foreword

Hakka ethnic group is a branch of the Chinese nation, which has obvious characteristics and relative independence in language, region, economy and culture. In the historical process of nearly a thousand years' migration and development, Hakka ancestors have undergone social practice of conflict, adjustment and integration, and gradually formed on the basis of inheriting the traditional spirit of Han culture in the Central Plains and absorbing the excellent cultures of various ethnic groups in the south.

In the past hundred years, scholars at home and abroad have been arguing about the issue of Hakka descent for a long time. First, meyers put forward a report on the differences between aborigines and Hakkas. Later, Kang Pu 'er made a field investigation in Meixian County and published an article pointing out that Hakkas are a nation that has purely inherited China descent. Hakka is not a mixed race, but a Han nationality with pure descent, which is not only better than ethnic minorities, but also better than the indigenous Han nationality. They are descendants of the Central Plains dynasty with a history. 」

In the 1930s, Mr. Luo Xianglin collected all his achievements, followed the views of European and American scholars, conducted on-the-spot investigations, and successively wrote "Introduction to Hakka Studies" and "A Study on the Origin of Hakka" according to local records and general records. (Note 1) Due to the difficulty in collecting and recording historical materials, in this report, I first analyzed and organized the papers written by scholars and books about Hakka ethnic groups, from which I learned about the migration of Hakka ethnic groups and their coming to Taiwan to expand their land. Now I will describe the origin, background of migration, background and distribution of Hakka ethnic groups in detail.

Chapter One: The Origin of Hakka Ethnic Groups

1. The birthplace of Hakka

At present, the Hakkas are mainly distributed in the provinces of Central China and South China in Chinese mainland, especially in the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi provinces. Nevertheless, they are guests, and their ancestral home or birthplace is not in South China.

In the genealogy of Hakka surnames, there is a detailed record of the ancestral origin of this family. According to the genealogical data collected, Hakkas originated from the Han nationality. As we know, the Han nationality originated from Huaxia nationality, and Huaxia nationality originated from Huangdi, Yandi and Yi, Li, E, Miao and Di nationalities. In the era of Three Emperors and Five Emperors at the end of primitive society, tribes of all ethnic groups went through repeated conflicts, integration, differentiation and re-integration, and formed the Huaxia nationality with the Yellow Emperor as its ancestor, which was renamed the Han nationality after the Han Dynasty. Therefore, Hakka also originated from tribes of various ethnic groups, but the Huangdi ethnic group was the most. The Three Emperors and Five Emperors are the ancestors of the Han nationality and Hakka people.

Hakka ancestors, after killing and merging in the vast land of the Central Plains, were divided into 7 1 waiting countries after King Ke Yin of the Zhou Dynasty. Later, these waiting countries took the country name as their surname, or the ancestral font size and surname, and divided many surnames. In the genealogy of Hakka surnames, there are clear records on the origin of their surnames.

Statistics show that Hakka ancestors originated or developed in the Yellow River Basin and the Yangtze River Basin, especially in the Yellow River Basin. The two rivers (rivers) basin is the birthplace of the Chinese nation, and it is an indisputable fact that Hakka people originated from this. Mr. Luo Xianglin, a master of Hakka studies, said that the ancestors of Hakka mostly belonged to the south of the Yellow River basin, the north of the Yangtze River basin, the west of the Huai River basin and the east of the Hanshui River basin, which is the so-called old land of the Central Plains. Some scholars have even delineated a specific scope of the birthplace of Hakka, namely: "From the north to the upper party of Bingzhou (now Changzhi County, Shanxi Province), to the west.

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Hongnong (now Lingbao County, Henan Province) in the boundary state, Huainan in Yangzhou in the east (now Shouxian County, Anhui Province), and Xincai in Yuzhou in the south (now Xincai County, Henan Province). In the past, there was a traditional saying that Hakka came from Guangshan and Gushi counties in Henan Province.

As the Hakka issue has attracted worldwide attention and various studies, it is generally believed that the Hakka clan system is similar to the old Central Plains in its social patriarchal system, cultural life customs, belief worship and geomantic superstition. For example, in the old days, Hakka women were popular with big-breasted shirts. Now, in some remote Hakka mountain villages, elderly women still wear big-breasted shirts, and their costumes are very similar to those of women in the ancient Central Plains, especially in the Song Dynasty. To sum up, the birthplace of Hakka is in the south of the Yellow River basin and the north of the Yangtze River basin, which is called the Central Plains in ancient times. (Note 2)

2. The origin of Hakka names

The so-called Hakkas, literally, are "guests" and "people who are not indigenous but come from other places". It is said that they were not originally from the south of China, but the northern nationalities who collectively went south in order to escape the wars in the Central Plains. After many migrations, I finally moved to Lingnan as a "guest". (Note 3)

When the people of the Central Plains moved to the south in May, there was already a "guest-giving system". Zhi Yun, Shuzhou County, Southern Qi Dynasty: "Southern Yanzhou is the town of Guangling. When the people were in trouble, they moved to this place, and the refugees took most of them as guests. Yuan Di Daxing four years, a letter to the refugees lost their registration, so that the people have a department, for the guest system. "

It can be seen that the word "guest" of Hakka is determined by following the imperial edict of Jin and Yuan emperors. Later, in the Tang and Song Dynasties, government books were called "customers". The word Hakka is a common name among the people. When the household registration was made in the Song Dynasty, the indigenous people who had lived there since ancient times were called "owners", and those who moved from other places were called "guests"; the word Hakka was born here. (Note 4)

Although the origin of Hakka names comes from the imperial edict of the Jin and Yuan emperors' "guest-giving system". But the "guest" mentioned here should be "guest" in a broad sense rather than simply referring to the "guest" of Hakkas today. This broad sense of "Hakka" has partly evolved into "Transoceanic System" and partly into "Hunan-Jiangxi System". After the evolution of each department, each has its own proper name. Before the Song Dynasty, the departments of Yuehai, Minhai, Hunan, Jiangxi and Nanhai had been formed. Although they were "guests" at first, they did not realize that they were guests after living for a long time. In this case, the Han people who moved from other areas after the Song Dynasty were called "guests". Therefore, the origin of Hakka is after the formation of various ethnic groups.

After the chaos in China, until the Huang Chao Rebellion in the late Tang Dynasty, the Hakka clan had not yet formed during this period; The name of Hakka has not yet been established. After the Huang Chao Rebellion, Hakka ancestors took refuge and moved to the triangle area of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi. After five generations of disputes and the unification of China in Song Taizu, the Hakka clan evolved from other clans and became its own. The so-called "Hakka" name was established at this time. (Note 5)

The second chapter is the background of Hakka ethnic migration.

1. The background of Hakka people's southward migration.

Hakkas are not aborigines in the south of China. They were originally Han people in the north. In history, Han people have made several great migrations to escape war, famine and political unrest, which are usually in the south of China, which is rich in grain.

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Destination.

Hakka migration to the south can be roughly divided into six periods:

The first period: Qin Shihuang annexed six countries to unify China.

In order to prevent foreign invasion, the Qin Dynasty sent an army to the northern part of Guangdong. After the death of Qin Shihuang, they could not return to the Central Plains, and their descendants were called "Beijiang guests" or "first guests".

The second period: after Yongjia in the Eastern Jin Dynasty.

Five, the nobles who were "crowned with gentry and gentry" moved south with the Eastern Jin government. At that time, these Han people who moved south were called "refugees".

The third period: the last years of the Tang Dynasty.

People who were persecuted because of the separatist regime and the rebellion in Huang Chao moved to the west of Jiangxi Province, the west and south of Fujian Province and the east and north of Guangdong Province.

The fourth period: Southern Song Dynasty.

Jin people went south and Yuan people invaded and entered the Central Plains. Hakka ancestors moved south again because of foreign invasion.

The fifth period: the scourge of bandits in the late Ming Dynasty.

With the invasion of the Qing army, many Hakkas were loyal to the Qing Dynasty, so some Hakkas moved to Taiwan Province with the Ming and Zheng troops. (Note 6)

The sixth period: the years of Ganjia after the Qing regime was stable.

The Hakkas made the last large-scale ethnic migration, but the reason for this migration was just the opposite. After the life was stable, the population surged, and the arable land in mountainous areas was originally limited. Therefore, many people had to develop outward and cross the sea to Nanyang or Taiwan Province to establish a brand-new sphere of influence. (Note 7)

Although the reasons for each migration of Hakka ethnic groups are different, they share the same spirit of uncompromising, unyielding and independent self-esteem.

2. Background of Hakka people moving to Taiwan

According to the existing literature, the migration of Fujian and Guangdong tourists to Taiwan Province began in the middle and late Ming Dynasty. At the end of the Republic of China and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, Zheng Chenggong, a national hero, used it as a base for fighting against the Qing Dynasty and restoring the people after driving the Dutch colonists out of Taiwan Province, so he recruited a large number of mainland people to enter Taiwan to open up wasteland. It was from this time that residents of Fujian and Guangdong provinces began to migrate to Taiwan Province on a large scale, and the Hakkas in the base camp area also entered Taiwan Province. (Note 8)

However, although the earliest Hakkas came to Taiwan with Zheng Chenggong's troops, the number was small. After the fall of Ming Zheng, most of them were sent back to their original places by the Qing court, which did not have any impact on Taiwan Province's development. Then came the policy of prohibiting immigrants from crossing Taiwan in the early Qing Dynasty, the main reason being to prevent Taiwan Province from becoming a land of anti-Qing and regaining sight again, which was harmful to Hakkas.

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The ban was stricter, so the large-scale migration of Hakkas was after the middle period of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty. (Note 9)

In the old days, most of the members of the Zheng family fled to the Nanyang Islands, leaving Taiwan empty. In addition, the coastal people of Fujian and Guangdong were forced by life, and the coastal residents of the mainland constantly ventured to sneak into Taiwan to cultivate. The early Hakkas came to Taiwan about two or three years after the Qing Dynasty decided to establish Taiwan Province (that is, in the 25th and 6th year of Kangxi), when the maritime ban was first opened, people from Fujian and Guangdong moved eastward to make a living. It's just that Minnan people have an advantage because of their land occupation and human relations; On the other hand, the Hakkas in eastern Guangdong came to Taiwan late and were restricted by various decrees, so they were at a disadvantage. At that time, the Hakkas came across the sea to Taiwan to colonize near Fuzhi (now Tainan City), and the vicinity of Fuzhi was occupied by Minnan people, and there was no soil left to dig, so they dug up a vegetable garden outside the East Gate to make a living.

In the twenty-seventh year of Kangxi, among the troops sent by the Qing court, there was a group of Hakka soldiers recruited by Jiaying Prefecture. After serving in Anxun, Tainan and Agongdian for four years, they left the team and were placed in Lanlan Village (now Wandan Township, Pingtung County) to engage in wasteland reclamation. About thirty years after Kangxi, the Hakkas heard that there were a large number of uncultivated lakes on the east bank of Xiadanshui River in Pingtung, but they braved the attack of furuncle and repeated disasters and went to cultivate them. In the thirty-fifth year of Kangxi, after Shi Lang's death, the decree forbidding Chaohui people to come to Taiwan gradually relaxed, and the Hakka people in eastern Guangdong came one after another, so the population soared and the reclamation area expanded day by day. (Note 10)

Chapter III The distribution of Hakkas in Taiwan Province.

During the migration of Hakka people to Taiwan Province, on the one hand, due to the different population and economic development, on the other hand, due to the different migration routes of their base camp to Taiwan Province, the distribution of Hakka people in various parts of Taiwan Province and the time of forming villages are different. Generally speaking, the distribution of Hakkas in Taiwan Province has experienced a process of taking Tainan as the center, continuing to develop southward, and then developing northward. (Note 1 1)

Hakka immigrants came to Taiwan, initially scattered in the western part of Taiwan. Later, due to the influence of the Fulao forces, some of them were assimilated and some of them gathered in mountainous areas, forming a dialect island. Early Hakkas came to Taiwan from their hometown, and mostly landed in Dagou Port, Xiadanshui Port or Donggang, and then along Xiadanshui River they entered Zhutian, Wanluan, Gaoshu and Meinong in Pingtung. Later, other Hakkas landed in Lukang and Caogang, and cultivated Changhua, Yunlin and Nantou, or landed in Bengshan Port and Daan Port, and settled in Dajia and Fengfeng. Or go ashore from Fanglixi and Tunxiaoxi, and cultivate areas such as Fangli, overnight and Baishatun; Or landed from Hong Kong and Houlong Port and scattered in Miaoli area; Or land from Zhuqian Port and Hongmao Port to develop Hsinchu area; Or landed from Nangang and Guanyin, and became the Hakka people of Taoyuan. Therefore, according to the current phenomenon, the Hakka areas in Taiwan Province can be divided into four regions: north, middle, south and east.

1. Hakkas in the northern region:

Most of them refer to the Hakkas in Taozhu and Miao counties. Longtan, Xi Town, Yangmei, Guanyin, Xinwu, Bade and half of Zhongli City in the south of Taoyuan County belong to Hakka Zhuang. In Hsinchu County, except for Wufeng, all the rest are Hakka residences. Miaoli is divided into seamount line, which is the settlement of Fulao people. The head of seamount line, miaoli city, zolan, Mansion, Great Lake, Tongluo, Sanyi, Touwu, Nanzhuang, West Lake, Sanwan, Shitan, Tai 'an are all places where pure Hakkas live. six

2. The Hakkas in Central China:

In the early days, it included Qingshui, Shengang, Fengyuan, Tanzi, Shigang, Xinshe, Dongshi and Nantun in Taichung. Later, under the pressure of Fujian immigrants, some of them stayed in the same place and were assimilated into Fulaoke, while most of them moved to the inner mountains, or settled in Xinshe and Dongshi areas, or crossed mountains and entered Puli Basin, and finally drifted to the areas of Guoxing, Shuili and Xinyi in Nantou County. There have been traces of Hakkas in the area around Chanyuan, Changhua. Daitou, Yuanlin, Hemei, Tianwei and Yongjing in Changhua are all areas reclaimed by Hakkas. Most of the Hakkas cultivated in the original area were assimilated into Fulaoke because of their small population and single potential. There are still a few tribes in Lunbei and Mailiao along the coast of Yunlin who still speak Hakka.

3. Hakkas in the southern region:

It is generally called Liudui Hakkas. This is because when Zhu Yigui started his uprising, the Hakkas who lived in Gaopingxi were organized into Xiangyong, which was divided into six heaps to protect their hometown. Later, this organization became a common Yong ying organization, and Liudui was gradually transformed into a regional name. Six piles are divided into middle pile, front pile, back pile, left pile, right pile and pioneer pile; Zhongdui is located in Zhutian Township, Pingtung County. The front pile includes Changzhi and Linluo townships, and the back pile is in Neipu Township. The left pile includes the southernmost Xin Ai and Jia Dong, and the right pile is Gaoshu and Meinong Town, Kaohsiung County. The mountains in Pingtung County are located in the rear of these piles, and it is useless for Xiang Yong to stay in the local area, so most of them are called vanguard piles. (Note 12)

4. Hakkas in the eastern region:

In the longitudinal valley of the eastern part of this province, there are also many Hakkas living in concentrated communities, but most of them moved from the western Hakka village in the later period, and rarely moved directly from the mainland. (Note 13) During the Japanese occupation, in order to increase the manpower for planting sugar cane and making sucrose, the Japanese recruited Han Dian from western Taiwan to work in Hualien, most of whom were Hakkas from Hsinchu. In addition, in order to expand Hualien Port, the Japanese also recruited many Hakkas in the west to work as laborers, which were large-scale ethnic migration at that time. (Note 14) The Hakka ancestors who moved to the east also left traces in the rich Lanyang Weiyuan area near the mountains, as evidenced by more than ten local Sanshan King Temples. Many Hakkas in Liudui area moved to Huadong area under the pressure of life. Now there are many Hakkas scattered in Chishang, Luye and Guanshan in Taitung, Fenglin, Mizuho, Ji 'an, Yuli, Shoufeng, Fuli and Guangfu in Hualien. (Note 15)

conclusion

Hakka ethnic group is a branch of the Chinese nation and belongs to the Hakka ethnic group of the Han nationality. With the chaos in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the Hakka ethnic group began to move southward, so the prelude to the migration of Hakka ethnic groups for thousands of years began. (Note 16)

"Hakka", a group that is always a guest and always a home, has been expanding and migrating for thousands of years. No matter how sinister the environment is, the language and culture of Hakka are still "hard-necked". In order to seek the stability of the living environment, the Hakka people have been migrating southward from the Central Plains of Chinese mainland, and for a long time, they have exercised their perseverance and stiff-necked spirit to challenge the laws of nature. seven

Most of the Hakkas live in hilly areas in their hometown of mainland China. Due to geographical factors and the "sea ban" political factors at the turn of Ming and Qing regimes, the time for Hakkas to move to Taiwan is slower than that of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou ethnic groups. The fertile land around Xunyuan has been developed by Quanzhou and Zhangzhou immigrants first, so most of the areas reclaimed by Hakka people in Taiwan are concentrated in Liudui area in southern Taiwan Province, Dongshi area in central Taiwan Province and Taozhu and Miao areas in northern Taiwan Province. Hakka ancestors worked hard to reclaim land, turn desert into fertile land, turn Yuan Ye into a village, and build new homes for future generations.