of yeast population, glucose concentration and ethanol concentration in different culture stages. Please answer the following questions: (1) The place where yeast respiration occurs in section AB of the curve is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _; The way yeast breathes in the BC section of the curve is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. (2) The main reasons for the decline of yeast population from point C are not only the large consumption of glucose, but also _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. (3) During t1-t2 period, the main reasons for the rapid increase of glucose consumption per unit time are _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. (4) A classmate sampled at T3, and the counted yeast population was obviously higher than that at point D, which may be caused by ▲, ▲ and mistakes in counting with blood cell counting board.
27.(9 points) Figure 1 shows the fluctuation of the average number of eggs laid by hens in different months in a certain area at 50℃ north latitude. Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the physiological regulation process of hen reproductive activities (A, B, organs, A, B, C, corresponding hormones). Please answer the following questions: (1) From the figure 1, it can be seen that the main environmental conditions that affect the monthly egg production of hens are ▲. (2) The names of hormone A and organ C in Figure 2 are ▲ and ▲ respectively. (3) The physiological significance of c→ A and c→ B in Figure 2 lies in ▲. (4) It is known that hormone A molecule is a polypeptide, and its receptor is located in the target cell. (5) Blood was taken from the vein of C for testing. There are 22 kinds, 33 kinds and more than 43 kinds of hormones in the plasma. (6) Alkylphenol is a kind of lotion with stable molecular structure and similar physiological effects to hormone C. Long-term feeding of feed contaminated with alkyl phenol will have a ▲ effect on the secretion of organs A and B, thus causing the secretion of hormone C ▲.
28.(8 points) Onion (2n= 16) is a diploid plant. In order to compare the effects of different treatments on the mitotic index of onion root tip cells (that is, the percentage of cells in the mitotic period in the field of vision to the total number of cells), a research study group carried out relevant experiments, and the experimental steps were as follows: ① Remove the old roots of onion, and take them out after taking root in water culture. ② Onions were divided into groups and simultaneously transferred into colchicine solutions with mass fractions of 0.0 1% and 0. 1%, and cultured for 24h, 36h and 48h； respectively; After colchicine treatment stopped, it was transferred to clean water for 0h, 12h, 24h and 36h respectively. ③ Cut the root tips, fix them with Carnoy fixative (mixed with 3 parts of absolute ethanol and 1 part of glacial acetic acid) for 8 hours, and then soak the root tips in 1mol/L hydrochloric acid solution for 5 ~ 8 minutes. ④ Take out the root tip and rinse it in a Petri dish filled with clear water. ⑤ Staining with carbolic acid-fuchsin reagent. ⑥ Production and microscopic examination; Count and take pictures. Experimental results: The cell division index (%) after different treatments is shown in the following table. Please analyze the above experiment and answer the relevant questions: (1) The function of "soaking root tips in 1mol/L hydrochloric acid solution" in step ③ is ▲. (2) Step ⑥ In order to obtain the corresponding observation field, the correct operation method during microscopic examination is ▲. (3) According to the knowledge learned, it is inferred that carbolic acid-magenta reagent is a kind of sex dye. (4) In order to make the statistical data more scientific, the counting method should be ▲. (5) According to the above results, the following preliminary conclusions can be drawn: ① The cell division index induced by colchicine solution with mass fraction ▲ is higher; ② Among the various treatments in this experiment, the best way to improve the cell division index is ▲. (6) On the right is a photomicrograph taken by a classmate in step ⑥. The most likely reason for the formation of cell A is ▲.
29.(9 points) Water pollution caused by bait, fish excrement and untimely water change is common in pond culture. The researcher designed a circulating water pond culture system (as shown in the following figure). Please answer the following questions: (1) Compared with natural ponds, the ecosystem of artificial culture ponds is resilience stability ▲. The content of N and P in the water body of artificial culture pond is easy to increase, which will cause eutrophication of the water body. A large number of plankton such as algae multiply, and are decomposed by microorganisms after death, which causes the dissolved oxygen in water to drop, causing the death of fish and so on, further destroying the steady state of the ecosystem. This regulation method is called ▲. (2) Compared with the traditional culture pond, the ecological engineering facilities added by the culture system are ▲. By planting aquatic plants and stocking grazing animals in these facilities, the water body can be improved and the contents of N and P in the water body can be effectively reduced. (3) The culture system is designed such that the top water of the previous pond flows into the bottom of the next pond to realize the exchange of water layers, and its purposes are as follows. (4) There should not be too many ponds connected in series in the aquaculture system, because ▲. (5) It is necessary to keep proper N and P contents in the pond water, and the aquaculture system can be regulated by ▲, ▲.
30.(7 points) Synthetic plant hormone analogues are often used in production practice. A research group has studied the effects of hormone analogue A and hormone analogue B on the rooting and lateral bud growth of mini-rose. Please answer the following questions: (1) The preliminary conclusion drawn from figure 1 is that the effects of hormone analogue A and hormone analogue B on the rooting of mini-rose cuttings are ▲ and ▲ respectively. (2) Judging the effect of hormone analogue B of 0.5 on rooting from the result of figure 1 ▲ (fill in "can" or "cannot"). In order to explore the combined effects of 30.5 hormone analogue A and 0.5 hormone analogue B on the rooting of mini-rose cuttings, seed media should be designed. (3) It is known that A is an auxin analogue, and Figure 2 shows the effects of its three concentrations of X, Y and Z on the growth of lateral buds in stem segments of mini-rose, so: ① A with concentration of X has a ▲ effect on the growth of lateral buds in stem segments of mini-rose. ② The relationship among X concentration, Y concentration and Z concentration is ▲. 3 1.(8 points) In order to explore the effects of plant enzymes on the growth and digestive enzyme activities of perch, the researchers designed and conducted relevant experiments, and the experimental steps and results were as follows: ① Domestication of perch: the perch fry captured from the ocean were raised in a floating seawater cage 14d, and fed with ordinary feed for later use. (2) preparation of feed: adding 200mg phytase to each kilogram of common feed to prepare enzyme-added feed; The ordinary private chat and enzyme feed were made into granules with the same size, dried and stored. (3) Feeding of perch: The perch with strong physique and the same size are randomly grouped and stocked in floating seawater cages with the same specifications, and the stocking density is 60/box. The bass in the control group were fed with proper amount of common feed regularly, and the bass in the experimental group were fed with the same amount of enzyme feed at the same time. ④ Weighing and recording: After 8 weeks of feeding, 20 bass were randomly taken from each cage and weighed. The results showed that the average weight gain rates of the control group and the experimental group were 859.3% and 947.2%, respectively ⑤ Samples of digestive enzymes in the intestinal tract of perch were prepared, and the activities of digestive enzymes were determined respectively. The results are shown in the following table. According to the above experiment, answer the following questions: (1) The main reason for choosing bass fry instead of adults in step ① is ▲; The purpose of domestication before the experiment is to ▲ (2) pay special attention to drying the prepared feed in step ②, because ▲ (3) the irrelevant variables that should be controlled in step ③ mainly include ▲ (4) the preliminary conclusion of this experiment is ▲ (5) to infer the feeding habits of perch and explain the reasons ▲.
32.(8 points) Maize non-waxy gene (w) is dominant for waxy gene (w) and yellow endosperm gene (y) is dominant for white endosperm gene (y). These two pairs of alleles are located on chromosome 9 and 6 respectively. W- and W-indicate that the chromosome of the gene is partially deleted (the deletion segment does not include W and W genes), and the deletion does not affect the meiosis process. Pollen with chromosome deletion is sterile, while magnetic gametes with chromosome deletion are fertile. Please answer the following questions: (1) The existing genotypes are WW, Ww,ww, WW? The conclusion that "the pollen with chromosome deletion is sterile and the magnetic gamete with chromosome deletion is fertile" can be verified by the test crossing of six kinds of maize plants, and the genotype of the test crossing parent combination is written. (2) Take the genotype W-w as the female parent, the genotype W-w as the male parent, and the phenotype and its ratio of the offspring are ▲. (3) The type and proportion of fertile male gametes produced by individuals with Ww-Yy genotype are ▲. (4) Now, orthogonal and reciprocal experiments are conducted. Orthogonal: WwYy(♀)×W-wYy (), and reciprocal W-wYy(♀)×WwYy (), then the phenotypes and proportions of the offspring of orthogonal and reciprocal are ▲, ▲ respectively. (5) F 1 was obtained by crossing wwYY and WWyy as parents, and F 1 was selfed to produce F2. Selecting non-waxy white endosperm plants in F2 and pollinating each other, the phenotype and its ratio of offspring are. 33. (8 points) Please answer the questions related to genetic engineering: (1) The principle of amplifying objective factors by PCR technology is similar to that of intracellular DNA replication (as shown in the figure below). The primer in the figure is a single-stranded DNA fragment, which is the basis for the synthesis and extension of the sub-chain. ① Theoretically, the proportion of DNA fragments containing primer A in the products of the fourth cycle is. ② Two DNA fragments with the same length of deoxynucleotide chains began to appear in the products of the first cycle. (2) Designing primers is one of the key steps of PCR technology. The two sets of primers designed by a classmate (only marked with partial base sequences) are unreasonable (as shown in the figure below). Please explain the reasons separately. ① Group 1: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ② _______▲________。 (3) The 3)PCR reaction system contains thermostable DNA polymerase, and the following expression cannot reflect the function of DNA polymerase, because _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. (4) Use restriction enzymes EcoRV and MboI to cut the same plasmid individually or jointly, and the length of the DNA fragment obtained is as shown in the following figure (1kb, i.e. 1000 base pairs). Please draw the cutting sites of EcoRV and MboI on the plasmid at the designated position on the answer sheet.
Reference answers to biology questions 1. Multiple choice questions: This part includes 20 questions, with 2 points for each question and 40 points for * * *. 1. B 2. C 3. D 4. B 5. D 6. C 7. C 8. C 9. D 10 A 1 1. A 12. C / Kloc-0/3.a14.b15.a16.d17.d18.b19.b20.b II. 21.bcd22.acd23.ac24.acd25.ab III. Non-multiple choice questions: This part includes 8 questions, with * * * being 65 points. 26.(8 points) (1) Aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration of cytoplasm matrix and mitochondria (2) The pH of the culture medium decreases when the ethanol content is too high.