Section 1 Brucellosis is an infectious disease caused by Brucella bacteria in humans and animals. Among domestic animals, cattle, sheep, and pigs are the most common, and can be transmitted from cattle, sheep, and pigs to humans and other domestic animals. Its symptoms are inflammation of reproductive organs and fetal membranes, causing miscarriage, infertility and local lesions of various tissues. This disease is widely distributed around the world, causing varying degrees of epidemics and causing serious harm to animal husbandry and human health. 1. The pathogenic Brucella is a coccobacterium or a brevibacterium, 0.6-1.5-1.7 microns, without flagella, unable to produce spores, Gram staining is cloudy, and does not show polar staining. The smear of the diseased material showed dense clusters of bacteria, arranged in pairs or singly and with few short chains. There are no obvious differences in morphology and staining characteristics between various strains and biotypes. 2. Epidemiology The source of infection of brucellosis is sick livestock and carrier animals (including wild animals). The most dangerous ones are infected pregnant females. During abortion and delivery, they excrete large amounts of Brucella bacteria along with the fetus, fetal fluid and afterbirth. Brucella bacteria are found in vaginal secretions after abortion and in milk. Brucella may also be present in the seminal vesicles of male animals with orchitis infected with Brucella. The main transmission route of Brucella is through the digestive tract, that is, infection is caused by ingesting feed and drinking water contaminated by the pathogen. However, transcutaneous infection is also of certain importance, and other infections can also occur through the conjunctiva and during sexual intercourse. Blood-sucking insects can spread brucellosis. 3. Symptoms Sheep and goats: often do not show symptoms, and the first symptom noticed is abortion. Before miscarriage, there is loss of appetite, thirst, wilting, yellow mucus discharge from vagina, etc. Miscarriage occurs in the third or fourth month of pregnancy. Some goats miscarry 2-3 times, and some mostly do not miscarry, but there are also reports of 40-90% of goats miscarrying. Other symptoms may include mastitis, bronchitis, arthritis and lameness caused by bursitis. . Orchitis in male animals and mastitis in dairy goats often appear earlier, the milk is clumped, the milk volume may be reduced, and the mammary gland tissue becomes nodular and hard. 4. Pathological changes: The afterbirth shows yellow jelly-like infiltration, some parts are covered with fibrin flakes and pus, and some are thickened and mixed with bleeding spots. Anemia of villous lobe is yellow or covered with gray, yellow-green or white mucus, and punctate or linear bleeding may be seen under the serosa of the gastrointestinal tract and bladder. There is reddish fluid in the serosal cavity, and the cavity walls may be covered with fibrin clots. There was hemorrhagic serous infiltration under the skin. The lymph nodes, spleen and liver were swollen to varying degrees, and some had scattered inflammatory necrosis. The umbilical cord often shows serous infiltration and hypertrophy. Pneumonia lesions may be seen in fetuses and newborn calves. There may be bleeding spots and necrotic lesions in the seminal vesicles of the bull's reproductive organs, and there may be inflammatory necrotic lesions and purulent lesions in the testicles and epididymis. 5. The obvious symptom of diagnosis of brucellosis is miscarriage, which must be differentially diagnosed with diseases that have the same symptoms. Abortion may occur due to campylobacteriosis, trichomoniasis, leptospirosis, Japanese encephalitis, toxoplasmosis and chlamydiasis. The main key to its identification is the detection of pathogens and the demonstration of specific antibodies. 6. Prevention and control should focus on embodying the principle of “prevention first”. In uninfected herds, the best way to control the introduction of brucellosis is to self-reproduce. When it is necessary to introduce breeding stock or replenish the herd, strict quarantine must be carried out. That is, the livestock are kept in isolation for 2 months, and at the same time, they are tested for brucellosis. Only those who have negative immunobiological tests for the whole group twice may come into contact with the original livestock. The herd should be cleaned and quarantined regularly (at least once a year) to detect sick animals. If abortion is found in a herd, diagnosis should be made as soon as possible in addition to isolating the aborted livestock, disinfecting the environment and properly disposing of the aborted fetal afterbirth. Diagnose brucellosis or discover the disease during single quarantine of the herd, cut off the transmission route, cultivate healthy herds and provide immunization, etc. Section 2 Foot-and-mouth disease 1. Pathogen Foot-and-mouth disease virus belongs to the rhinovirus genus in the picornavirus group. It contains the most poison in the blister skin and lymph fluid of sick animals. As the blister develops, the virus enters the bloodstream and is distributed to various tissues and fluids throughout the body. The virus content in the blood is the highest during the fever period. After the fever subsides, a certain amount of virus is contained in milk, urine, saliva, tears, feces, etc. The virus is highly pathogenic. 2. Epidemiology Foot-and-mouth disease can infect a variety of animals, and cloven-hoofed animals are the most susceptible. According to the epidemiological survey data of foot-and-mouth disease, the most susceptible domestic animals to foot-and-mouth disease are cattle and yaks, followed by oxen and buffaloes. Camels, sheep, goats, and pigs come next. Calves are more susceptible than adult cattle and have a higher mortality rate. People can also become infected. Horses are extremely resistant to foot-and-mouth disease. This disease is different from general infectious diseases in that it is easier to spread from one animal to another. However, in some epidemics, cattle and sheep are strongly infected.

The incidence rate in new endemic areas can reach 100%, and the incidence rate in old endemic areas is more than 50%. The occurrence of foot-and-mouth disease has no strict seasonality and can occur in any month of the year. Foot-and-mouth disease virus is highly contagious and often becomes an epidemic once it occurs. Its spread can be either spreading or jumping. 3. The incubation period of symptoms is about one week. The symptoms are roughly the same as those in cattle, but the infection rate is lower than that in cattle. Goats are more common in the oral cavity, showing diffuse stomatitis, and blisters occur on the hard palate and tongue. Lambs sometimes have hemorrhagic gastroenteritis and often die from myocarditis. 4. Pathological changes In addition to blisters and rotten spots in the mouth and hooves, round rotten spots and ulcers may sometimes occur in the mucosa of the throat, trachea, bronchus and forestomach, with dark brown scabs covering them. Hemorrhagic inflammation can be seen in the mucosa of the abomasum and large and small intestines. Additionally, of diagnostic importance are myocardial lesions. There are diffuse and punctate hemorrhages in the pericardium; there are gray-white or light yellow spots or stripes on the myocardial section, which resemble the stripes on a tiger, so it is generally called "tiger-spotted heart". The heart is soft, like cooked meat. Due to the degeneration, necrosis and dissolution of myocardial fibers, toxic decomposition products are released, causing death of sick animals. 5. Prevention and Control Over the years, a relatively mature set of experience has been accumulated in the prevention and control of foot-and-mouth disease. The most important ones are: carrying out mass epidemic prevention campaigns, organizing joint prevention and cooperation between relevant regions and departments, and following the "early, fast and strict" In accordance with the principle of "small and small", comprehensive epidemic prevention measures should be adopted. Section 3 Sheep Rapid Epidemic 1. Pathogen This disease is an acute infectious disease caused by Clostridium putrefactiveis. It is characterized by sudden onset, rapid death, and abomasal bleeding and necrosis. 2. Epidemiology 1. This disease mainly affects sheep. Goats are less likely to be affected, and sheep under 2 years old and those with moderate nutrition are more likely to be affected. 2. Generally endemic. 3. Occurs in autumn and early spring. 4. It mostly occurs in low-lying and humid areas. 5. General infections through the digestive tract. If infected through trauma, malignant edema will occur. 3. Symptoms often lead to sudden death. Sick sheep with a long course of disease will lie on the ground away from the group and are unwilling to move. When forced to walk, they will show weakness and unbalanced movement. Abdominal distension, pain, difficulty in defecation, tenesmus, and some black and loose feces. Generally, the body temperature is not high, but in some cases it can rise to 41.5°C, leading to death from convulsions or coma within a few hours. 4. After death from disease, the body rapidly decomposes and swells, requiring timely autopsy. ① There are often bleeding spots or diffuse bleeding in the mucosa of the abomasum and duodenum, and the submucosal tissue is edematous, even necrotic and ulcerated; ② The liver is enlarged like boiled water and is brittle; ③ The gallbladder is enlarged; ④ The chest, abdominal cavity and Pericardial effusion; ⑤ Intracardiac, epicardial and intestinal subserosal bleeding, intestinal contents filled with bubbles, mucosal bleeding, etc. 5. Prevention and treatment ① In areas where this disease often occurs, the five-combination bacterium vaccine for sheep blight, enterotoxemia, sudden snipe, black plague, lamb dysentery, or sheep rash, enterotoxaemia, enterotoxemia can be injected regularly before the epidemic. The triple bacterium vaccine, regardless of whether it is large or small, is injected subcutaneously or intramuscularly in 5 ml. The immunity period of the first three is 6 months and the latter is 1 year. ② After the disease occurs, eliminating the inducement and moving the pasture (land) will have a preventive effect. At the same time, sick sheep must be isolated in time, slaughtering, skinning and use are strictly prohibited, and the carcasses and excrement should be buried deeply. Contaminated pens, sites, and utensils should be disinfected with 3% caustic soda solution or 20% bleaching powder solution. ③After emergency vaccination of the same flock of sick sheep, 2% copper sulfate is administered orally, 100 ml each. ④ Sheep with a longer course of disease can be treated with sulfonamides and antibiotics, preferably combined with cardiac rehydration. Section 4: Sheep enterotoxaemia 1. Pathogen This disease, also known as soft nephropathy or quasi-epidemic, is an acute toxemia in sheep caused by Clostridium weldenii type D. This bacterium multiplies in large numbers in the intestines of sheep, and the toxins it produces are absorbed by the body and cause disease. The clinical manifestations are similar to those of rapid disease, with renal softening after death. 2. Key points of diagnosis 1. Epidemic points ① This disease mostly occurs in obese sheep aged 2-12 months, and is rare in goats. ②Mostly scattered. ③The occurrence of this disease often has obvious seasonal and conditional characteristics. In late spring and early summer, late autumn and rainy seasons, sheep eat a large amount of juicy grass and vegetable leaves, and overeat a large amount of concentrate when harvesting crops. 2. Main symptoms: The most acute ones often lead to death within 2-4 hours. The sick muscles tremble, grind their teeth, groan, salivate, fall to the ground, twitch the limbs, and tilt the head back. People with a long course of the disease may show depression or lethargy, unsteady gait, hyperesthesia, sometimes excitement, pale mucous membranes, and diarrhea. They usually die in a coma within 1 to 3 days. 3. The main lesions are congestion and bleeding of the small intestinal mucosa. In severe cases, the entire intestinal wall turns red, commonly known as "blood intestines." After death, the kidneys are as soft as the brain, cysts are enlarged, thymus hemorrhage, pericardial effusion, pulmonary hemorrhage, and edema. Prevention and treatment ① In areas where this disease often occurs, preventive vaccination should be carried out regularly with sheep triple vaccine or sheep five-way vaccine (see Sheep Rapid Blight for methods and dosages).

② Strengthen feeding and management, avoid overeating succulent grass when grazing, and feed less succulent feed such as vegetable roots and leaves. In summer, it is best to graze away from areas where green grass sprouts. ③ If a sick sheep is found, it should be isolated immediately, and the carcass and excrement should be properly disposed of. After other sheep are moved to pasture, emergency vaccinations are performed. For sheep with a long course of disease, antibiotics or sulfa drugs can be used to treat them, combined with cardiac stimulation and sedation, which has a certain effect. Section 5: Goat contagious pleuropneumonia, also known as "rotten lung disease", is a contact infectious disease in goats caused by Mycoplasma capriformis (Mycoplasma). 1. Popular characteristics: ① Only occurs in goats, and those under 3 years old are most susceptible to infection. ② Often endemic. ③ It can occur in any four seasons of the year, and is mainly seen in winter and early spring during the hay season. ④ Mainly through respiratory tract infection through air-droplets. After the onset of disease, it can affect the entire group in about 20 days. 2. Main symptoms: Incubation period is 5-20 days. Most symptoms are acute, with elevated body temperature at the beginning of the disease, fatigue, not eating, coughing, difficulty breathing, mucus nasal discharge, and chest pain on palpation; in the end, the patient lies on the ground, with the head and neck straightened when breathing, and suffocates to death. The course of disease is 7-10 days. Chronic cases include long-term cough, runny nose, and weight loss. 3. Main lesions: pleural effusion, mostly liver changes in one lung, marble-like cross section, widening of the interstitium, and pleural adhesions in some lungs. 4. Differential diagnosis: Pay attention to distinguishing it from goat pasteurellosis. If necessary, take lung and pleural fluid for pathogen isolation and identification. Prevention and treatment: 1. Prevention: Do not introduce goats from epidemic areas. The introduced goats should be isolated and observed for 1 month before healthy goats can be mixed with the herd. In epidemic areas, goat infectious pleurisy aluminum hydroxide vaccine can be used for emergency vaccination. 3 ml is injected subcutaneously for children under 6 months old and 5 ml for those over 6 months old. The immunity production period is 14 days and the immunity period is 1 year. 2. Treatment: ①914, 0.1-0.2 g for lambs and 0.2-0.3 g for large sheep, dilute with 10 ml of physiological saline or 5% glucose saline, and inject slowly intravenously. If necessary, inject again once every 3-5 days. ②Treat with lomefloxacin, enrofloxacin, and sulfadiazine sodium. At the same time of treatment, care should be strengthened and attention should be paid to symptomatic therapy. Section 6 Sheep Mite Disease 1. Pathogen: This disease is also called scabies, commonly known as leprosy. It is a contact, chronic, parasitic skin disease caused by scabies and itching mites parasitizing on the surface or in the skin of sheep. 2. Epidemiology: 1. Widely distributed, prevalent in all parts of the country, and prevalent in all parts of Guizhou Province. 2. The incidence rate in warm and humid areas is higher than that in alpine and dry areas. 3. Anyone can be infected regardless of age. 4. There is obvious seasonality, mostly occurring in late autumn, early spring and early spring. 3. Symptoms: hyperoxygen, irritability, thickening of the skin, hair loss, and sometimes the formation of blisters or pustules, and scabs after ulceration. Loss of appetite, weight loss, and death in severe cases, especially in sheep. 4. Prevention: 1. Adhere to the policy of “prevention first” and carry out medicated baths, sprays or insect repellents in a planned manner. 2. Keep the pen dry and ventilated. 3. Strengthen quarantine and promptly treat sick animals. 4. Keep the pens hygienic and disinfect them with 20% lime water. 5. Treatment: ①Trichlorfon: Apply 0.5% trichlorfon solution to the affected area 2-3 times. ②Fishuiling should be applied at a concentration of 0.05%, rinsed, sprayed, and dissolved. ③Medicated bath with 0.1% solution of mefenthrin. ④ To eliminate the harm, 200 micrograms/kg body weight for cattle and sheep should be injected subcutaneously. ⑤Others such as Bete, Mite, Sulfide, Lindane EC, sulfur-lime mixture, etc. have satisfactory results.