1. Preparation before planting
1. 1. Planting site selection and pretreatment
Potatoes naturally like loose, transparent and fertile soil environment. Therefore, when determining the potato planting field in autumn, loam and sandy soil with deep soil layer, rich humus and good air permeability should be selected, and the planting field should have convenient irrigation and drainage facilities. Taxonomically speaking, potatoes belong to Solanaceae, so fields with solanaceae crops such as pepper, eggplant, tomato and tobacco as previous crops cannot be used as potato cultivation fields. The potato field needs to be determined in July. If the previous crop in the selected potato field is returned to the field, the straw of the previous crop needs to be fully broken by a stubble cleaner, and then 25 kilograms of urea is sprinkled per mu and deeply turned to accelerate the decomposition of the straw.
1.2. Selection of potato seeds
After actual planting, Holland 15 performed well in variety quality, stress resistance and high yield, so Holland 15 was selected as the autumn potato variety. When sowing in the field, use a single spring potato with a weight of 30-80 grams, no disease spots, and healthy insect eyes and bud eyes. This not only saves the cost, but also finds a place for these small potatoes without goods, killing two birds with one stone.
1.3. Preparation of agricultural materials and equipment
According to the growth habits of potatoes and the choice of planting methods, the following agricultural equipment needs to be prepared before planting: 120 horsepower four-wheel drive tractor 1, rotary cultivator 1, potato joint seeder 1, integrated equipment of water, fertilizer and medicine drip irrigation 1, which is the same as the planting area.
Prepare the following agricultural materials: 80g of 50% carbendazim, compound fertilizer 15- 15, drip irrigation belt of 750m/mu and supporting coarse water pipes and joints, 50kg of potassium sulfate, 50kg of urea, 80cm wide plastic film, 40kg of diammonium phosphate and 75% of gibberellin.
1.4. Potato seed treatment
Seed potatoes need to be treated 10 days before sowing, that is, in August of the solar calendar every year 1 3. Because potato tubers enter the dormant period when they are mature, it is often difficult to germinate in autumn because the tuber sown in spring and harvested in summer is used as seed potato. At this time, we can soak the seed potato 1000 000 times with gibberellin solution for 0/0 minute, and the configuration of gibberellin soaking solution is as follows: 1. Take 75% gibberellin crystal 1g, and add it to 50 ml of 45% alcohol solution for dilution; 2. When all the crystals are completely dissolved, add the ethanol solution of gibberellin into 750kgPH neutral or weakly acidic water with a PH value of not more than 7, and add 4 bags of carbendazim and 10 bag of agricultural streptomycin for seed potato sterilization. After soaking, take out the seed potato, put it in a dry and clean place, spread it out and dry it evenly. Put the dried seed potatoes indoors or in a greenhouse, spread wet cotton felt on the top and bottom, and put the seed potatoes in the middle, with the thickness of the seed potatoes not exceeding 20cm. After 1 week, the potato bud grows to 2cm long, and cotton felt needs to be opened on the seed potato for 3 days.
2. Potato planting
2. 1. Cultivated land
The whole process began 1 week before potato sowing, that is, from August 5 to August 7.
When plowing the land, 40 kg of diammonium phosphate and 30 kg of potassium sulfate are mechanically applied to each mu of land as base fertilizer, and then the land is leveled by rotary tillage, and the rotary tillage depth is not less than 20 cm. The potato field after tillage should be free from obvious unevenness, loose soil, large clods of soil and large crops or weeds.
2.2. Planting seeds
The sowing date of potato is about August 15, and the potato comprehensive seeder is used for sowing, fertilizing, spraying herbicide, laying drip irrigation belt and covering with plastic film. Potato ridge spacing is 90cm；; Ridge width is 70cm (40cm in front of the ridge, 15cm on both sides of the ridge slope) and ridge height is15 cm; Groove width is 20cm,15 cm; Deep; The row spacing of the same ridge is 20cm, the spacing between adjacent rows of adjacent ridges is 70cm, the spacing between plants is 25cm, the sowing depth is 10cm, the planting density is 6000 plants/mu, and about 200 kilograms of potato seeds are needed per mu. According to the ratio of 15- 15- 15 compound fertilizer: imidacloprid granules (for controlling thrips, Laodelphax striatellus and aphids) = 20: 3, the prepared fertilizer was put into a fertilizer box and adjusted to 12kg per mu. Using pendimethalin as a closed herbicide, put the sprinkler in front of the plastic film to ensure uniform spraying on the whole ridge surface to achieve the best weeding effect. Spraying pendimethalin 120ml per mu, adding 30kg of water, and drip irrigation 750m per mu, with 2 bundles each time; 2 rolls of 80cm wide 0.04 silk mulch film. When sowing, two people need to operate randomly to ensure the smooth progress of potato sowing, fertilization, pesticide application, drip irrigation belt laying and plastic film mulching. In addition, both ends of the potato field need to reserve enough potato seeds, potions, fertilizers, plastic films and drip irrigation belts to ensure the sustainability of potato sowing. After potato sowing, it is advisable to cover the potato ridge with soil sealer, which can effectively prevent the occurrence of potato green head disease in the future and also play a role in weeding. After the above work is completed, assemble the drip irrigation system in time and use it three days after sowing.
Drip irrigation facilities are used for newly planted potato fields, and the drip irrigation time is controlled at
1.5h to prevent potato seeds from rotting due to excessive water. During drip irrigation, 500 ml of abamectin and chlorpyrifos aqueous solution can be added per mu to kill underground pests and protect the drip irrigation belt from being bitten by underground pests.
3. Tian Tuan management
3. 1. Germination period
Germination period refers to the period from seed potato germination to 50% emergence. Generally, the germination period of potato is about 15 days, which lasts until the end of August. Sowing all the seedlings at one time is the main goal of this period, and the seedlings should be checked and supplemented in time after sowing. Checking and supplementing seedlings is the basis of high yield, and the lack of seedlings and broken ridges will affect the yield. If dead or missing seedlings are found, they must be supplemented with prepared seedlings in time. In addition, during this period, potato ridges should be broken to help potatoes emerge.
3.2. Seedling stage
50% of potatoes emerge, and when the eighth main leaf of the main stem grows, it is the seedling stage. After a period of growth, these plants have grown to about 10cm. At this time, more than two potato plants will grow on the same potato. If the redundant potato plants are not removed in time, it will have a great impact on the commercialization of potatoes in the later period. Therefore, the redundant plants on the seed potato should be removed in time, and only the most robust 1 plants should be kept. When removing, pay attention to the incision position above the soil layer to prevent wound infection. The seedling stage generally lasts 10- 15 days. The main goal of this stage is to promote leaf growth in the early stage and transfer the growth center to potato swelling in time in the later stage. During this period, the drip irrigation system can apply urea 15kg per mu to promote the rapid growth of some plants above ground. During this period, LEPIDOPTERA adults are active, so it is necessary to observe whether there are butterflies or moths in potato fields every day. If there is, you can spray Bacillus thuringiensis.
Use 1000 times solution (15 ml of Bacillus thuringiensis preparation plus 15kg of neutral or weakly acidic water) for control. When spraying, ensure that the front and back surfaces of the leaves are treated evenly; In addition, Bacillus thuringiensis is a biological agent, and it is forbidden to mix with other pesticides. When applying pesticides, it should be carried out after 8 am and before 4 pm when there is no wind on sunny days.
3.3. Tree emergence stage
From mid-September, potatoes spread out from the cluster and the top leaf of the main stem until the second inflorescence blooms, which is the flowering period. During this period, the vegetative growth rate of plants gradually slowed down from acceleration, and the reproductive growth gradually accelerated, which is a key period for building high-yield shelves and can last until 10. Because of the high temperature and humidity in this period, diseases, insects and weeds have obvious harm to potato growth, so it is necessary to coordinate the relationship between water and fertilizer and do a good job in the prevention and control of diseases, insects and weeds.
3.3. 1. Water and fertilizer management
There is a lot of precipitation in this period, but the utilization rate of precipitation is not particularly high because of the use of plastic films. When the drought continues, drip irrigation is needed to replenish water. Generally, the time of drip irrigation should not exceed 2 hours. Combined with drip irrigation, 5 kg urea and 5 kg potato can be applied per mu.
3.3.2. Disease control
September -65438+ 10 is the month with relatively concentrated precipitation in Cao Xian. During this period, there were many diseases, the most common of which were viral diseases and early blight: 1. Viral diseases are mainly transmitted by aphids and white planthoppers. In the field, there are light green, yellow-green and thick green spots on the leaves, the leaves shrink, the tips bend and contract downward, and the plants are dwarfed. The best way to prevent and control viral diseases is to kill insects with drugs as soon as the spread of pathogens such as aphids or white planthoppers is found.
And spray Yuntai lactone (or growth regulator such as Penwang) and moroxydine hydrochloride for preventive prevention. When virus disease is found in potato field, pull out the diseased plant in time, and spray Yuntai lactone 1000 times solution and moroxydine hydrochloride 1000 times solution for treatment, * * * twice, with an interval of 1 week. 2. When the potato entered the late growth stage, the damage of early blight began to appear, mainly damaging the stems and leaves. In the field, the leaves are nearly round or irregular brown spots with black concentric rings, yellow halo on the outer edge of the spots, and black mold on the front of the spots. Tubers are diseased, forming round or irregular dark brown spots, and drying and browning under the spots. The best control method is to spray mancozeb 300 times solution every 10 day for prevention. If early blight occurs in the field, it can be prevented by spraying the mixture of difenoconazole and azoxystrobin 1000 times solution plus mancozeb 300 times solution on the leaves, twice every 1 course of treatment, with five intervals.
3.3.3. Pest control
The main pests in this period are aphids, white planthoppers and Lepidoptera larvae, and the harm will continue until potato seeds are harvested. Aphids and white planthoppers mainly harm the tender new leaves and buds of potato plants, which not only cause malnutrition by sucking the juice in plant ducts, but also spread a large number of diseases such as virus diseases. Because imidacloprid particles have been applied to the roots when sowing, when aphids and white planthoppers appear in the field, it shows that they have developed resistance to imidacloprid. The compound pesticide of abamectin 500 times solution, chlorpyrifos 500 times solution and acetamiprid 500 times solution can be used, and it can be sprayed twice per mu in the field, and the control and application selection can be carried out at intervals of 5 days. The strategy of early detection and early prevention and control is adopted for Lepidoptera larvae, that is, when they are found in the field
When butterflies and moths appear in the field, drugs are used for prevention and control. Bacillus thuringiensis is a commonly used drug, which is sprayed on the front and back of leaves with 1000 times solution to promote the killing of pests in egg stage. If hatched larvae are found in the field, the drug concentration can be increased to 500 times. Spray once every five days and three times (note: Bacillus thuringiensis is a biological agent, and it is forbidden to mix with other pesticides). When spraying, choose sunny and windless weather.
3.3.4. Weeds control Because potato planting ridges are covered with plastic film and soil, weeds in potato fields are mainly concentrated in furrows between ridges, and weeds mainly include purslane, amaranth, nightshade, sedge and cattail. You can choose to use 500 times solution of 23.2% sulfonylurea-quinacridine, a special herbicide for potato after seedling, and choose sunny and windless weather when applying it.
3.4. Potato growth period
In the middle of June, 5438+ 10, the period from the main stem spreading to the freezing of potato plants is called the potato-bearing period; During this period, the temperature difference between day and night is large, which is beneficial to the accumulation and transportation of photosynthetic products to tubers. During this period, the consumption of nutrients is less and the accumulation is more, the potato tuber expands rapidly, and the demand for water and fertilizer is gradually increasing. The demand for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer accounts for more than 50% of the whole growth period and is relatively balanced, and the demand for trace elements is also increasing. With the decrease of temperature, the influence of plant diseases and insect pests on potato growth gradually decreases. The main work in this period is not only to coordinate water and fertilizer management and promote the transfer of photosynthetic products to potato tubers, but also to pay attention to the occurrence of late blight in the field.
3.4. 1. Water and fertilizer management
The fruiting period of potato is the most critical period to determine the yield of potato per mu. During this period, potato plants have basically stopped growing, and potato tubers have expanded rapidly, and the demand for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium accounts for more than 50% of the whole growth period. Reasonable water and fertilizer management in this period can not only improve the yield per mu of potatoes, but also improve the quality and commodity of potatoes. Combined with drip irrigation, water-soluble fertilizer needs to be applied twice in potato production stage. The first experiment was carried out around 654381October 20th. Combined with drip irrigation, irrigation fertilizer 10 kg composed of nitrate nitrogen fertilizer, potassium fertilizer and trace elements was applied per mu. Rational use of trace elements can not only accelerate the expansion of potato tuber, but also improve its quality. Drip irrigation does not need too much water to avoid diseases caused by too much soil moisture. The second time was carried out after 10, and the fertilization method and dosage were the same as the first time. Generally, potatoes enter the harvest period three weeks after applying water-soluble fertilizer twice.
3.4.2 Disease control
After the potato entered the fruiting stage, the occurrence of early blight persisted. While doing a good job in the prevention and control of early epidemics, we should also pay close attention to the occurrence of late epidemics and do a good job in the prevention of late epidemics in advance. Late blight is harmful to the whole potato plant. In the field, at first there were irregular yellow-brown spots on the leaves. When wet, the disease spots expand rapidly, the edge is waterlogged and there is a circle of white mold. The white mold on the back of the leaves is denser and more obvious. The leaf spots are mostly round or amorphous, scalded with boiling water and green-brown. When wet, a circle of white mold appears near the outer edge of the lesion. Such as tissue paper, fragile and easy to crack, the symptoms of spot surface are not obvious, and the spreading speed is slow. The leaves of seriously ill potato plants droop and curl, which eventually leads to black rot of the whole plant. In potato tubers, especially near the bud eyes, there are slightly concave brown or purple-brown spots with unclear boundaries, and the fleshy part under the markings becomes hard, brown or reddish brown, and gradually moves around and inward.
Partial expansion eventually leads to tuber rot. When the potato grows into the late stage of 10, the field performance of the potato should be observed regularly every day, and 300 times of DuPont-Kelu bactericide solution (mixed evenly with 15kg water) should be sprayed every 10 day to prevent late blight. In case of continuous rainy or foggy weather, the bactericide should be sprayed again. If the diseased plants are found in the field, they should be pulled out in time, packed in plastic bags and taken out of the potato field, sprayed with quicklime to disinfect the diseased areas and the surrounding areas, and sprayed with a mixture of 500 times matrine (30 ml medicine 15 kg water) and 300 times mancozeb (50 g medicine 15 kg water) in time for prevention and control, and sprayed again every 7 days. In order to prevent the pathological changes of potato underground tubers, 200 ml of difenoconazole can be used for drip irrigation per mu.
3.4.3. Use of regulator
After the potato enters the tuber-setting stage, tuber expansion is the key to plant growth in this period. In order to promote the transportation of potato photosynthetic products to tubers, swelling agents can be used in actual production. At present, the commonly used swelling agent is Marshal, which is sprayed on the leaves at noon on sunny days in the middle of 10, and sprayed for the second time every 10 days. Practice has proved that spraying swelling agent can increase potato yield by 20%-30%. 4. scaffolding in autumn
In order to prolong the growth time of potato and improve the yield per mu and commodity rate of potato. In mid-June, scaffolding will be set up in autumn at 5438+065438+ 10. The specific method is: every two rows of potatoes are built into a small arch shed, with bamboo batches as the skeleton, with the spacing of 1.5m, covered with plastic paper, rammed with soil, and a vent is left every 20m to facilitate ventilation.
5. Preparation before receiving goods
At the end of June, after 5438+065438+ 10, potato stems and leaves gradually died due to low temperature freezing injury, and underground tubers stopped growing and went into dormancy. At this time, the potatoes are ripe and can be harvested. Prepare for harvesting one week before harvesting: large four-wheel drive tractor 1 set, 1 seedling killer, 1 potato receiver, and 3 minivans. Before harvesting, the above equipment should be overhauled, and sufficient fuel and consumable parts should be prepared to ensure its normal operation during potato harvesting; Prepare the site needed for temporary storage and drying of potatoes. The site should be ventilated and dry, with convenient drainage without water accumulation, large enough to put down all the potatoes received, clean and flat, and incapable of polluting the pollutants of potatoes; Cover with ponchos and temporarily store potatoes; Prepare enough woven bags for potatoes. The color of the woven bag is bright yellow (the potatoes packed in this woven bag are brighter). Woven bags require a loading capacity of 30 kg and sufficient strength. Make a detailed harvesting plan and division of labor according to the situation, and mobilize enough manpower to assist in harvesting and potato sorting.
harvest
Potato harvest is usually carried out in sunny and dry weather for many days, when the soil humidity is low, which is convenient for mechanical operation and the harvested potatoes are bright in color. Before harvesting, it is necessary to dismantle the thick water pipe, street and water and fertilizer integration equipment in the drip irrigation system, and kill the potato plants on the ground with a seedling killer. After killing the seedlings, dig with a potato harvester. When digging, the minivan needs to drive together, and the potatoes received by the excavator are transported to the truck through the conveyor belt. In order to ensure the sustainability of potato excavation, it is necessary to coordinate the work progress of three trucks. The harvested potato tubers should be evenly distributed in temporary storage points to dry, and the temporary storage points should be protected from rain and sun, and heat preservation measures should be taken.
So as to avoid freezing injury of potato tubers and greening of potato skins. After digging, the potato field is picked up manually with drip irrigation tape and plastic film.
7. Classification and grading
After three days' storage, the skin of the harvested potato has been dried, and a cork layer has been formed at the damaged part, which can be sorted, graded and bagged. First, select the damaged and deteriorated potatoes, and then divide them into four grades according to weight: 1 grade above 250g, 150g-250g grade 2, 100g- 150g grade 3, and 100g grade 4, and bag them in different grades.
store
Potatoes should be sold in time after grading and bagging. If it is not sold in time or the market price is not ideal, it needs to be stored for later sale. Before storage, potatoes need to be pre-stored in a cool, ventilated, dry, dark and well-insulated environment for about 10 days to promote the full aging of potato skins, and then stored for a long time. Before stacking potatoes, the warehouse floor should be covered with a layer of grass felt with a thickness of more than 2 cm to prevent potatoes from being extruded and deformed. In order to promote air circulation in potato piles and facilitate daily maintenance and management, two rows of potatoes are arranged in each pile by right-angle crossing method, with a height of 2m, a pile spacing of 0.5 m and a pile-warehouse wall spacing of 0.5m.. After all the stored potatoes are piled up, 300 ml of 42% ethephon aqueous solution 15kg can be sprayed on the cold storage every 667㎡, which can effectively reduce the respiration of potatoes and inhibit potato germination. Every 667㎡ warehouse is lit with chlorothalonil fumigant 16 tablets to disinfect the whole warehouse. After each delivery of potatoes, they are disinfected repeatedly with chlorothalonil fumigant. During the whole storage period, potatoes should be kept warm to prevent them from walking.
Cross-border freezing injury of potato occurred.