I. France
1. The wine in the legal producing area, referred to as AOC, is the highest grade of French wine. AOC means "named by controlling the origin" in French. Grape varieties, planting quantity, brewing technology and alcohol content in the producing area must be certified by experts. Only grapes grown in the country of origin can be used for brewing, and grape juice from other places is not allowed for blending. AOC production accounts for about 35% of total French wine production. The label of the bottle is labeled as title+name of origin+controlled person.
2. Excellent regional table wine, referred to as VDQS. It is the level that ordinary areas must go through when they transition from table wine to AOC level. If the wine quality performs well during VDQS, it will be upgraded to AOC. The output only accounts for 2% of the total French wine production. The label of the bottle is "name+name of origin+quality wine".
3. regional table wine VIN DE PAYS (English means country wine) The best wine in daily table wine is upgraded to regional table wine. The label of regional table wine can indicate the place of origin. It can be blended with the grape juice of the marked producing area, but it is limited to the grapes of this producing area. The output accounts for about 15% of the total French wine production. The label of the bottle is marked with the name of Vin de Pays+ producing area. Table wine in most parts of France is produced on the southern shore of the Mediterranean.
4. wine on the table. It is the lowest grade wine for daily drinking. It can be blended with grape juice from different regions. If grape juice is limited to various producing areas in France, it can be called French daily table wine. Do not use grape juice from countries outside Europe. The output accounts for about 38% of the total French wine production. The label of the bottle is Vin de Table.
(In addition, different producing areas have their own scores. In short, French wine is relatively deep. )
Second, Italy.
1, VINI DA TAVOLA, or table wine, which is abbreviated as VDT in Italian. Before adopting INDICAZIONE GEOGRAFICA TIPICA, it was applicable to all non-DOC wines, generally referring to the most common quality wines, and the regulations on the origin and brewing methods of grapes were not very strict. But in fact, some beautifully brewed wines failed to obtain higher grades because the grape varieties or brewing methods used did not meet the legal requirements, but they were deeply loved by consumers in the market and the prices were not low.
2. Indian wine is a typical wine of origin, which is abbreviated as IGT in Italian. The European market has recognized this Italian wine, which is as famous as VINS· de Piss of France and Rand ·WEIN of Germany. It is stipulated that this wine should be produced in typical specific areas and specific healthy grapes, and this situation is indicated on the trademark. The typical wine producing area produces a lot in Italy, and there are also many fine products with excellent quality and high price.
3. origin control wine. That is, "control the wine produced in the named country of origin". D.O.C wine is a national famous wine.
After the production of DOC grape wine is confirmed, grape growers must produce according to the method of DOC grape wine, and report the yield and total output of grapes per hectare to the local agricultural department. If this quantity exceeds the maximum allowable amount stipulated in the DOC wine law, this grape can not produce DOC wine, and can only be used as general wine and distilled wine. The state has unified regulations on the trademark of DOC, and the neck label is printed with a certain DOC wine label and written with a number. In DOC wine, liquor accounts for 465,438+0.74%, and red wine accounts for 58.26%. The wine produced in the controlled named producing area (DOC grade) is equivalent to the AOC grade of the wine produced in the French legal producing area, which refers to the wine brewed and aged in the designated area by using the designated grape varieties and according to the designated method.
4.D.O.C.G wine (Denominazió ne di origin control lata e garantita) is a wine that "guarantees to control the wine produced in the designated place of origin". This is a supplement to DOC wine and ensures the reliability of high-quality DOC wine. It requires manufacturers in designated areas to voluntarily accept stricter management standards. The wine approved as DOCG will be labeled with the government's quality mark on the bottle. The wine produced in the named country of origin (DOCG grade) is the highest grade of Italian wine, and the grape variety, picking, brewing and aging time are strictly controlled, and some even stipulate the age of grape trees.
Three. Spain
The law stipulates that ordinary wine is divided into three classes. The first-class wine is called "Noble", and it is stipulated that this wine should be brewed in 600-liter oak barrels or bottles for at least 18 months; The second-class wine is called "ANEJO", which is required to be brewed in 600-liter oak barrels or bottles for at least 24 months; The third-class wine is called "VIEJO", and it is stipulated that it should be brewed in 600-liter oak barrels or bottles for at least 36 months. This wine must have the property of oxidation.
According to the law, high-grade wines are also divided into three categories. The first-class wine is called "CRIANZA", which stipulates that this red wine should be brewed in 330-liter oak barrels for at least 24 months, white wine and rose wine for at least 18 months, and 330-liter oak barrels for at least 6 months; The second-class wine is called "reservation", which stipulates that red wine needs to be brewed for 36 months, at least 12 months in 330-liter oak barrels or bottles; White wine and rose wine should be brewed in oak barrels for 24 months, at least 6 months; The third-class wine is called "Crane Risewa", which stipulates that red wine should be brewed for 60 months and at least 18 months in a 330-liter oak barrel; White wine and rose wine should be brewed for at least 48 months and at least 6 months in 330-liter oak barrels.
In addition, the law stipulates that sparkling wine is divided into two grades. First-class wine is called "super grade or reservation" and is produced in some areas; The second-class wine is called "GRAN RESERVA" and it takes at least 30 months to brew.
Fourth, Germany
German wine can be basically divided into: daily table wine (Tafelwein), regional table wine (Landwein), high-quality wine (Qualitatswein b.A) and high-quality wine (Qualitatswein mit Pradikat).
High-quality wine is the highest quality grade among German wines, accounting for more than 30% of German wine production. This wine is elegant and noble, suitable for storage. In this wine, grapes are divided into six grades according to maturity and corresponding quality:
Cabinet is the clearest wine in the world, which is made from fully mature grapes.
Late-picked high-quality wine/late-ripened wine (Spatlese) is made from grapes matured in late autumn.
Auslese is made from high-quality grapes specially selected by hand and is called noble wine.
Berries of high-grade wine/super-ripe wine (Beerenauslese) are precious and rare, selected from every hand-picked high-quality ripe grape, with unique aroma and honey flavor.
The production method of Eiswein is similar to that of berry wine, but the difference is that the grapes used to make this wine are picked and squeezed in ice state, and the wine has unique quality and excellent natural sweet and sour flavor.
Selecting high-grade wine/dry wine (Trockenberenauslese) from dried berries is an outstanding contribution of German wine industry. This wine is made from grapes that are almost raisins one by one. It's sweet, charming and incomparable.
In Germany, ice wine belongs to the highest grade of Qualitatswein and is subject to relevant laws and regulations.
The label contents of German wines mainly include: specific producing areas; Grape picking and brewing year; The name of the grape manor or the town where the producer is located; Grape varieties; The types and tastes of wines, such as dry and semi-dry, are generally sweet wines if they are not marked; Quality grade/level; Information such as official inspection number and bottler.
Common words on German wine labels
Short for quality wine.
It is the abbreviation of Q.m.P Qualitatswein mit Praikat, and it is a high-quality wine from a famous producing area.
Kabine tongyong wine
Spettles picked wine at night.
Australian aristocratic mildew wine
Beerenauslese selected aristocratic mildew wine
Trockenbeerenauslese selected dry granular aristocratic mold wine.
Eswein iced wine
A famous wine producer
Tafelwein's daily table wine is equivalent to VDT in France.
Landwein local wine, a common table wine in Germany, is equivalent to the level of French VDP.
Abfuler bottling plant
Anlaixing candy company
Bottled at Erzeugerabfullung Brewery
Halbtrocken is slightly sweet.
Oxalic acid
Haug seasonal wine, similar to new wine.
Jargon year
Rong Wei Xin JIU
Secter sparkling wine
Trocken is not sweet (unlike herb)
The place name +er means "from" or "from". For example, "Kallstadter Saumagen" means that wine is produced in a vineyard named Saumagen in Kallstadter village.
1. If the words "Erzeugerabfüllung" appear on the wine label, it means that this bottle of wine was directly bottled and sold by the wine merchants of the country of origin, and
"Gutsabfüllung" and "Winzergenossenschaft".
2.Fuder: the name of the standard oak barrel adopted since ancient Rome, with a capacity of 65,438+0,000 liters, mainly used in Moser-Sal-Rouville area.
3.Jahrgang: namely Vintage, which refers to the year of wine.
4.Trocken: It means dry white wine.
5.Halbtrocken: This grade of wine may be dry or very sweet depending on the origin and grape variety.
This refers to a company that sells wine. They go to various producing areas to buy wine, and then come back to mix and bottle it for sale.
7.Spitzenlage: This refers to the top grape producing areas in Germany, such as "Grand Cru" in France.
Verb (short for verb) America
In addition to assisting wine producers in grape cultivation and wine making, the US government also draws on the experience of established wine countries such as France in a timely manner. The United States government did not follow the example of France, Germany, Italy, Spain and other European countries to adopt the wine grading system, but only implemented the American grape growing area system, referred to as AVA. AVA is implemented by BATF from 65438 to 0983. As a law to regulate wine producing areas, the AVA system is similar to the French Claime d 'Origin Contr-Lé e (AOC) system, but mainly defines the geographical location and scope of the named area, unlike the French AOC system, which not only defines the geographical scope, but also involves specific requirements such as grape varieties, planting and brewing. AVA system has no restrictions on grape varieties, planting, yield and brewing methods, which is the most fundamental difference between ava system and French AOC system. However, like the AOC system in France, it has played a role in protecting the sales of wine in the producing areas.
AVA system mainly divides national wine producing areas according to geography and climate, which is different from the original political definition of geographical areas and the concept of French origin in this respect. AVA can range from small to large, from hundreds of hectares to millions of hectares. Some AVAs are included in a wide range of avas, for example, the famous Napa Valley ava, including Oakville AVA, Howell Mountain AVA, Staggers Runava and Rutherford-Bang Qi AVA, and some are in Caneiro AVA in Sonoma County.
Six, China (by the way, actually nothing)
At present, China's wine laws and regulations system is being established, which is composed of product quality law and food hygiene law as the leader, standardization law as the main body, and national departmental regulations and local regulations as the branches.
Wine and its test method QB 92 1-84
Wine GB 15037-2006
General test methods for wine and fruit wine GB/T 15038-94
Hygienic standard for fermented wine GB 2758-8 1
Label standard for drinks and wines GB l0344-89
Classification of drinks and wines GB/T 17204-98
General Standard for Food Labeling (GB 7718-94)
Brandy GB11856–97
Hygienic code for wineries GB L 2696-96
Hygienic standard for food additives GB 2760-86
Measures for the administration of liquor hygiene
Hygienic management measures for sparkling wine
Measures for the Administration of Liquor Production (for Trial Implementation)
Technical specification for wine brewing in China
Detailed rules for the implementation of the production license for alcoholic products
alcohol advertising management approach
Measures for the Administration of Domestic Market of Imported Liquor
General hygienic standard for food enterprises
International wine brewing regulations
International Pharmacopoeia of Wine Brewing
Of course, there are also some enterprise-level standards of large domestic enterprises, such as Changyu's master-collection-selection-optimization, Great Wall's Japanese food wine-selection-advanced selection-super selection-collection-selection and so on.