The method of recording music is called notation.
In the process of historical development, due to the different contents and needs of music, various notation methods have been produced. For example, the ancient music score used for guqin, the gongs and drums score, and the staff score, simple score and Gongchi score widely used in China are examples.
Although all kinds of notation tend to be perfect in its development process, so far, there is no notation in the world that can perfectly record music. Such as the subtle differences in pitch, strength and speed, as well as the playing methods of many decorative sounds. All players need to analyze and deal with them with different understandings.
Correct notation is very important for creation and performance. Everyone who studies music should have a good grasp of notation, especially those who study composition.
Basic music theory-clef
As I said before, the higher the position of the sound on the staff, the higher the sound, the lower the position and the lower the sound, but how high is it? How much lower? But I'm not sure. To determine the pitch of the staff, you must use clef to represent it. This clef is recorded on a certain line of the staff, which makes this line have a fixed level name and height, and also determines the level name and height on other lines or intervals.
There are three common clefs:
G clef represents a small group of G, which is recorded in the second line of the staff and is called treble clef; In addition, the first line also wrote something called the old French treble clef.
The f clef represents the f of a small group and is recorded in the fourth line of the staff, which is called the bass clef; There is also a note in the fifth line called double bass clef.
The clef c represents a small group of c, which can be recorded in any line of the staff.
At present, the C clef adopted is the C triple clef (alto clef), which is used for viola and sometimes for trombone. C clef for cello, bassoon and trombone. Other c clefs are generally less used.
The purpose of using multi-clef is to avoid too many lines, so it is more convenient to write and read the spectrum.
Various clefs can be used alone or in combination, such as a large score table composed of high and low clefs.
Basic music theory-sound grouping
As mentioned earlier, the fifty-two white keys on the piano reuse seven basic names, so there are many homonyms in the musical system. In order to distinguish sounds with the same name but different pitches, we divide the tone series into many "groups".
The group in the middle of the phonetic alphabet series is called the small character group, and its tone marks are represented by lowercase letters and the number 1 on the upper right, such as c 1d 1e 1.
Groups higher than the first group of small characters are named as: the second group of small characters, the third group of small characters, the fourth group of small characters and the fifth group of small characters.
The marks of the second group of small characters are represented by lowercase letters, and the number 2 is added to the upper right corner, such as c2d2e2. Other groups and so on.
Groups lower than small groups are named as groups, large groups, large groups and large groups in turn.
The mark of each sound in the group is expressed in lowercase letters, without numbers, such as cde.
Large groups are marked with capital letters without numbers, such as CDE.
A group of large characters are marked with capital letters and the number 1 at the lower right, such as C 1D 1E 1 etc.
Two groups of Chinese characters are marked with capital letters and the number 2 at the lower right, such as A2B2.
Basic Music Theory —— Twelve Average Laws
A melody that divides an octave into twelve equal parts-a semitone-is called the law of twelve averages.
The law of twelve averages was put forward as early as ancient Greece, but it has not been scientifically calculated. Zhu Zaiyu (Yu Tu) (1854), a great musician in China in the Ming Dynasty, was the first person in the world to formulate the law of twelve averages according to mathematics.
A semitone is the smallest pitch distance in the organization of the twelve average laws. A tone whose distance between two tones is equal to two semitones is called a whole tone. There are twelve semitones in an octave, that is, six whole tones.
In the middle of a series of basic tones, except for E to F and B to C which are semitones, the distance between the other two adjacent tones is full tones.
On the piano, two adjacent keys (including black keys) form a semitone, and two tones separated by a key form a whole tone.
Basic music theory-temperament
The absolute and accurate height of each sound in the music system and the relationship between them are called temperament. Melody is formed in the long-term development of music practice and becomes the basis for determining the mode pitch. In the process of historical development, people use various methods to determine the level of each tone in the musical sound system, among which the main and famous ones are "pure law", "five-degree law" and "twelve-average law" At present, the law of twelve averages is widely adopted by countries all over the world. However, "pure law" and "five-degree law" continue to have an impact on music life, which is of great significance.
Introduction of sound level
Tone level is every tone in the music system, and there are two kinds: basic tone level and tone sandhi. The former has seven independent names in the music system, and the sound emitted by the white keys on the piano keyboard is consistent with the basic sound level. The latter is obtained by raising or lowering the basic sound level.
There are two ways to label the names of basic tones: letter system and singing system:
Alphabetic system: c, d, e, f, g, a, b.
Sing these systems: duo, la, mi, fa, sol, la, xi.
At present, the tone level referred to in the basic knowledge examination of amateur music in China is the tone level. Each tone in the mode scale is called the mode scale. The tonic in each scale is also the I-level key in the modal scale. The tonic of each mode scale is different, but the mark always takes the tonic as I level.
do、re、mi、fa、sol、la、xi、do
Example: C natural major mark:
La, xi, Duo, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La
A small natural mark: II III IV V VI VII I.
Major scales are marked with capital letters and minor scales with lowercase letters.
Practice tips:
1. The pop-up standard sound is used to listen to the tonic chord and tonic. After listening to the tonic chord and tonic correctly, you can determine what mode you should do.
2. Play the modal sound in the topic and judge the scale of this modal sound with the debugging scale determined in the first step.
Knowledge of Music Theory-Sound and Pitch
Sound is produced by the vibration of objects. There are many sounds in nature that can be felt by our hearing, but not all of them can be used as music materials. The sound used in music is specially chosen by people to express their life, thoughts and feelings in the long-term production struggle and class struggle. These sounds form a fixed system, which is used to express musical ideas and shape musical images.
Sound has four attributes: high and low, strong and weak, long and short, timbre and so on.
The sound level is determined by the number of times (frequency) that an object vibrates in a certain period of time. More vibration frequency and higher sound; Low vibration frequency and low sound.
The length of sound is determined by the duration of sound. The duration of the sound is long and the sound is long; The sound duration is short and the sound is short.
The strength of the sound is determined by the amplitude (the amplitude of the sound vibration range). Large amplitude and strong sound; The amplitude is small and the sound is weak.
The timbre varies with the nature, shape and overtone of the pronunciation body.
The above four attributes of sound are very important in music expression, but the level and length of sound are more meaningful. Take the song Socialism is Good as an example. Whether you sing with a human voice or an instrument, in a low voice or loudly, it is still easy to recognize this melody, although the sound intensity and timbre have changed. However, if the pitch or sound value of this song is changed, the music image will be seriously damaged immediately. Therefore, regardless of creation, performance and singing, we should pay special attention to pitch and sound value.
Due to the regularity and irregularity of sound vibration state, sound can be divided into two categories: music and noise. Music is mainly used in music, but noise is also an indispensable part of music performance.
In our national music, the use of noise is quite expressive. For example, in China traditional opera music, percussion instruments, with the cooperation of other artistic expression means, play an extremely obvious role in shaping characters and expressing various thoughts and feelings. This is a very distinctive part of the world music culture, which is worth studying and studying.
Music theory knowledge-range and range
There are two ranges: the general range and the range of individual parts or instruments.
The total range refers to the total range of a music series, that is, the distance from the lowest sound to the highest sound (C2-c5).
The range of individual vocals or musical instruments refers to the part that can be reached in the whole range. For example, the range of piano is A2-c5.
The range is a part of the range, and there are three types: high range, middle range and low range.
In the whole range, small group, small group 1 and small group 2 belong to the middle range. Three groups of small characters, four groups of small characters and five groups of small characters belong to the high-pitched area, and three groups of big characters, one group of big characters and two groups of big characters belong to the low-pitched area.
The division between human voice and musical instruments is often inconsistent. For example, the high-pitched area of bass is the low-pitched area of alto.
The characteristic timbre of each sound zone plays an important role in music expression. The high-pitched area is generally crisp, loud and sharp; The bass area often gives people a heavy feeling.
Knowledge of music theory-on music score
Off-topic: This seems to be less convenient than Line 5 ~ ~ ~
Notation is a kind of notation. Because it is simple and easy to understand, it is very convenient in notation and reading, so it is widely circulated in China.
Simple symbols have their advantages, but they also have their disadvantages. For example, reciting a chorus is not as clear as the staff, and reciting a piano score is almost impossible. In the past, some people thought that notation was simple and unscientific, thus denying the important role of notation in real music life, which was wrong. It should be admitted that notation has made great contributions to the popularization and promotion of music. For a long time to come, notation will continue to play its positive role and serve the cause of socialist culture.
Due to the lack of relevant information, it is impossible to accurately introduce the emergence and development of notation. Garin (1786- 182 1) and Chevrolet (1804-1864) in France; Glanville (1785- 1867) and Gewen (18 16- 1880) in Britain have studied and sorted out the notation system. The symbol of our country comes from Japan. This system is different from that of Chevrolet. According to the Chevy system, the short lines of eighth notes and sixteenth notes are added to the notes.
However, when Japanese notation came to China, especially in the last decade after liberation, many changes and developments have taken place. Now, only the current symbols are briefly introduced as follows.
In the notation system, the relative height of sound is represented by seven Arabic numerals. The relationship between these sounds, except for 3 4 and 7 i semitones, is full tone.
Label: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 i
Singing method: do ri mi fa sol las do
Adding a dot at the top of the note means singing an octave higher, and adding two dots means singing two octaves higher; On the contrary, adding a dot below means singing an octave lower, and adding two dots means singing an octave lower.
In order to accurately represent the absolute height of sound, key signature mark should be applied. The key signature mark is represented by 1=F, 1 = g, etc.
In order to avoid adding too many points up and down the notes, in chorus and ensemble music, the method of up and down octaves is often used to record bass or treble. For example: tenor, bass, pipa, low Hu Yong and high octave notation; Bangdi and banhu were recorded in a low octave.
The length of a note is indicated by adding a short horizontal line behind or below the note.
Affixes are also used in symbol systems. But only to the quarter note. Longer notes, such as binary notes and whole notes, continue to be represented by adding short horizontal lines.
All bets with dots: 1-
Dotted binary note: 1-
Dotted line quartered note: 1.
Dotted line eight notes: 1.
Dotted line sixteenth note: 1.
The basic symbol of sound pause is 0. To indicate pauses of different lengths, you can mark them by increasing the number of zeros and adding a connection point to the right of the zero. The rest are commonly used as follows:
Complete rest: 00000 Appendix Complete rest: 0 0 0 0 0 0
Dichotomy rest: 0 0 Dichotomy rest with dot: 0 0 0
Rest at four o'clock: 0 with four o'clock rest: 0.
Eight rest: 0 with eight rest: 0.
Sixteen-point rest: 0, plus sixteen-point rest: 0.
32-point rest: 0 (there are three horizontal lines below) 32-point rest: 0 (there are three horizontal lines below)
For pauses of several bars, you can use a long pause number. Write it on the bar, and the number above indicates the number of rest bars.
A sound with only a length without a certain height is represented by X, and the length of the sound is marked by adding a short horizontal line behind or below X. ..
There is no clef in the notation system. Its pitch is expressed by notes and key signature.
The time signature in notation, like the staff, is marked by the music score, which is recorded at the lower left of the music name together with key signature, and the time signature is recorded after key signature. The name of the songwriter is at the lower right of the music name.
Speed markers and expression terms are recorded at the beginning of the first line of music.
In multi-part notation, bar lines are mostly separated, and each part is recorded separately. However, the bar lines of some instrumental music are connected according to the grouping of instruments. The bar lines of each voice should be aligned up and down, whether it is partials or not.
Pay attention to the spatial distance of notes when recording music, so that the distance between bars and beats is roughly equal, and write fewer notes within one beat; Write more notes tightly. For all kinds of notes smaller than quarter notes, the bass point should be recorded under the short horizontal line.
The rules of sound value combination in the notation system are basically the same as those in the staff. It's just that in the remake, not one note represents the whole bar, but the notes are grouped according to the single beat and connected by wires.
The combination method of rest is the same as the above situation, of course, connection is not needed.
Heritage marks are recorded at the top of the notes, marked by open brackets and numbers representing the heritage.
Transposition in notation is very simple, just change the key signature. For example, if a tune in C major is to be moved up two degrees, change 1=C to1= d.
In notation, only three phonetic symbols are used: ascending (#), descending (b) and reduction, but ascending (×) and descending (bb) are not used.
In the notation system, long-term tone sandhi is marked by key tone sandhi instead of temporary tone sandhi.
The decorative phonetic symbols, ellipsis, velocity scale and speed scale used in staff are basically suitable for simple music.
In order to avoid the confusion of points representing staccato and treble, staccato is represented by ▽ or ▼ in simple spectrum.
Short leaning notes are marked with small sixteen or eighteen tones, written on the upper left or right of the tonic, and connected with the modified tonic by connecting lines.
Like the staff, the prelude, opening and ending are marked with small notes, and some are enclosed in brackets.
When writing a chord, the short horizontal line below the note is only written on the lowest note.
At present, there is no complete system about the notation of musical scores. What I mentioned above is only the most common knowledge in music score, which is not comprehensive.
Knowledge of music theory-natural semitone and natural whole tone
A semitone consisting of two adjacent steps is called a natural semitone. A natural semitone can be composed of a basic level, a variable level, or a basic level and a variable level.
The whole tone formed by two adjacent sounds is called natural whole tone. Natural whole tones, like natural semitones, can be composed of basic tones, tone sandhi or tone sandhi of basic tones.
A semitone composed of two different forms of the same level is called a variable semitone. Variable semitone can be composed of basic and variable levels, and can also be composed of variable levels.
A whole tone composed of two different forms of the same tone or separated by a single tone is called tone sandhi. The changing whole tone can be composed of pitch level and tone sandhi level, and can also be composed of tone sandhi level and tone sandhi level.
Natural semitone and variable semitone, natural whole tone and variable whole tone are two completely different semitones and whole tones, so don't confuse them.
A semitone consisting of two adjacent steps is called a natural semitone. A natural semitone can be composed of a basic level, a variable level, or a basic level and a variable level.
The whole tone formed by two adjacent sounds is called natural whole tone. Natural whole tones, like natural semitones, can be composed of basic tones, tone sandhi or tone sandhi of basic tones.
A semitone composed of two different forms of the same level is called a variable semitone. Variable semitone can be composed of basic and variable levels, and can also be composed of variable levels.
A whole tone composed of two different forms of the same tone or separated by a single tone is called tone sandhi. The changing whole tone can be composed of pitch level and tone sandhi level, and can also be composed of tone sandhi level and tone sandhi level.
Natural semitone and variable semitone, natural whole tone and variable whole tone are two completely different semitones and whole tones, so don't confuse them.
Knowledge of music theory-phonetic symbols
The symbols used to indicate raising or lowering the basic tone level are called pronunciation symbols.
There are five pronunciation symbols:
1: A semitone sign (#) indicates that the basic volume is raised by semitone.
2: The falling tone symbol (b) indicates that the basic sound level is lowered by a semitone.
3: The double rising sign (×) indicates that the basic sound level is raised by two semitones (a whole tone).
4: Re-scaling (bb) means that the basic sound level is reduced by two semitones (one whole tone).
5: The lowering mark (ヰ) indicates that the raised or lowered sound is lowered.
Phonetic symbols can be recorded on the lines and spaces of the staff; It can be written before the notes and after the clef.
The diacritical mark written after clef is called key signature. Until the new key is changed, it will take effect for all sounds with the same name in the series. If you want to change key signature in the middle of a piece of music, there are three possible situations.
If key signature's replacement occurs at the beginning of a line of music, then key signature to be replaced should be clearly written at the end of the previous line of music, and the last bar line should be moved forward, so as to write down the newly tuned key signature.
1: Increase the original number of ascending or descending symbols. At this point, just write the new key signature on the right side of the bar line where key signature is replaced.
2. Reduce the original number of ascending or descending symbols. At this time, it is necessary to restore the redundant inflection mark on the left side of the bar line replaced by key signature. Write the new key signature on the right side of the bar line.
3: The ascending sign changes to the descending sign or the descending sign changes to the ascending sign. At this point, it is necessary to restore the original tone sandhi mark on the left side of the bar line replaced by key signature, and write a new key signature on the right side of the bar line.
Pronunciation symbols placed directly in front of notes are called temporary symbols. Temporary signs are only valid for homophones, and only up to the nearest bar line. In multi-part music, temporary markers are often only effective for one part. In order to remind you to abolish the temporary mark used in the previous section, sometimes a temporary mark is added after the bar line.
Knowledge of Music Theory-Isophony
Phones with the same pitch but different meanings and symbols are called isostones.
Isophony is based on the law of twelve averages, because it is only possible to produce isophony if the semitones are equal.
Except #G and bA, every other basic level and variable level may have more than two equal tones, even its original * * * has three. BA and #G have only one equal sound, and even it has two * * *.
Music theory knowledge-staff
The five parallel horizontal lines used to record notes are called staff. The space formed by the five elements of the staff is calculated from the bottom up.
If a piece of music is written on several lines of staff, then these lines of staff should be connected by hyphens.
A hyphen consists of a starting line (a vertical line connecting several lines of staff) and a closing line (brackets connecting several lines of staff).
There are two kinds of closed lines: pattern and straight line.
The flower string is used for piano, organ, accordion, harp, dulcimer, pipa and other musical instruments.
Straight lines are used for ensemble, chorus and band notation. In the score, the same instruments are connected by straight brackets and divided into complete or incomplete instrument groups. Sometimes, in addition to the straight line, an auxiliary line (flower or straight) is added to connect the same instrument.
In the music score, if the solo part only includes one or two lines of staff, only one starting line is drawn on the left, excluding lines.
In order to mark the notes that are too high or too low, many short lines are added above or below the staff. These short lines are called plus lines, the top of the staff is called plus lines, and the bottom is called plus lines.
The room created by adding lines is called an extra room, the room above the staff is called an extra room, and the room below is called an extra room.
The calculation method of additional lines and rooms is: the upper additional lines and rooms are calculated from bottom to top, and the lower additional lines and rooms are calculated from top to bottom.