To resolve this confusion, various specific classifications have been proposed, such as defining "jade" as a mineralogical interpretation, and categorizing "nephrite" as inclusive of serpentine, xiuyan jade, lantian jade, and other minerals traditionally considered to be jade. Alternatively, nephrite is divided into a broader and a narrower sense, with the narrower sense still consisting of minerals such as tremolite and actinolite, while the broader sense is a collection of all minerals traditionally considered to be jade. There is also a definition of nephrite as only Hetian jade from Xinjiang, with all others being 'traditional jade materials', to name but a few.
But there is no clear ****ing definition of an accurate and representative categorization other than mineralogy, and the Encyclopedia of China defines jade as an abbreviation for "jade stone," while the mineralogical definition of jade prevails in its categorization.
Thus, in its broadest sense, "jade" includes:
-Hard Jade (Jadeite)
-Nephrite (Actinolite, Turbidite)
-Nephrite (Cultural Classification)
-Suiyan Jade
-Lantian Jade
-Qinghai Jade
-Russian Jade
-Xinjiang Jasper (Tien Shan Jasper)
-Hotan Jade
-Blue Jade, Jadeite
-According to the color, there are also classified as White Jade, Green Jade, Jasper, Yellow Jade, and Ink Jade.
-Dosan Jade (Nanyang Jade)
-Jiuquan Jade
-Hanbai Jade (Marble)
-Lingbi Jade
-Cat's Eye
-Turquoise
-Lapis Lazuli
-Coral
-Agate
-Other Gemstones
Sclerocarbon
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Steel jade, also known as jadeite, is a pyroxene, monoclinic crystal system, completely solvated. The main component is sodium aluminum silicate (NaAlSi2O6, gemstones containing more than 50% sodium aluminum silicate is considered emerald), produced in metamorphic rock formations generated under high temperature and low pressure. It is often associated with blue amphibole, muscovite, stibnite (calcium feldspar dihydrate), aragonite, and quartz. It has a Mohs hardness of 6.5-7 and a specific gravity of 3.25-3.35. The color of jadeite is white or greenish depending on the mass fraction of chromium it contains. Generally, the white-greenish type is the most common, and the emerald green color is the most expensive. Thus, after jadeite was introduced to China, it was given the name "Jadeite" (Fei Fei is red feather, Jadeite is green feather). Jadeite's popularity is not as long as that of nephrite, and its origins are centered in Burma (currently the world's largest producer of jadeite), Niigata Prefecture in Japan, and along the coast of Hokuriku. It is also produced in small quantities in Guatemala, the United States and Russia.
The value of Jadeite is judged by its color (the so-called "positive, positive, intense, and harmonious"), transparency ("water head"), texture, and weight. The price of jadeite products is generally unaffected by age, unlike nephrite jade.
The raw material of jadeite is divided into "old pit" and "new pit" according to the way of production, etc. Among them, people will be long subjected to nature's snow-soaked jadeite raw stone is called "old pit jadeite", the appearance of such a jadeite is generally greenish, and it is said to have the luster of the water bright spots. Thus, it is popular among people. Now people can mendacious acid immersion or laser etching to fill in some of the color, so that the poorer varieties of jadeite in the appearance of becoming similar to high-grade jadeite, now jadeite in the market is usually marked by the letter A, B, C for the identification of distinguish jadeite products of the texture. One of the A goods jadeite jadeite means no chemical treatment, color, result of natural jadeite. While the other categories of jadeite is more or less artificially added ingredients.
The common color of jadeite green, white, red, purple, etc., which is especially green for the best varieties, if a jadeite jadeite both green, red and violet, it is also a very rare jade. Because the green in the color has the most important commercial value, so the main green to introduce:
Commercial jadeite green in general, the demand for "thick, positive, Yang, and". The so-called "thick" refers to the green full, heavy; "positive" refers to the green pure, free of impurities; "Yang" refers to the green bright, bright; "and " means the green color is uniform and soft (as in Figure 1).
According to the hue can be divided into the following:
1, emerald, emerald green: green bright, pure, saturated, without any off-color, uniform distribution, fine texture, of which the emerald green is more saturated than emerald green, is the very best in jade.
2, apple green, seedling green: color green slightly yellow, almost impossible to see, color saturation is slightly lower than the above, but also in the jadeite jadeite rare good.
3, yellow Yang green: bright green, slightly yellowish, such as poplar leaves in early spring.
4, onion heart green: green like the delicate onion heart, slightly yellow.
5, parrot green: green as bright as the green feathers of parrots, slightly transparent or opaque.
6, bean green, bean green: green as a bean color, is a common variety of Fei Pings, jade is slightly coarse, slightly transparent, containing green color for the "bean green".
7, blue water green: transparent to translucent, green with a little blue, delicate jade, but also high-grade jadeite.
8, spinach green: translucent, green with blue-gray tones, like spinach green.
9, melon skin green: translucent - opaque, green is not uniform, and the green contains a green tone.
10, blue-green: blue color tone is obvious, green is dark.
11, dark green: translucent - opaque, color, blue-black, pure texture for the jade in the best.
12, oil green: better transparency, green darker, blue-gray tone, for the low-grade varieties.
13, toad green: translucent - opaque, with blue, gray and black tones.
14, gray green: poor transparency, green with gray, uniform distribution.
According to the intensity of the green is divided into:
1, brilliant green: transparent - translucent, pure green, uniform, bright, is a valuable variety.
2, Yang Pretty Green: bright and vivid green, delicate and pure.
3, light sunny green: slightly transparent - translucent, light green distinct, pure.
4, light water green: light and uniform green, good transparency.
B, transparency
is an important factor in the evaluation of jadeite, commonly known in the industry as the "head", high transparency that is the head of water, so that the emerald appears crystal clear, giving a person a watery feeling, and poor transparency of the emerald is dry, dull, giving a person a feeling of dryness, i.e., for the poor head of water, water is not enough. With a spotlight torch does not observe the transparency of the jadeite, and the depth of light into the measurement of the length of the head, such as the depth of 3mm for a minute of water, the depth of 6mm for two minutes of water, the depth of 9mm for three minutes of water. The degree of transparency of jadeite can be roughly divided into transparent, more transparent, translucent, slightly transparent, opaque, the more transparent the jadeite, the higher its value.
C, texture
The structure of the jadeite, some information that refers to the bottom, the ground. Because jadeite is a variety of mineral aggregates, its structure is mostly fibrous structure and granular structure, jadeite texture of fine and roughness is determined by the size of the grains, grains, the texture is rough, manifested as translucent to opaque, small grains, the texture is fine, manifested as transparent to translucent. According to the size of the grain, the texture can be divided into dense, fine-grained, medium-grained and coarse-grained, to reach the dense level of jadeite in the magnified observation can hardly see the particles, the transparency is very high.
D, the ground
Jadeite in addition to the green part is called the ground, also known as the "bottom", the ground reflects the background color and structure of the jadeite livestock, but also reflects the degree of cleanliness and transparency of the jadeite, according to its color, transparency and structure can be divided into the following types:
1, glass bottom: Bright and transparent as glass, is the very high-grade varieties of jadeite (as shown below, sold at auction for 240,000 yuan);
2, ice bottom: clear and transparent, crystalline as ice, giving a feeling of ice and jade, but also high-grade jadeite in the bottom;
3, egg white bottom: as transparent as raw egg whites, jade is fine, warm;
4, hibiscus bottom: jade is finer, more transparent, with a granular feeling, but with a sense of grain, but not the bottom of jadeite.
4. Hibiscus: the jade is finer and more transparent, with a sense of grain, but the boundaries of the grain can not be seen;
5. Snot Bottom: like clear snot, slightly less transparent, not bright enough;
6. Green Water Bottom: more transparent, with a slight greenish green;
7. Gray Water Bottom: more transparent, with a slight grayish tinge;
8. Muddy Water Bottom: semi-transparent, turbid;
9. Pink bottom: translucent, like lotus root powder, slightly pink or purple;
10, fine white bottom: translucent, jade fine weeping, white bottom;
11, white sand bottom: translucent, color white and sandy;
12, grey sand bottom: translucent, color gray and sandy;
13, white flower bottom: slightly transparent, white and coarse, with a stone flower;
14, white flower bottom: slightly transparent, white and coarse, with a stone flower;
14, white flower bottom: slightly transparent, white and coarse, with a stone flower;14, white flower bottom: slightly transparent, white and coarse, with a stone flower;14, white flower bottom: slightly transparent, with a stone flower; <14, porcelain bottom: slightly transparent, as white porcelain, grayish-white;
15, taro bottom: opaque, such as boiled taro, grayish-white;
16, dry white bottom: opaque, poor luster;
17, soybean bottom: opaque, coarse particles, Jade obvious;
18, horse teeth bottom: opaque, such as the horse's teeth, rough texture, the bottom color hairy
19, ash bottom: opaque, color like ash, rough texture;
20, lime bottom: opaque, color like lime;
21, dry green bottom: opaque, stone flower coarse, rough texture;
22, dog poop bottom: opaque, rough texture, the bottom of the unclean, common black-brown or yellowish-brown, such as dog shit in general.
E, species
Species of emerald refers to the green color of emerald and the transparency of the general term, there are also said to refer to the structure of emerald thickness and transparency. Seed is an important symbol of evaluation of jadeite good or bad, its importance is no less than the color, so there are "laymen look at the color, the insiders look at the kind of" said in the selection of emerald, not afraid of no color, for fear that there is no kind of such a statement, it is not that the green is not important, but only green emerald gives a feeling of dryness, the lack of a spirit, so there is a kind of emerald, not only can be used in the selection of emerald, but also in the selection of emerald. Therefore, there is a kind of emerald not only can make the color shallow emerald appears warm and crystalline, but also make the green uniform, full of emerald water shower clear, full of aura.
Traditionally, the kind of jadeite is divided into the old pit species and the new pit species, the so-called old pit species refers to the green pure, uniform distribution, fine texture, good transparency of the jadeite, the new pit species refers to the poor transparency, jadeite rough. Now the classification method can be divided into the following categories of species of jadeite:
1, the old pit species: refers to the color green, uniform distribution, fine texture, such as glass bottom, can be called the old pit glass species, is the best of the jadeite;
2, ice species: crystal clear, ice bottom, colorless, so the head is excellent, is a high-grade varieties;
3, Hibiscus species: was light green, jade quality Hibiscus species: light green, good head, is a medium-high-grade varieties;
4, Jinshi species: uneven green, intermittent filament, good head, the bottom is also very good;
5, dry green species: green and pure, but the head is poor, the bottom of the dry, coarser jade;
6, flowers and green species: uneven distribution of green, veins or spots, belong to the middle and low-grade varieties;
7, bean seeds : Jade is rough, opaque, with coarse particles and greenish color, known as bean green, belonging to low-grade varieties;
8, oil-green species: Jade is fine, with better transparency, oily surface, darker green, impure color;
9, horse tooth species: Rough texture, poor transparency, with white granularity. F, flaws
Jadeite flaws refers to the presence of some impurities minerals, their colors, shapes on the whole to produce inharmonious inspection effect, often some speckled black, yellow-brown mineral particles, silk flocculent, cloudy white stone flowers intermingled with the whole of a color of jadeite raw materials or finished products, the existence of these flaws will affect the value of jadeite, especially on the high-grade jadeite greater impact.
G, cracked locks
that is, commonly referred to as cracks, including primary, secondary and processing of the formation of the durability of the jadeite, which has a great impact, and therefore will greatly affect the value of the jadeite, the purchase of the special attention should be paid.
H, craft
Craftsmanship is also an important factor in evaluating the value of the jadeite jade, especially the carving process, not only to pay attention to the good moral, but also to pay attention to the playfulness of the color, in addition to the requirements of the knife is delicate, beautifully shaped, smooth lines. A good piece of jade with good craftsmanship, just like the icing on the cake, the value will also have a high increase
Termination of the color, will produce the phenomenon of black with the green, known as ringworm
Jade can be divided into nephrite and nephrite, which are two different kinds of minerals. The colors of nephrite are translucent white, yellow, green and black, with uniform color distribution, while that of nephrite is mainly white, purple, yellow and green, with the uniformity of color distribution varying from species to species. The vast majority of jadeite produced in China is nephrite, and "sheep's fat white jade" is one of the treasures of nephrite, with its delicate texture and white color, and many exquisite jade artworks are carved from nephrite.
The finest jade is moist, transparent, greasy and has a warm feeling when pinched in the hand. The main method of identifying the genuine from the fake is with the help of a magnifying glass or a microscope, which can show that the interior of jade is characterized by a fibrous interwoven structure and fine granularity; whereas man-made glass has no structure and bubbles can be discerned. It can also be carved with a knife in an inconspicuous place of the jade, and the one that can be carved must be a fake jade, and the one that can not be carved is the real one. It is often said that "gold has a price and jade is priceless". As the top grade of Hetian jade is becoming increasingly rare, up to tens of thousands of dollars per kilogram to more than 100,000 yuan, while the general Qinghai White Jade, Russian White Jade and other kilograms of thousands of dollars, so some people will be this to mix with Hetian jade. The minerals in these jades are basically the same as those in Hetian jade, but the surface color is greyer and not softer, and will be duller over time.
The old and new jade can be identified from two aspects, the surface of the old jade has a layer of oxidized jade skin, commonly known as "mortar", like the skin of the pear, and the natural color of the jade has a clear difference, while the new jade is not. From the point of view of the subject matter of the carving, the ancient jade is a symbol of rank and power, with more mythological birds, flowers and figures, such as dragons, phoenixes and so on. And the new ones are generally more auspicious subjects.
I. Jade Beauty
Nephrite is characterized by its fine, dense and pure texture. Texture beauty was first recognized in history, such as the importance attached to texture beauty before the Han Dynasty, and most of the jade virtue beauty proposed by Confucius was the result of anthropomorphic thinking on the texture characteristics of jade. The ancient saying: "Beautiful jade is flawless, white jade is flawless" indicates that jade is delicate, pure and flawless. It can be summarized as follows.
1. The Beauty of "Firm and Delicate" The texture of jade is hard and delicate, meticulous and moist, and the surface of fine-grained dense rocks is smooth after abrasion. This is why it is called the beauty of "firmness and delicacy". The hardness here is the result of comparing jade with colored stones.
2. The beauty of "warm and moist with a zephyr" is that the jade material is rolled and pebbles are in the form of dense blocks, and the surface of the minerals is strong greasy luster on the breaks, which is coupled with the abrasion of the surface into a smooth curved surface, thus presenting the beauty of "warm and moist with a zephyr".
3, "flawless beauty" Hotep white jade for a single tremolite mineral composition, no impurities, so show "flawless jade, white jade flawless" beauty.
Nephrite is a kind of interwoven into the felt-like structure of tremolite or actinolite fibrous microcrystalline aggregates. This structure determines that it has many excellent characteristics, but the texture of the texture with the grain size, distribution uniformity, containing different types and quantities of impurities and changes. See Table 1.
The texture of Ho-Tsang Jade is delicate, hard and meticulous, moist and bright, which can give people a sense of warmth and gravity and enjoyment of beauty.
The beauty of jade quality is not only related to the uniformity of particle size, but also directly related to transparency and polishability. The finer the texture, the higher the transparency, the better the polish, and the stronger the surface reflectivity, which both increase the beauty and improve the quality of jade.
Two, Jade Color Beauty
Wang Yi's four-color aesthetic standard in the Eastern Han Dynasty developed Confucius' "Fu Yin Pun Da" idea of color beauty. It is a historical precedent for the evaluation of jade color beauty. According to the modern aesthetic principles, the author discusses the characteristics of jade color beauty from the three principles of neatness and uniformity, harmony and contrast, and rhythm and rhyme.
1, monochrome beauty of a single color in the color, such as azure sky, turquoise lake, clear spring water, bright sunlight and so on. Simple can make people produce clean, pure beauty. Hetian jade color is very rich in white as cut fat, green as emerald feather, yellow as steamed chestnut, red as cockles, black as pure lacquer.
By the colors that appear in this jade can be divided into five color families.
(1) White Series There are many varieties of white jade in Hotep Jade: sheep's fat white; snow white, pear white, ivory white, fish maw white, brown rice white, chicken bone white and so on. Among them, the best is the fine, moist and clean sheep's fat white, also known as sheep's fat white jade. In history, called "the essence of white jade", "Jade British", "Jade King".
Nephrite belongs to the hornblende family as the solid fusion of tremolite and actinolite in this type of mineral. When the composition is pure, does not contain pigment impurity element Bic compounds, should be white. Lamb's fat jade in 99.5% for the composition of tremolite, so the color is very pure white. White as truncated fat is an apt description.
(2) green series in the green and white jade, green jade is often light green-white, light green, gray-green, in jasper green to dark green, dark green output is large, is a common jade.
From the green white jade, green jade, jasper in order, with the deepening of the color, the content of iron oxide has increased (i.e., from 1.77% a 3.12% a 5.84%), jasper commonly contains chromium, nickel, diamonds and other ultramafic rock-specific elements. In addition to tremolite, the constituent minerals of jasper begin to appear as actinolite or tremolite with a high iron content. As a result, it takes on different shades and shades of green. Black spots and jade tendons are obvious. Contains a small amount of impurity minerals. Such as: calcium chromium garnet, chromium spinel, magnetite, chlorite and so on.
(3) yellow series topaz yellow, beige, beeswax yellow, chestnut yellow, okra yellow, sunflower yellow, egg yellow, half-color yellow, poplar yellow, etc., of which chestnut yellow, beeswax yellow for the top. Other yellow second. Yimen Guangzhi" pointed out: "yellow jade such as chestnut color is expensive, called sweet yellow jade, banana yellow second." Topaz color yellow positive and delicate, the more dense and bright the more precious, its precious value is not in the sheep's fat jade below, and more rare than sheep's fat jade. Most of the color is caused by iron oxide.
(4) the black series Hotep Jade in the ink jade (black jade) is gray-black, black f black is sometimes unevenly dipped, black spots, cloudy), pure lacquer black and other colors. High-quality "black as pure lacquer".
Precious because of its rarity. Ink jade is also known as black jade, or in the black jade in the appearance of green jade, but also in the green jade, white jade in the appearance of ink jade. The reason for the color is mainly due to the presence of micro-scaly graphite impurities between the tremolite grains. The degree of blackness varies from strong to weak, and the distribution of shades varies.
(5) maroon series and other colors Hotep Jade has a color like brown sugar and called sugar jade. Mostly purplish red, maroon, blood red (rare). The distribution of limonite between the grains of tremolite in the parts of sugar jade indicates that sugar jade is due to iron oxide contamination of tremolite and the formation of red or brownish-yellow color. Containing manganese oxide can be purplish red.
2. Two-color beauty Reconciliation and contrast reflect two states of contradiction. Harmony is the tendency to "sameness" (consistency) in difference, while contrast is the tendency to "dissimilarity" (antagonism). According to this aesthetic principle, the two colors of jade can be appreciated separately.
(1) The beauty of jade color harmony The colors of red and orange, orange and yellow, yellow and green, green and blue, blue and green, green and violet, violet and red are all adjacent colors. In the same color in the level of change (such as depth, intensity and light) also belongs to the reconciliation, consistent in the change. For example, the dark blue glazed tiles of the Temple of Heaven and the light blue sky and the surrounding green trees together appear to be very harmonious. In Du Fu's poem, "Peach blossoms bloom in clusters without a master, lovely deep red loves light red." The coordination of jade color is also the same. f2) The contrasting beauty of jade color contrast is to juxtapose two extremely different things together, making people feel distinct, eye-catching, uplifting and active. For example, black and white, red and green, yellow and purple, blue and orange in color are all contrasting colors. "Lotus leaves in the sky are infinitely blue, and lotus flowers in the sun are differently red" (Yang Wanli). "A little bit of red in the midst of ten thousand greens" is a contrast between red and green. Black and white is also a strong contrast, "white catalyze the death of the bones of dragons and tigers, black Taiyin Thunderstorm droop" (Du Fu): "black clouds turning ink not yet pressed mountains, white rain jumping beads chaotic into the boat" (Su Shi). For example: in a piece of sheepskin white jade with ink and jade strips, and as sheepskin jade double deer antlers, hooves and plum for red with the white or contrasting color of the body of the deer.
3. Multi-color beauty A variety of colors with show colorful, colorful, for example, a piece of unearthed ancient jade on the percolation color is multi-color. Different patterns of color change on the same piece of jade can produce the following types of multicolor beauty:
(1) Rhythmic beauty The sparse and dense changes of color bars and blocks can also show a certain sense of rhythm. As to how to judge the rhythm of jade color changes, what is 2/4, what is 4/4, etc., to be expressed.
(2) Rhythmic beauty On the basis of rhythm, a moody color is given to form a rhythm, which can give people interest and satisfy their spiritual enjoyment.
(2) Rhythm